Static Webscraping with BeautifulSoup#

In this notebook, I will walk you through the basics of webscraping. As we will see, webscraping, or programmitically extracting data (usually text) from a webpage, is a very common and useful part of a wide variety of natural language processing tasks. Often times, webscraping will be the first step in your NLP pipeline and so the results we get from webscraping have the potential to affect all of the subsequent steps of your pipeline. Too, smart webscraping can save you a lot of time upfront that you would have had to spend on optimization later on in the process.

Our task in this notebook#

I will take the Wikipedia page of the list of all Roman Emperors and recreate the tables in it in Python. This is a very common task in NLP. A lot of the time, we need to cross reference a source we are interested in with a secondary source like Wikipedia. I will show you the basics in this notebook.

Goals#

Access a static webpage in Python using the requests library
Navigate through raw html code to find the data we are interested in
Arrange that data into a useful format
Clean the data to fit whatever we want to do with it

## we want to scrape all of the tables from this wikipedia article and make our own tables of the same same data
from IPython.display import IFrame
IFrame('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors#Principate_(27_BC_–_AD_284)', width=1000, height=500)

`requests`#

requests is an incredibly useful Python package that comes pre-installed on most distributions of Python. If you need to interact with the web from a .py file or notebook, you will be using requests in some form. Let’s take a look at how it works.

## note: although requests is very common, if this cell returns a ModuleNotFound error, uncomment the line below to install it
# !python3 -m pip install requests
import requests

## using the .get method we can access any webpage
r = requests.get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors')

## let's see what r is
type(r)

requests.models.Response

## a Response object can give us all of the information we need
## we can call .text to see the raw html of a webpage
html = r.text
type(html)

str

`BeautifulSoup`#

Now that we have our HTML output, we need to parse it as a structured form of text. Above we see that our html object is a string, meaning we can only use the attributes and methods of strings on it. While we could create a parser from scratch that lets us take advantage of the structured nature of the HTML code, as with many tasks in Python, we don’t need to because one already exists for us. There are many packages that parse HTML, but we’ll be using the most popular, Beautiful Soup.

A note on copyright
Just because you can access and scrape a website doesn’t always mean you should. Most websites are public and they have to be to share the information they seek to, but that does not mean that it is free. Most data on the internet can be used without a problem. These sources are generally proteted under certain licences like the MIT or Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0. Generally, if a site does not have one of these licenses, you should stay away. Stealing data this way can be dangerous and can break the terms of service of many sites.

## bs4 is in most distributions of Python, but if this cell does not work try:
## !python3 -m pip install bs4
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

## the BeautifulSoup parser takes in any string and attempts to parse it as HTML (or XML)
soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text, features='html')
type(soup)

bs4.BeautifulSoup

## with this BeautifulSoup object, we can navigate through the tag soup in a systematic way
soup
## but now we need to isolate the data we want
## tranisition to Chrome Developer Tools/HTML highlighting

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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>
<span>Legitimacy</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span>
<span>List inclusion criteria</span>
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<span>Principate (27 BC – AD 284)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span>
<span>Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – AD 68)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span>
<span>Year of the Four Emperors (68–69)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span>
<span>Flavian dynasty (69–96)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span>
<span>Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96–192)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span>
<span>Year of the Five Emperors (193)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span>
<span>Severan dynasty (193–235)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span>
<span>Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>
<span>Dominate (284–476)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span>
<span>Tetrarchy (284–324)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span>
<span>Constantinian dynasty (306–363)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span>
<span>Valentinianic dynasty (364–392)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span>
<span>Theodosian dynasty (379–457)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span>
<span>Last western emperors (455–476)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>
<span>Later Eastern emperors (457–1453)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span>
<span>Leonid dynasty (457–518)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span>
<span>Justinian dynasty (518–602)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span>
<span>Heraclian dynasty (610–695)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span>
<span>Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span>
<span>Isaurian (Syrian) dynasty (717–802)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span>
<span>Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span>
<span>Amorian dynasty (820–867)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span>
<span>Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span>
<span>Doukas dynasty (1059–1078)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span>
<span>Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span>
<span>Angelos dynasty (1185–1204)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span>
<span>Laskaris dynasty (1205–1261)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span>
<span>Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1453)</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>
<span>Other claims to the Roman imperial title</span>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>
<span>See also</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>
<span>Notes</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>
<span>References</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span>
<span>Citations</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span>
<span>Works cited</span>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_links">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span>
<span>Cited links</span>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>
<span>Further reading</span>
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>
<span>External links</span>
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<h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of Roman emperors</span></h1>
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" data-title="Lys van Romeinse keisers" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_Romeinse_keisers" hreflang="af" lang="af" title="Lys van Romeinse keisers – Afrikaans"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" data-title="Getalu Rōmāniscra Cāsera" href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getalu_R%C5%8Dm%C4%81niscra_C%C4%81sera" hreflang="ang" lang="ang" title="Getalu Rōmāniscra Cāsera – Old English"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" data-title="قائمة الأباطرة الرومان" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" hreflang="ar" lang="ar" title="قائمة الأباطرة الرومان – Arabic"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" data-title="Lista d'emperadors romanos" href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_d%27emperadors_romanos" hreflang="an" lang="an" title="Lista d'emperadors romanos – Aragonese"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" data-title="Llista d'emperadores romanos" href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_d%27emperadores_romanos" hreflang="ast" lang="ast" title="Llista d'emperadores romanos – Asturian"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" data-title="Roma imperatorlarının siyahısı" href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_imperatorlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" hreflang="az" lang="az" title="Roma imperatorlarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" data-title="Lô-má hông-tè lia̍t-toaⁿ" href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1_h%C3%B4ng-t%C3%A8_lia%CC%8Dt-toa%E2%81%BF" hreflang="nan" lang="nan" title="Lô-má hông-tè lia̍t-toaⁿ – Minnan"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" data-title="Спіс рымскіх імператараў" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" hreflang="be" lang="be" title="Спіс рымскіх імператараў – Belarusian"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" data-title="Списък на римските императори" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" hreflang="bg" lang="bg" title="Списък на римските императори – Bulgarian"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" data-title="De römischn Kaisa" href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_r%C3%B6mischn_Kaisa" hreflang="bar" lang="bar" title="De römischn Kaisa – Bavarian"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" data-title="Spisak rimskih careva" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_rimskih_careva" hreflang="bs" lang="bs" title="Spisak rimskih careva – Bosnian"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" data-title="Roll an impalaerien roman" href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_an_impalaerien_roman" hreflang="br" lang="br" title="Roll an impalaerien roman – Breton"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" data-title="Llista d'emperadors romans" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_d%27emperadors_romans" hreflang="ca" lang="ca" title="Llista d'emperadors romans – Catalan"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" data-title="Seznam římských císařů" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_%C5%99%C3%ADmsk%C3%BDch_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99%C5%AF" hreflang="cs" lang="cs" title="Seznam římských císařů – Czech"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" data-title="Rhestr Ymerodron Rhufeinig" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhestr_Ymerodron_Rhufeinig" hreflang="cy" lang="cy" title="Rhestr Ymerodron Rhufeinig – Welsh"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" data-title="Romerske kejsere" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerske_kejsere" hreflang="da" lang="da" title="Romerske kejsere – Danish"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" data-title="Liste der römischen Kaiser der Antike" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_r%C3%B6mischen_Kaiser_der_Antike" hreflang="de" lang="de" title="Liste der römischen Kaiser der Antike – German"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" data-title="Κατάλογος Ρωμαίων Αυτοκρατόρων" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD" hreflang="el" lang="el" title="Κατάλογος Ρωμαίων Αυτοκρατόρων – Greek"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" data-title="Anexo:Emperadores romanos" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Emperadores_romanos" hreflang="es" lang="es" title="Anexo:Emperadores romanos – Spanish"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" data-title="Listo de romiaj imperiestroj" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_de_romiaj_imperiestroj" hreflang="eo" lang="eo" title="Listo de romiaj imperiestroj – Esperanto"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" data-title="Zerrenda:Erromatar enperadoreak" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerrenda:Erromatar_enperadoreak" hreflang="eu" lang="eu" title="Zerrenda:Erromatar enperadoreak – Basque"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" data-title="فهرست امپراتوران روم" href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" hreflang="fa" lang="fa" title="فهرست امپراتوران روم – Persian"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" data-title="Liste des empereurs romains" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_romains" hreflang="fr" lang="fr" title="Liste des empereurs romains – French"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" data-title="List fan Romeinske keizers" href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_fan_Romeinske_keizers" hreflang="fy" lang="fy" title="List fan Romeinske keizers – Western Frisian"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" data-title="Liosta d’Impirí na Róimhe" href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liosta_d%E2%80%99Impir%C3%AD_na_R%C3%B3imhe" hreflang="ga" lang="ga" title="Liosta d’Impirí na Róimhe – Irish"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" data-title="Lista de emperadores romanos" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_emperadores_romanos" hreflang="gl" lang="gl" title="Lista de emperadores romanos – Galician"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" data-title="로마 황제 목록" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" hreflang="ko" lang="ko" title="로마 황제 목록 – Korean"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" data-title="Հռոմի կայսրերի ցանկ" href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" hreflang="hy" lang="hy" title="Հռոմի կայսրերի ցանկ – Armenian"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" data-title="Dodatak:Popis rimskih careva" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodatak:Popis_rimskih_careva" hreflang="hr" lang="hr" title="Dodatak:Popis rimskih careva – Croatian"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" data-title="Listo pri Romana imperiestri" href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_pri_Romana_imperiestri" hreflang="io" lang="io" title="Listo pri Romana imperiestri – Ido"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" data-title="Listi yfir rómverska keisara" href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listi_yfir_r%C3%B3mverska_keisara" hreflang="is" lang="is" title="Listi yfir rómverska keisara – Icelandic"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" data-title="Imperatori romani" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatori_romani" hreflang="it" lang="it" title="Imperatori romani – Italian"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" data-title="קיסרי רומא" href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90" hreflang="he" lang="he" title="קיסרי רומא – Hebrew"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" data-title="რომის იმპერატორების სია" href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" hreflang="ka" lang="ka" title="რომის იმპერატორების სია – Georgian"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" data-title="Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orodha_ya_Makaizari_wa_Roma" hreflang="sw" lang="sw" title="Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma – Swahili"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" data-title="Lîsteya împeratorên Romê" href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEsteya_%C3%AEmperator%C3%AAn_Rom%C3%AA" hreflang="ku" lang="ku" title="Lîsteya împeratorên Romê – Kurdish"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" data-title="Fasti Imperatorum Romanorum" href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_Imperatorum_Romanorum" hreflang="la" lang="la" title="Fasti Imperatorum Romanorum – Latin"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" data-title="Senās Romas imperatori" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81s_Romas_imperatori" hreflang="lv" lang="lv" title="Senās Romas imperatori – Latvian"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" data-title="Lëscht vun de Keesere vum Réimesche Räich" href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABscht_vun_de_Keesere_vum_R%C3%A9imesche_R%C3%A4ich" hreflang="lb" lang="lb" title="Lëscht vun de Keesere vum Réimesche Räich – Luxembourgish"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" data-title="Sąrašas:Romos imperatoriai" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Romos_imperatoriai" hreflang="lt" lang="lt" title="Sąrašas:Romos imperatoriai – Lithuanian"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" data-title="Lista di Imperatoî Romen" href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_di_Imperato%C3%AE_Romen" hreflang="lij" lang="lij" title="Lista di Imperatoî Romen – Ligurian"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" data-title="Lies van Roemeinse keizers" href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies_van_Roemeinse_keizers" hreflang="li" lang="li" title="Lies van Roemeinse keizers – Limburgish"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" data-title="Lista de imperores roman" href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_imperores_roman" hreflang="lfn" lang="lfn" title="Lista de imperores roman – Lingua Franca Nova"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" data-title="Lista di imperador roman" href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_di_imperador_roman" hreflang="lmo" lang="lmo" title="Lista di imperador roman – Lombard"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" data-title="Római császárok listája időrendben" href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rok_list%C3%A1ja_id%C5%91rendben" hreflang="hu" lang="hu" title="Római császárok listája időrendben – Hungarian"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" data-title="რომიშ იმპერატორეფიშ ერკებული" href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" hreflang="xmf" lang="xmf" title="რომიშ იმპერატორეფიშ ერკებული – Mingrelian"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" data-title="ليستة اباطرة الرومان" href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" hreflang="arz" lang="arz" title="ليستة اباطرة الرومان – Egyptian Arabic"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" data-title="Lijst van Romeinse keizers" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_Romeinse_keizers" hreflang="nl" lang="nl" title="Lijst van Romeinse keizers – Dutch"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" data-title="ローマ皇帝一覧" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" hreflang="ja" lang="ja" title="ローマ皇帝一覧 – Japanese"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" data-title="Liste over romerske keisere" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_romerske_keisere" hreflang="nb" lang="nb" title="Liste over romerske keisere – Norwegian Bokmål"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" data-title="Liste d'Empéreurs Romains" href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_d%27Emp%C3%A9reurs_Romains" hreflang="nrf" lang="nrf" title="Liste d'Empéreurs Romains – Norman"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" data-title="Lista dels emperaires romans" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_dels_emperaires_romans" hreflang="oc" lang="oc" title="Lista dels emperaires romans – Occitan"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" data-title="لسٹ شاہان روم" href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" hreflang="pnb" lang="pnb" title="لسٹ شاہان روم – Western Punjabi"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" data-title="Lisse d'chés impéreus romains" href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisse_d%27ch%C3%A9s_imp%C3%A9reus_romains" hreflang="pcd" lang="pcd" title="Lisse d'chés impéreus romains – Picard"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" data-title="List vun de Kaisers vun Rom" href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_vun_de_Kaisers_vun_Rom" hreflang="nds" lang="nds" title="List vun de Kaisers vun Rom – Low German"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" data-title="Cesarze rzymscy" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarze_rzymscy" hreflang="pl" lang="pl" title="Cesarze rzymscy – Polish"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" data-title="Lista de imperadores romanos" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_imperadores_romanos" hreflang="pt" lang="pt" title="Lista de imperadores romanos – Portuguese"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" data-title="Lista împăraților romani" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_%C3%AEmp%C4%83ra%C8%9Bilor_romani" hreflang="ro" lang="ro" title="Lista împăraților romani – Romanian"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" data-title="Список римских императоров" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" hreflang="ru" lang="ru" title="Список римских императоров – Russian"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" data-title="Lista e Perandorëve Romakë" href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_e_Perandor%C3%ABve_Romak%C3%AB" hreflang="sq" lang="sq" title="Lista e Perandorëve Romakë – Albanian"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" data-title="Lista di mpiratura rumani" href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_di_mpiratura_rumani" hreflang="scn" lang="scn" title="Lista di mpiratura rumani – Sicilian"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" data-title="List of Roman emperors" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" hreflang="en-simple" lang="en-simple" title="List of Roman emperors – Simple English"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" data-title="Zoznam rímskych cisárov" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznam_r%C3%ADmskych_cis%C3%A1rov" hreflang="sk" lang="sk" title="Zoznam rímskych cisárov – Slovak"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" data-title="Seznam rimskih cesarjev" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_rimskih_cesarjev" hreflang="sl" lang="sl" title="Seznam rimskih cesarjev – Slovenian"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" data-title="Списак римских царева" href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" hreflang="sr" lang="sr" title="Списак римских царева – Serbian"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" data-title="Lista careva Rimskog Carstva" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_careva_Rimskog_Carstva" hreflang="sh" lang="sh" title="Lista careva Rimskog Carstva – Serbo-Croatian"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" data-title="Luettelo Rooman keisareista" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Rooman_keisareista" hreflang="fi" lang="fi" title="Luettelo Rooman keisareista – Finnish"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" data-title="Lista över romerska kejsare" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_romerska_kejsare" hreflang="sv" lang="sv" title="Lista över romerska kejsare – Swedish"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" data-title="Talaan ng mga Emperador ng Roma" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_Emperador_ng_Roma" hreflang="tl" lang="tl" title="Talaan ng mga Emperador ng Roma – Tagalog"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" data-title="รายพระนามจักรพรรดิแห่งจักรวรรดิโรมัน" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" hreflang="th" lang="th" title="รายพระนามจักรพรรดิแห่งจักรวรรดิโรมัน – Thai"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" data-title="Roma imparatorları listesi" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_imparatorlar%C4%B1_listesi" hreflang="tr" lang="tr" title="Roma imparatorları listesi – Turkish"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" data-title="Список римських імператорів" href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" hreflang="uk" lang="uk" title="Список римських імператорів – Ukrainian"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" data-title="رومی شہنشاہوں کی فہرست" href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" hreflang="ur" lang="ur" title="رومی شہنشاہوں کی فہرست – Urdu"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" data-title="Danh sách hoàng đế La Mã" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_s%C3%A1ch_ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_La_M%C3%A3" hreflang="vi" lang="vi" title="Danh sách hoàng đế La Mã – Vietnamese"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" data-title="羅馬皇帝表" href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E8%A1%A8" hreflang="lzh" lang="lzh" title="羅馬皇帝表 – Literary Chinese"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" data-title="罗马皇帝单子" href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%95%E5%AD%90" hreflang="wuu" lang="wuu" title="罗马皇帝单子 – Wu"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" data-title="羅馬皇帝一覽" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" hreflang="yue" lang="yue" title="羅馬皇帝一覽 – Cantonese"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" data-title="羅馬皇帝列表" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" hreflang="zh" lang="zh" title="羅馬皇帝列表 – Chinese"><span>中文</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg"><img alt="statue of Augustus" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2250" data-file-width="1500" decoding="async" height="435" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/290px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/435px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/580px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" width="290"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">The Prima Porta statue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>27 BC – AD 14), the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> were the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from the granting of the name and title <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> in 27 BC onward.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus maintained a facade of Republican rule, rejecting monarchical titles but calling himself <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">princeps senatus</a></i> (first man of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Senate of the Roman Empire">Senate</a>) and <i>princeps civitatis</i> (first citizen of the state). The title of Augustus was conferred on his successors to the imperial position, and emperors gradually grew more monarchical and authoritarian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973329,_403_2-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973329,_403-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The style of government instituted by Augustus is called the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> and continued until the late third or early fourth century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973238_3-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973238-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern word "emperor" derives from the title <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a></i>, that was granted by an army to a successful general; during the initial phase of the empire, the title was generally used only by the <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973329_4-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973329-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Augustus's official name was <i>Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973245_5-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973245-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory under command of the emperor had developed under the period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> as it invaded and occupied much of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and portions of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Under the republic, the <a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">Senate and People of Rome</a> authorized provincial governors, who answered only to them, to rule regions of the empire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson198439–40_6-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson198439–40-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief magistrates of the republic were two <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> elected each year; consuls continued to be elected in the imperial period, but their authority was subservient to that of the emperor, who also controlled and determined their election.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu201635_7-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu201635-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, the emperors themselves, or close family, were selected as consul.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973443_8-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973443-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> increased the authority of the emperor and adopted the title <i>dominus noster</i> (our lord). The rise of powerful <a href="/wiki/Barbarian#In_classical_Greco-Roman_contexts" title="Barbarian">barbarian tribes</a> along the borders of the empire, the challenge they posed to the defense of far-flung borders as well as an unstable imperial succession led Diocletian to divide the administration of the Empire geographically with a co-<i>augustus</i> in 286. In 330, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, the emperor who accepted Christianity, established a second capital in <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Historians consider the <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> period of the empire to have begun with either Diocletian or Constantine, depending on the author.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973238,_403_9-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973238,_403-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of the period from 286 to 480, there was more than one recognized senior emperor, with the division usually based on geographic regions. This division became permanent after the death of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 395, which historians have traditionally dated as the division between the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. However, formally the Empire remained a single polity, with separate co-emperors in the separate courts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandberg2008199–213._10-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2008199–213.-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> is dated either from the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> date of 476, when <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> was deposed by the Germanic <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Herules" title="Herules">Herulians</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, or the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> date of 480, on the death of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a>, when Eastern emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> ended recognition of a separate Western court.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians typically refer to the empire in the centuries that followed as the "<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>", governed by the Byzantine emperors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that "Byzantine" is a later <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographical</a> designation and the inhabitants and emperors of the empire continually maintained <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Roman_identity" title="Roman identity">Roman identity</a>, this designation is not used universally and continues to be a subject of specialist debate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, in the sixth century, a large portion of the western empire was retaken, including Italy, Africa, and part of Spain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall201853_17-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall201853-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the centuries thereafter, most of the imperial territories were lost, which eventually restricted the empire to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line of emperors continued until the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, when the remaining territories were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1992ix_23-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992ix-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the conquest, Mehmed II proclaimed himself <i>kayser-i Rûm</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)"><i>Caesar</i></a> of the Romans"),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus claiming to be the new emperor,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1967334_32-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1967334-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">a claim</a> maintained by succeeding sultans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÇolak201421–22_33-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇolak201421–22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competing claims of <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">succession to the Roman Empire</a> have also been forwarded by various other states and empires, and by numerous <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire#Claims_to_descent_and_inheritance" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">later pretenders</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1992115–116_34-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992115–116-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legitimacy">Legitimacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Legitimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Roman usurper</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Denarius_of_Pescennius_Niger.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="383" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="213" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Denarius_of_Pescennius_Niger.png/220px-Denarius_of_Pescennius_Niger.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Denarius_of_Pescennius_Niger.png/330px-Denarius_of_Pescennius_Niger.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Denarius_of_Pescennius_Niger.png 2x" width="220"/></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Roman usurper</a> who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG</figcaption></figure>
<p>While the imperial government of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi20183_35-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi20183-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the rise of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the first Roman emperor, in 27 BC to the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">sack of Rome</a> in AD 455, there were over a hundred usurpations or attempted usurpations (an average of one usurpation or attempt about every four years). From the murder of <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> in 192 until the fifth century, there was scarcely a single decade without succession conflicts and civil war. Very few emperors died of natural causes, with <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a> in practical terms having become the expected end of a Roman emperor by <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmolin202122_36-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmolin202122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction between a usurper and a legitimate emperor is a blurry one, given that a large number of emperors commonly considered legitimate began their rule as usurpers, revolting against the previous legitimate emperor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaes201515_37-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaes201515-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>True legitimizing structures and theories were weak, or wholly absent, in the Roman Empire,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmolin202122_36-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmolin202122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there were no true objective legal criteria for being acclaimed emperor beyond acceptance by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201825_38-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201825-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dynastic succession was not legally formalized, but also not uncommon, with powerful rulers sometimes succeeding in passing power on to their children or other relatives. While dynastic ties could bring someone to the throne, they were not a guarantee that their rule would not be challenged.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaes201523_39-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaes201523-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>79–81; son of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>), no son of an emperor who ruled after the death of his father died a natural death until <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> in 337. Control of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> itself and approval of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> held some importance as legitimising factors, but were mostly symbolic. Emperors who began their careers as usurpers had often been deemed <a href="/wiki/Public_enemy" title="Public enemy">public enemies</a> by the senate before they managed to take the city. Emperors did not need to be acclaimed or crowned in Rome itself, as demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a> (69), when claimants were crowned by armies in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a>, and the senate's role in legitimising emperors had almost faded into insignificance by the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> (235–285). By the end of the third century, Rome's importance was mainly ideological, with several emperors and usurpers even beginning to place their court in other cities in the empire, closer to the imperial frontier.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi20189,_14,_17,_24_40-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi20189,_14,_17,_24-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Common methods used by emperors to assert claims of legitimacy, such as proclamation by the army, blood connections (sometimes fictitious) to past emperors, wearing imperial regalia, distributing one's own coins or statues and claims to pre-eminent virtue through propaganda, were pursued just as well by many usurpers as they were by legitimate emperors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmolin202122–23_41-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmolin202122–23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no constitutional or legal distinctions that differentiated legitimate emperors and usurpers. In ancient Roman texts, the differences between emperors and "tyrants" (the term typically used for usurpers) is often a moral one (with the tyrants ascribed wicked behaviour) rather than a legal one. Typically, the actual distinction was whether the claimant had been victorious or not. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i>, an ancient Roman collection of imperial biographies, the usurper <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> (193–194) is expressly noted to only be a tyrant because he was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>193–211).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201821,_29–30_42-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201821,_29–30-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also followed in modern <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, where, in the absence of constitutional criteria separating them, the main factor that distinguishes usurpers from legitimate Roman emperors is their degree of success. What makes a figure who began as a usurper into a legitimate emperor is typically either that they managed to gain the recognition from a more senior, legitimate emperor, or that they managed to defeat a more senior, legitimate emperor and seize power from them by force.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaes201523_39-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaes201523-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_inclusion_criteria">List inclusion criteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: List inclusion criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Given that a concept of constitutional legitimacy was irrelevant in the Roman Empire, and emperors were only 'legitimate' in so far as they were able to be accepted in the wider empire,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201834_43-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201834-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this list of emperors operates on a collection of inclusion criteria:
</p>
<ul><li>Imperial claimants whose power across the empire became, or from the beginning was, absolute and who ruled undisputed are treated as legitimate emperors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201832_44-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201832-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 286 onward, when imperial power was usually divided among two colleagues in the east and west,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi2018xix_45-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi2018xix-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> control over the respective half is sufficient even if a claimant was not recognized in the other half, such as was the case for several of the last few emperors in the west.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathisen1997_46-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathisen1997-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Imperial claimants who were proclaimed emperors by another, legitimate, senior emperor, or who were recognized by a legitimate senior emperor, are treated as legitimate emperors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many emperors ruled alongside one or various joint-emperors. However, and specially from the 4th century onwards, most of these were children who never ruled in their own right. Scholars of the later Empire always omit these rulers,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the same is not always applied during the early Empire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1825303Grant1998179Hekster2008155Cooley2012KienastEckHeilv–xiiBritannicaLiviusMET_49-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1825303Grant1998179Hekster2008155Cooley2012KienastEckHeilv–xiiBritannicaLiviusMET-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the purposes of consistency, later senior emperors' tenures as junior co-emperors are not counted as part of their reign. The list also gives all co-emperors their own entry only up to the 4th century.</li>
<li>Imperial claimants who achieved the recognition of the Roman Senate, especially in times of uncertainty and civil war, are, due to the senate's nominal role as an elective body, treated as legitimate emperors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later times, especially when emperors ruled from other cities, this criterion defaults to the possession and control of Rome itself. In the later eastern empire, possession of the capital of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> was an essential element of imperial legitimacy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Tricht201179–80_51-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Tricht201179–80-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>In the case of non-dynastic emperors after or in the middle of the rule of a dynasty, it is customary among historians to group them together with the rulers of said dynasty,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2004323_52-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2004323-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an approach that is followed in this list. Dynastic breaks with non-dynastic rulers are indicated with thickened horizontal lines.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principate_(27_BC_–_AD_284)"><span id="Principate_.2827_BC_.E2.80.93_AD_284.29"></span>Principate (27 BC – AD 284)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Principate (27 BC – AD 284)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Julio-Claudian_dynasty_(27_BC_–_AD_68)"><span id="Julio-Claudian_dynasty_.2827_BC_.E2.80.93_AD_68.29"></span>Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – AD 68)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – AD 68)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%">
<caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Julio-Claudian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%"> Name<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="4916" data-file-width="3395" decoding="async" height="145" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg/100px-04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg/150px-04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg/200px-04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14<br/>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(40 years, 7 months and 3 days)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Grandnephew and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Gradually acquired further power through grants from, and constitutional settlements with, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>. Continuously head of state since <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Octavian%27s_march_on_Rome" title="Octavian's march on Rome">19 August 43 BC</a>, unopposed after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BC.
</td>
<td>23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 75)</span><hr/>Born as <a href="/wiki/Augustus#name" title="Augustus">Gaius Octavius</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" title="Death by natural causes">Died of natural causes</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant8,_9,_12–13KienastEckHeil53–54,_350_60-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant8,_9,_12–13KienastEckHeil53–54,_350-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:MSR-Ra342b-DM_(1)_(cropped2).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="5492" data-file-width="4075" decoding="async" height="135" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/100px-MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/150px-MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/200px-MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Tiberius Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>17 September 14 – 16 March 37<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(22 years, 5 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>
</td>
<td>16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 77)</span><hr/>Died probably of natural causes, allegedly murdered at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil70–72,_350Grant8,_16,_20,_25_61-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil70–72,_350Grant8,_16,_20,_25-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Caligula_MET_DP337264_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1962" data-file-width="1471" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</i></span>
</th>
<td>18 March 37 – 24 January 41<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 10 months and 6 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Grandnephew and adopted heir of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>
</td>
<td>31 August 12 – 24 January 41<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 28)</span><hr/>Murdered in a conspiracy involving the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and senators<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil78Grant8,_25,_27_62-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil78Grant8,_25,_27-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2698" data-file-width="2025" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</i></span>
</th>
<td>24 January 41 – 13 October 54<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years, 8 months and 19 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Uncle of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, grandnephew of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, proclaimed emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and accepted by the Senate
</td>
<td>1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 63)</span><hr/>Began the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a>. Probably poisoned by his wife <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina</a>, in favor of her son <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil82Grant8,_29,_33_63-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil82Grant8,_29,_33-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1968" data-file-width="1541" decoding="async" height="128" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</i></span>
</th>
<td>13 October 54 – 9 June 68<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years, 7 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>
</td>
<td>15 December 37 – 9 June 68<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 30)</span><hr/>Committed suicide after being deserted by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and sentenced to death by the Senate<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil88–89,_350Grant8,_34,_39_64-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil88–89,_350Grant8,_34,_39-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Year_of_the_Four_Emperors_(68–69)"><span id="Year_of_the_Four_Emperors_.2868.E2.80.9369.29"></span>Year of the Four Emperors (68–69)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Year of the Four Emperors (68–69)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Year of the Four Emperors</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Galba,_aureus_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="698" data-file-width="739" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Servius Galba Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>8 June 68 – 15 January 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 months and 7 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>, revolted against <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> and seized power after his suicide, with support of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>
</td>
<td>24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 71) </span><hr/>Murdered by soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> in a coup led by <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil94Grant43,_44Hammond24_65-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil94Grant43,_44Hammond24-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2411" data-file-width="2489" decoding="async" height="97" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg/100px-Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg/150px-Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg/200px-Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>15 January – 16 April 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 months and 1 day)</span>
</td>
<td>Seized power through a coup against <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>
</td>
<td>28 April 32 – 16 April 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 36)</span><hr/>Committed suicide after losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bedriacum" title="Battle of Bedriacum">Battle of Bedriacum</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil97Grant46–47_66-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil97Grant46–47-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_(MANTIS).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2516" data-file-width="2462" decoding="async" height="102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg/100px-Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg/150px-Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg/200px-Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>19 April – 20 December 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(8 months and 1 day)</span>
</td>
<td>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, proclaimed emperor by the Rhine legions on 2 January in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>, later recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>
</td>
<td>24 September 15 – 20 December 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 54)</span><hr/>Murdered by <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>'s troops<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil99–100Grant48–50_67-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil99–100Grant48–50-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavian_dynasty_(69–96)"><span id="Flavian_dynasty_.2869.E2.80.9396.29"></span>Flavian dynasty (69–96)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Flavian dynasty (69–96)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Flavian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Naples_Archaeology_Museum_(3x4_cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2386" data-file-width="1790" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Vespasianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 July 69 – 23 June 79<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(9 years, 11 months and 22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed by the eastern legions in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>, later recognized by the Senate
</td>
<td>17 November 9 – 23 June 79<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 69)</span><hr/>Began construction of the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>.<br/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil101Grant51–52,_55_68-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil101Grant51–52,_55-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="4015" data-file-width="3101" decoding="async" height="129" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>24 June 79 – 13 September 81<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 2 months and 20 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>
</td>
<td>30 December 39 – 13 September 81<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 41)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil105Grant55Hammond27_69-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil105Grant55Hammond27-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Domiziano_da_collezione_albani,_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="897" data-file-width="673" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Domitianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>14 September 81 – 18 September 96<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(15 years and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Brother of <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> and son of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>
</td>
<td>24 October 51 – 18 September 96<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 44)</span><hr/>Assassinated in a conspiracy of court officials, possibly involving <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil109Grant60–69_70-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil109Grant60–69-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerva–Antonine_dynasty_(96–192)"><span id="Nerva.E2.80.93Antonine_dynasty_.2896.E2.80.93192.29"></span>Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96–192)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96–192)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nerva.JPG"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3776" data-file-width="2858" decoding="async" height="132" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nerva.JPG/100px-Nerva.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nerva.JPG/150px-Nerva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nerva.JPG/200px-Nerva.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Nerva Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>18 September 96 – 27 January 98<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 4 months and 9 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> after the murder of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>
</td>
<td>8 November 30 – 27/28 January 98<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 67)</span><hr/>First of the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a>". Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil114Grant69Burgess201453–54_71-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil114Grant69Burgess201453–54-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1119" data-file-width="805" decoding="async" height="139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>28 January 98 – 9 August (?) 117<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(19 years, 6 months and 11 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>
</td>
<td>18 September 53 – 9 August (?) 117<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 63)</span><hr/>First non-Italian emperor. His reign marked the geographical peak of the empire. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil116–117Grant71,_73,_76Omissi20188Burgess201454–56_72-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil116–117Grant71,_73,_76Omissi20188Burgess201454–56-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1616" data-file-width="1240" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/100px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/150px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/200px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>11 August 117 – 10 July 138<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(20 years, 10 months and 29 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Cousin of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, allegedly adopted on his deathbed
</td>
<td>24 January 76 – 10 July 138<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 62)</span><hr/>Ended Roman expansionism. Destroyed Judea after a massive revolt. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil122–123Grant68,_76Omissi20188_73-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil122–123Grant68,_76Omissi20188-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3008" data-file-width="2257" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</th>
<td>10 July 138 – 7 March 161<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(22 years, 7 months and 25 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>
</td>
<td>19 September 86 – 7 March 161<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 74)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil128Grant87_76-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil128Grant87-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3628" data-file-width="2636" decoding="async" height="138" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG/100px-Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG/150px-Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG/200px-Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</i></span>
</th>
<td>7 March 161 – 17 March 180<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(19 years and 10 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son-in-law and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>. Until 169 reigned jointly with his adoptive brother, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>, the first time multiple emperors shared power. Since 177 reigned jointly with his son <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>
</td>
<td>26 April 121 – 17 March 180<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 58)</span><hr/>Last of the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a>"; also one of the most representative <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic philosophers</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil131–132Grant68,_89,_91,_93_77-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil131–132Grant68,_89,_91,_93-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Verus_bust_(crop).png"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1736" data-file-width="1240" decoding="async" height="140" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png/100px-Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png/150px-Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png/200px-Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Lucius Aurelius Verus</i></span>
</th>
<td>7 March 161 – January/February 169<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years and 11 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, named joint emperor by his adoptive brother <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>
</td>
<td>15 December 130 – early 169<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 38)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil135Grant93,_94_78-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil135Grant93,_94-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_(cropped_enhanced).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="833" data-file-width="625" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/100px-Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/150px-Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/200px-Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus / Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus</i></span>
</th>
<td>17 March 180 – 31 December 192<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years, 9 months and 14 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>. Proclaimed co-emperor in 177, at age 16, becoming the first emperor to be elevated during predecessor's lifetime
</td>
<td>31 August 161 – 31 December 192<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 31)</span><hr/>Strangled to death in a conspiracy involving his <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">praetorian</a> prefect, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aemilius_Laetus" title="Quintus Aemilius Laetus">Laetus</a>, and mistress, <a href="/wiki/Marcia_(mistress_of_Commodus)" title="Marcia (mistress of Commodus)">Marcia</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil140–141Grant97Omissi20188_79-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil140–141Grant97Omissi20188-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Year_of_the_Five_Emperors_(193)"><span id="Year_of_the_Five_Emperors_.28193.29"></span>Year of the Five Emperors (193)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Year of the Five Emperors (193)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five Emperors</a></div>
<dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><b>Note:</b> The other claimants during the Year of the Five Emperors were <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a>, generally regarded as usurpers.</i></span></dd></dl>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Year of the Five Emperors</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Galleria_degli_Uffizi,_Florence_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1684" data-file-width="1263" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Helvius Pertinax</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 January – 28 March 193<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" title="Praefectus urbi">City prefect</a> of Rome at <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>'s death, set up as emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">praetorian</a> prefect, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aemilius_Laetus" title="Quintus Aemilius Laetus">Laetus</a>, with consent of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>
</td>
<td>1 August 126 – 28 March 193<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 66)</span><hr/>Murdered by mutinous soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil145Grant103–104_80-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil145Grant103–104-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_(cropped).jpeg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1764" data-file-width="1323" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg/100px-Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg/150px-Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg/200px-Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Didius Severus Julianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>28 March – 1 June 193<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Won auction held by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> for the position of emperor
</td>
<td>30 January 133 – 1/2 June 193<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 60)</span><hr/>Killed on order of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>, at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil147Grant106–108Cooley2012495_81-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil147Grant106–108Cooley2012495-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Severan_dynasty_(193–235)"><span id="Severan_dynasty_.28193.E2.80.93235.29"></span>Severan dynasty (193–235)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Severan dynasty (193–235)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0FFFF; color:black;"> </span> (§) – Varying ascribed status<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Principate_co-emperors_82-0"><a href="#cite_note-Principate_co-emperors-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Severan dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1052" data-file-width="790" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 April 193 – 4 February 211<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(17 years, 9 months and 26 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Upper Pannonia</a>, acclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions following the murder of <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a>
</td>
<td>11 April 145 – 4 February 211<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 65)</span><hr/>First non-European emperor. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil149–150Grant108,_110Omissi20189_83-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil149–150Grant108,_110Omissi20189-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3675" data-file-width="2450" decoding="async" height="150" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg/100px-Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg/150px-Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg/200px-Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</i></span>
</th>
<td>4 February 211 – 8 April 217<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 2 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, proclaimed co-emperor on 28 January 198, at age 10. Succeeded jointly with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a>, in 211
</td>
<td>4 April 188 – 8 April 217<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 29)</span><hr/>First child emperor. Granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> to all free inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">empire</a>. Murdered by a soldier at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil156–157Grant119–120Hammond35–36_84-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil156–157Grant119–120Hammond35–36-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Geta_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="241" data-file-width="181" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Septimius Geta</i></span>
</th>
<td>4 February 211 – 26 December 211<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 months and 22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, proclaimed co-emperor in October 209, succeeded jointly with his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>
</td>
<td>7 March 189 – 26 December 211<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 22)</span><hr/>Murdered on order of his brother, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil160Grant122_85-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil160Grant122-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="5184" data-file-width="3456" decoding="async" height="150" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>11 April 217 – 8 June 218<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 1 month and 28 days)</span>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, accepted as emperor by the army and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> after having arranged his predecessor's death in fear of his own life
</td>
<td>c. 165 – June 218<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged <abbr title="approximately">approx.</abbr> 53)</span><hr/>First non-senator to become emperor, and first emperor not to visit Rome after acceding. Executed during a revolt of the troops in favor of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil162Grant123,_124,_125–126_86-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil162Grant123,_124,_125–126-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Diadumenian,_denarius,_218,_RIC_4b_118_(obverse).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="718" data-file-width="717" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></b> (§) <br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Late May – June 218<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than a month)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>, named co-emperor by his father after the eruption of a rebellion in favor of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">14 September 208 – June 218<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 9)</span><hr/>Caught in flight and executed in favor of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil163–164Grant125_87-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil163–164Grant125-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_(2)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3526" data-file-width="2645" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</i></span>
</th>
<td>16 May 218 – 13 March 222<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 9 months and 25 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Cousin and alleged illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, acclaimed as emperor by rebellious legions in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> at the instigation of his grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a>
</td>
<td>203/204 – 13 March 222<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 18)</span><hr/>Murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> alongside his <a href="/wiki/Julia_Soaemias" title="Julia Soaemias">mother</a>, probably at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil165Grant126,_129Burgess201465–66_88-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil165Grant126,_129Burgess201465–66-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2762" data-file-width="2072" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander</i></span>
</th>
<td>14 March 222 – March 235<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Cousin and adopted heir of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>
</td>
<td>1 October 208 – early March 235<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 26)</span><hr/>Lynched by mutinous troops, alongside his <a href="/wiki/Julia_Avita_Mamaea" title="Julia Avita Mamaea">mother</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil171–172Grant130–133Burgess201467–69_89-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil171–172Grant130–133Burgess201467–69-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_of_the_Third_Century_(235–285)"><span id="Crisis_of_the_Third_Century_.28235.E2.80.93285.29"></span>Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the Six Emperors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_dynasty" title="Gordian dynasty">Gordian dynasty</a></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EBEBEB; color:black;"> </span> (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ambig_94-0"><a href="#cite_note-ambig-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0FFFF; color:black;"> </span> (§) – Varying ascribed status<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Principate_co-emperors_82-1"><a href="#cite_note-Principate_co-emperors-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Crisis of the Third Century</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="972" data-file-width="730" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></b> "Thrax"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus</i></span>
</th>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> March 235 – c. June 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years and 3 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by Germanic legions after the murder of <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a>, recognized at Rome on 23 March 235
</td>
<td>c. 172–180 – c. June 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 58–66)</span><hr/>First commoner to become emperor. Murdered by his men during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aquileia" title="Siege of Aquileia">siege of Aquileia</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil176–179Grant137–139Omissi201810Burgess201467–69_96-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil176–179Grant137–139Omissi201810Burgess201467–69-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gordian1cng80000719_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="332" data-file-width="341" decoding="async" height="97" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. April – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor alongside his son, <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a>, while serving as governor of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, in a revolt against <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a>, and recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>
</td>
<td>c. 158 (?) – c. May 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 80)</span><hr/>Oldest emperor at the time of his elevation. Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of his son<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil180–181Grant140–141Meijer200485_97-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil180–181Grant140–141Meijer200485-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="385" data-file-width="373" decoding="async" height="103" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg/100px-Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg/150px-Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg/200px-Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. April – c. May 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor alongside his father <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a>, during revolt in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> against <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a>
</td>
<td>c. 192 – c. May 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 46)</span><hr/>The shortest-reigning emperor. Killed outside <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in battle against an army loyal to <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil182Grant142–143Meijer200485Peachin199028_98-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil182Grant142–143Meijer200485Peachin199028-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1153" data-file-width="865" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. May – c. August 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(99 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor jointly with <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a> by the Senate after death of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">II</a>, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a>
</td>
<td>c. 164 – c. August 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 74)</span><hr/>Tortured and murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil183–184Grant146–148Meijer200487Peachin199028_99-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil183–184Grant146–148Meijer200487Peachin199028-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_balbino,_238_(cropped_enhanced).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1008" data-file-width="757" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/100px-Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/150px-Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/200px-Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. May – c. August 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(99 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor jointly with <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a>
</td>
<td>c. 178 – c. August 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 60)</span><hr/>Tortured and murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil185–186Grant144–145Peachin199028_100-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil185–186Grant144–145Peachin199028-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2229" data-file-width="1671" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Antonius Gordianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. August 238 – c. February 244<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 5 years and 6 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a>, appointed as heir by <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a>, upon whose deaths he succeeded as emperor
</td>
<td>20 January 225 – c. February 244<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 19)</span><hr/>Died during campaign against <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persia</a>, possibly in a murder plot instigated by <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil187–189Grant149–151Peachin199029_101-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil187–189Grant149–151Peachin199029-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_(head).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="638" data-file-width="440" decoding="async" height="145" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a></b> "the Arab"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Julius Philippus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. February 244 – September/October 249<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 5 years and 7/8 months)</span>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a>, seized power after his death
</td>
<td>c. 204 – September/October 249<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 45)</span><hr/>Killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(249)" title="Battle of Verona (249)">Battle of Verona</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil190–191Grant152–155_102-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil190–191Grant152–155-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3163" data-file-width="2418" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></b> "the Younger" (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Julius Severus Philippus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">July/August 247 – September/October 249<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 2 years and 2 months)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of Philip I, appointed co-emperor
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. 237 – September/October 249<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 12)</span><hr/>Murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil192–193Grant152–155_103-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil192–193Grant152–155-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Traianus_Decius_(Mary_Harrsch)_enhanced_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="384" data-file-width="288" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius</i></span>
</th>
<td>September/October 249 – June 251<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1 year and 8/9 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by the troops in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, then defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> in battle
</td>
<td>c. 190/200 – June 251<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 50/60)</span><hr/>Killed at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrittus" title="Battle of Abrittus">Battle of Abrittus</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil195–197Grant156–159_104-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil195–197Grant156–159-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="377" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></b> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">May/June – June 251<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than a month)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a>, appointed co-emperor
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Unknown – June 251<hr/>Killed at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrittus" title="Battle of Abrittus">Battle of Abrittus</a> alongside his <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">father</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil197–198Grant156–159_105-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil197–198Grant156–159-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_(detail)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2775" data-file-width="2081" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus</i></span>
</th>
<td>June 251 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> August 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 2 years and 2 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Senator and general, proclaimed emperor after the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>
</td>
<td>c. 206 – c. August 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 47)</span><hr/>Murdered by his own troops in favor of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Aemilian" title="Aemilian">Aemilian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil200–201Grant160–161_106-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil200–201Grant160–161-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="366" data-file-width="367" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></b> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. June – c. July 251<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1 month)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Younger son of Decius, named <i>caesar</i> by his father and proclaimed co-emperor by Trebonianus Gallus
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Unknown – c. July 251<hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">plague</a> or murdered by Trebonianus Gallus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil198–199Peachin199034_107-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil198–199Peachin199034-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_Volusianus_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="352" data-file-width="352" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></b> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. August 251 – c. August 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of Gallus, appointed co-emperor
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. 230 – c. August 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 23)</span><hr/>Murdered by the soldiers, alongside his father<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil201–202Grant160–161Peachin199036_108-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil201–202Grant160–161Peachin199036-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aemilian1.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="380" decoding="async" height="105" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aemilian1.jpg/100px-Aemilian1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aemilian1.jpg/150px-Aemilian1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aemilian1.jpg/200px-Aemilian1.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. July – c. September 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(88 days?)</span>
</td>
<td>Commander in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers after defeating barbarians, in opposition to Gallus
</td>
<td>c. 207 – c. September 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 46)</span><hr/>Murdered by his own troops in favor of <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil203–204Grant162Peachin199036–37_109-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil203–204Grant162Peachin199036–37-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Silbannacus_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="358" data-file-width="391" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Mar. Silbannacus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">c. September/October 253 (?)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(very briefly?)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Obscure figure known only from coinage, may have briefly ruled in Rome between Aemilianus and Valerian
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Nothing known<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996_25-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="5000" data-file-width="4000" decoding="async" height="125" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg/100px-Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg/150px-Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg/200px-Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Licinius Valerianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. September 253 – c. June 260<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 6 years and 9 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Army commander in <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, proclaimed emperor by the legions in opposition to Aemilian
</td>
<td>c. 200 – after 262 (?)<hr/><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Captured at Edessa</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>, died in captivity possibly forced to swallow molten gold<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil205–207Grant163–167Peachin199037–38_114-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil205–207Grant163–167Peachin199037–38-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1600" data-file-width="1300" decoding="async" height="123" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg/100px-Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg/150px-Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg/200px-Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. September 253 – c. September 268<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(15 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Valerian, appointed joint emperor. Sole emperor after Valerian's capture in 260
</td>
<td>218 – c. September 268<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 50)</span><hr/>Faced <a href="/wiki/Gallienus_usurpers" title="Gallienus usurpers">multiple revolts</a> &amp; barbarian invasions. Murdered in a conspiracy of army officers, involving <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil209–211Grant168–172Peachin199039–40_115-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil209–211Grant168–172Peachin199039–40-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Saloninus_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="343" data-file-width="401" decoding="async" height="86" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Autumn 260<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1 month)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of Gallienus, proclaimed <i>caesar</i> by his father and proclaimed emperor by the praetorian prefect <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Silvanus (praetorian prefect)">Silvanus</a> while besieged by <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Unknown – Late 260<hr/>Murdered by troops loyal to Postumus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil213Grant168–172Peachin199039–40_119-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil213Grant168–172Peachin199039–40-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Claudius_Gothicus,_Worcester_Art_Museum_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="577" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="145" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></b> "Gothicus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Claudius</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. September 268 – c. August 270<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1 year and 11 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Army commander in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, proclaimed emperor after Gallienus's death
</td>
<td>10 May 214 – August/September (?) 270<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 55)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">plague</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil222Grant179–180Peachin199042–43_120-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil222Grant179–180Peachin199042–43-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_Quintillus_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="332" data-file-width="355" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. August – c. September 270<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Brother of Claudius II, proclaimed emperor after his death
</td>
<td>Unknown – 270<hr/>Committed suicide or killed at the behest of Aurelian<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil224Grant181–182Peachin199043_121-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil224Grant181–182Peachin199043-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_25_Giu_2011_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1054" data-file-width="791" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Lucius Domitius Aurelianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. August 270 – c. November 275<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 5 years and 3 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Commander of the Roman cavalry, proclaimed emperor by Danube legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus
</td>
<td>9 September 214 – Sept./Dec. 275<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 61)</span><hr/>Reunified the Roman Empire. Murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil225–227Grant183–187Peachin199043–44_122-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil225–227Grant183–187Peachin199043–44-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1820" data-file-width="1366" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Claudius Tacitus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. December 275 – c. June 276<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 7 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Alleged <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">princeps senatus</a></i>, proclaimed emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> or, more likely, by his soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> after Aurelian's death
</td>
<td>c. 200 (?) – c. June 276<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 76)</span><hr/>Died of illness or possibly murdered<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil241–242Grant188–189Watson1999110,_225,_250_(n._46)_123-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil241–242Grant188–189Watson1999110,_225,_250_(n._46)-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="350" data-file-width="350" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Annius Florianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. June – September 276<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(80–88 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Maternal half-brother of Tacitus, proclaimed himself emperor after the death of Tacitus
</td>
<td>Unknown – September/October 276<hr/>Murdered by his own troops in favor of Probus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil243Grant190Peachin199046–47_124-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil243Grant190Peachin199046–47-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_(cropped_enhanced).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1762" data-file-width="1322" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/100px-Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/150px-Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/200px-Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Probus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. June 276 – c. September 282<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 6 years and 3 months)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the eastern legions, in opposition to Florianus
</td>
<td>19 August 232 – c. September 282<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 50)</span><hr/>Murdered by his own troops in favor of Carus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil244–245Grant191–193Peachin199047_125-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil244–245Grant191–193Peachin199047-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Carusinc2955obverse.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="502" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carusinc2955obverse.png/100px-Carusinc2955obverse.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carusinc2955obverse.png/150px-Carusinc2955obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carusinc2955obverse.png/200px-Carusinc2955obverse.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Carus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. September 282 – c. July/August 283<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 10 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Praetorian prefect under Probus, seized power before or after Probus's murder
</td>
<td>c. 224 (?) – c. July/August 283<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 60)</span><hr/>Died in <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persia</a>, either of illness, assassination, or by being hit by lightning<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil248–249Grant194–195Peachin199049_126-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil248–249Grant194–195Peachin199049-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_(cropped).JPG"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="849" data-file-width="637" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG/100px-Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Carinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>Spring 283 – August/September 285<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Carus, appointed joint emperor shortly before his death. Succeeded jointly with Numerian
</td>
<td>c. 250 – August/September 285<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 35)</span><hr/>Probably died in battle against Diocletian, likely betrayed by his own soldiers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil250–251Grant196–197Peachin199049–50_127-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil250–251Grant196–197Peachin199049–50-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Numerian_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="959" data-file-width="998" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Numerianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. July/August 283 – November 284<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and 3/4 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Carus, succeeded jointly with Carinus
</td>
<td>c. 253 – November 284<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 31)</span><hr/>Died while marching to Europe, probably of disease, possibly assassinated<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252Grant198–201_128-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252Grant198–201-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominate_(284–476)"><span id="Dominate_.28284.E2.80.93476.29"></span>Dominate (284–476)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Dominate (284–476)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetrarchy_(284–324)"><span id="Tetrarchy_.28284.E2.80.93324.29"></span>Tetrarchy (284–324)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Tetrarchy (284–324)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EBEBEB; color:black;"> </span> (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ambig_94-1"><a href="#cite_note-ambig-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Tetrarchy</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Diocletian,_Getty_Museum_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3613" data-file-width="2478" decoding="async" height="146" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></b> "Jovius"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>20 November 284 – 1 May 305<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(20 years, 5 months and 11 days)<br/><b>Whole</b>; then <b>East</b></span>
</td>
<td>Commander of the imperial bodyguard, acclaimed by the army after death of <a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a>, and proceeded to defeat Numerian's brother, <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a>, in battle
</td>
<td>22 December <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 243 – 3 December <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 311<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 68)</span><hr/>Began the last <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">great persecution</a> of Christianity. First emperor to voluntarily abdicate. Died in unclear circumstances, possibly suicide<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_30–32KienastEckHeil257–258Grant204_129-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_30–32KienastEckHeil257–258Grant204-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3705" data-file-width="2740" decoding="async" height="135" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></b> "Herculius"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 April 286<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 1 May 305<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(19 years and 1 month; <b>West</b>)</span><br/>November 306 – 11 November 308<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years; <b>Italy</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Elevated by Diocletian, ruled the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western provinces</a>
</td>
<td>c. 250 – c. July 310<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 60)</span><hr/>Abdicated with Diocletian, later trying to regain power with, and then from, <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>, before being probably killed on orders of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constantine_I" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_13,_32,_34KienastEckHeil262–263Grant210–212_132-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_13,_32,_34KienastEckHeil262–263Grant210–212-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Galerius,_Thessaloniki_(head).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="297" data-file-width="217" decoding="async" height="137" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 May 305 – May 311<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Elevated to <i>caesar</i> in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as eastern <i>augustus</i> upon Diocletian's abdication
</td>
<td>c. 258 – May 311<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 53)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil272–273Barnes4–6,_46Grant221–222_133-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil272–273Barnes4–6,_46Grant221–222-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="4524" data-file-width="3203" decoding="async" height="141" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></b> "Chlorus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 May 305 – 25 July 306<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 2 months and 24 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Maximian's relation by marriage, elevated to <i>caesar</i> in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as western <i>augustus</i> upon Maximian's abdication
</td>
<td>31 March <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250 – 25 July 306<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 56)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil269Barnes35–36Grant216–218ODB524–525_134-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil269Barnes35–36Grant216–218ODB524–525-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1214" data-file-width="1215" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg/100px-Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg/150px-Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg/200px-Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></b><span style="font-size:85%;"><br/><i>Flavius Valerius Severus</i></span>
</th>
<td>August 306 – March/April 307<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 8 months; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Elevated to <i>caesar</i> in 305 by Maximian, promoted to western <i>augustus</i> by Galerius upon Constantius I's death
</td>
<td>Unknown – September 307<hr/>Surrendered to Maximian and Maxentius, later murdered or forced to commit suicide<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil278Barnes4–5,_38–39Grant223–224_135-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil278Barnes4–5,_38–39Grant223–224-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Maxentius_(SK_Dresden_Hm_406)_01_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3247" data-file-width="2211" decoding="async" height="147" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">28 October 306 – 28 October 312<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years; <b>Italy</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Son of Maximian and son-in-law of Galerius, seized power in Italy with support of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and his father after being passed over in the succession. Not recognized by the other emperors
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">c. 283 – 28 October 312<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 29)</span><hr/>Died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a>, against <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constantine_I" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil279Grant224–226Barnes12–13,_34_136-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil279Grant224–226Barnes12–13,_34-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Licinius,_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1273" data-file-width="927" decoding="async" height="137" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Valerius Licinianus Licinius</i></span>
</th>
<td>11 November 308 – 19 September 324<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(15 years, 10 months and 8 days)<br/><b>West</b>; then <b>East</b></span>
</td>
<td>Elevated by Galerius to replace Severus, in opposition to Maxentius. Defeated <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a> in a civil war to become sole emperor of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" title="Eastern Roman Empire">East</a> in 313
</td>
<td>c. 265 – early 325<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 60)</span><hr/>Defeated, deposed and put to death by <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constantine_I" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil282Barnes6–7,_43–44Grant235–237_137-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil282Barnes6–7,_43–44Grant235–237-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="382" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></b> "Daza"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Galerius Valerius Maximinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>310 – c. July 313<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Nephew of Galerius, elevated to <i>caesar</i> by Galerius in 305, and acclaimed as <i>augustus</i> by his troops in 310
</td>
<td>20 November c. 270 – c. July 313<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 42)</span><hr/>Defeated in civil war against <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, died shortly afterwards<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil276Barnes6–7,_39Grant238–240_138-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil276Barnes6–7,_39Grant238–240-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Valerius_Valens_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="245" data-file-width="249" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-valensandmartinian_140-0"><a href="#cite_note-valensandmartinian-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Aurelius Valerius Valens</i></span>
</th>
<td>October 316 – c. January 317<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 2–3 months; <b>East</b>*)</span>
</td>
<td>Frontier commander in <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia</a>, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I
</td>
<td>Unknown – 317<hr/>Executed in the lead-up to a peace settlement between Licinius and Constantine<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil284Barnes15_141-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil284Barnes15-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Martinian_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="366" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-valensandmartinian_140-1"><a href="#cite_note-valensandmartinian-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Mar. Martinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>July – 19 September 324<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months; <b>East</b>*)</span>
</td>
<td>A senior bureaucrat, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I
</td>
<td>Unknown – 325<hr/>Deposed by Constantine and banished to <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, later executed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil285Barnes15_142-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil285Barnes15-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantinian_dynasty_(306–363)"><span id="Constantinian_dynasty_.28306.E2.80.93363.29"></span>Constantinian dynasty (306–363)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Constantinian dynasty (306–363)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EBEBEB; color:black;"> </span> (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ambig_94-2"><a href="#cite_note-ambig-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Constantinian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="16%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="23%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="30%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2199" data-file-width="1445" decoding="async" height="152" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></b><br/>"the Great"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Valerius Constantinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>25 July 306 – 22 May 337<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 years, 9 months and 27 days)<br/><b>West</b>; then <b>whole</b></span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantius I, acclaimed by his father's troops as <i>augustus</i>. Accepted as <i>caesar</i> by Galerius, promoted to <i>augustus</i> in 307 by Maximian, refused demotion to <i>caesar</i> in 309
</td>
<td>27 February 272/273 – 22 May 337<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 64/65)</span><hr/>First Christian emperor and founder of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Sole ruler of the Empire after defeating <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> in 312 and <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> in 324. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil286–288Barnes5–8,_39–42Grant228–231,_234_143-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil286–288Barnes5–8,_39–42Grant228–231,_234-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Campidoglio,_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="450" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Claudius Constantinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 September 337 – April 340<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years and 7 months; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine I
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> February 316 – April 340<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 24)</span><hr/>Ruled the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">praetorian prefecture of Gaul</a>. Killed in an ambush during a war against his brother, Constans I<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil296Barnes8,_44–45Grant241_144-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil296Barnes8,_44–45Grant241-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constant_head.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1333" data-file-width="986" decoding="async" height="135" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Constant_head.jpg/100px-Constant_head.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Constant_head.jpg/150px-Constant_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Constant_head.jpg/200px-Constant_head.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constans_I" title="Constans I">Constans I</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Julius Constans</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 September 337 – January 350<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years and 4 months; <b>Middle</b> then <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine I
</td>
<td>322/323 – January/February 350<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 27)</span><hr/>Ruled Italy, Illyricum and Africa initially, then the western empire after Constantine II's death. Overthrown and killed by <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil298Barnes8,_45_145-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil298Barnes8,_45-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Constantius_II_(Mary_Harrsch)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="450" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Julius Constantius</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 September 337 – 3 November 361<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(24 years, 1 month and 25 days)<br/><b>East</b>; then <b>whole</b></span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine I
</td>
<td>7 August 317 – 3 November 361<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 44)</span><hr/>Ruled the east initially, then the whole empire after the death of <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a>. Died of a fever shortly after planning to fight a war against <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil300–301Grant242–244_146-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil300–301Grant242–244-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Medallion_of_Magnentius.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1241" data-file-width="1280" decoding="async" height="97" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medallion_of_Magnentius.png/100px-Medallion_of_Magnentius.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medallion_of_Magnentius.png/150px-Medallion_of_Magnentius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medallion_of_Magnentius.png/200px-Medallion_of_Magnentius.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Magnus Magnentius</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">18 January 350 – 10 August 353<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 6 months and 23 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Proclaimed emperor by the troops, in opposition to Constans I
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">c. 303 – 10 August 353<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 50)</span><hr/>Committed suicide after losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Seleucus" title="Battle of Mons Seleucus">Battle of Mons Seleucus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._532Grant248–250KienastEckHeil305–306_147-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._532Grant248–250KienastEckHeil305–306-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Vetranio_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="363" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-149"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">1 March – 25 December 350<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(9 months and 24 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">General of Constans in Illyricum, acclaimed by the Illyrian legions at the expense of Magnentius
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – c. 356<hr/>Abdicated in Constantius II's favor, retired, and died 6 years later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil307PLREVol._I,_p._954Omissi2018181–182_150-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil307PLREVol._I,_p._954Omissi2018181–182-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Nepotian.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="366" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coin_of_Nepotian.png/100px-Coin_of_Nepotian.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coin_of_Nepotian.png/150px-Coin_of_Nepotian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coin_of_Nepotian.png/200px-Coin_of_Nepotian.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Julius Nepotianus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">3 June – 30 June 350<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(27 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Son of <a href="/wiki/Eutropia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)" title="Eutropia (sister of Constantine I)">Eutropia</a>, a daughter of Constantius I. Proclaimed emperor in Rome in opposition to Magnentius
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – 30 June 350<hr/>Captured and executed by supporters of Magnentius<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._624KienastEckHeil306_151-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._624KienastEckHeil306-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Juliancng8851obverse.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1228" data-file-width="1300" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Juliancng8851obverse.jpg/100px-Juliancng8851obverse.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Juliancng8851obverse.jpg/150px-Juliancng8851obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Juliancng8851obverse.jpg/200px-Juliancng8851obverse.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></b> "the Apostate"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Claudius Julianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>3 November 361 – 26 June 363<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 7 months and 23 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Cousin and heir of Constantius II, acclaimed by the Gallic army around February 360; entered Constantinople on 11 December 361
</td>
<td>331 – 26 June 363<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 32)</span><hr/>Last non-Christian emperor. Mortally wounded during a <a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition">campaign against Persia</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil309–310Grant251–253_152-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil309–310Grant251–253-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Jovian2_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1242" data-file-width="1304" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Jovianus</i></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>27 June 363 – 17 February 364<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 months and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Commander of imperial household guard; acclaimed by the army after Julian's death
</td>
<td>330/331 – 17 February 364<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 33)</span><hr/>Died before reaching the capital, possibly due to inhaling toxic fumes or <a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</a>. Last emperor to rule the whole Empire during their entire reign<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil312Grant255–258PLREVol._I,_p._461_155-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil312Grant255–258PLREVol._I,_p._461-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valentinianic_dynasty_(364–392)"><span id="Valentinianic_dynasty_.28364.E2.80.93392.29"></span>Valentinianic dynasty (364–392)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Valentinianic dynasty (364–392)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EBEBEB; color:black;"> </span> (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ambig_94-3"><a href="#cite_note-ambig-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Valentinianic dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%"> Name<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1234" data-file-width="966" decoding="async" height="128" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></b> "the Great"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Valentinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>25/26 February 364 – 17 November 375<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(11 years, 8 months and 23 days)<br/><b>Whole</b>; then <b>West</b></span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the army after Jovian's death
</td>
<td>321 – 17 November 375<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 54)</span><hr/>Last emperor to cross the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> into Germania. Died of a stroke while yelling at envoys<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._933–934Grant259–262KienastEckHeil313–314_158-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._933–934Grant259–262KienastEckHeil313–314-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="502" data-file-width="513" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/100px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/150px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/200px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></b>
</th>
<td>28 March 364 – 9 August 378<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(14 years, 4 months and 12 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Brother of Valentinian I, made eastern emperor by his brother (Valentinian retaining the west)
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 328 – 9 August 378<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged nearly 50)</span><hr/>Killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._930–931Grant263–265KienastEckHeil316–318_159-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._930–931Grant263–265KienastEckHeil316–318-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="494" data-file-width="513" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/100px-INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/150px-INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/200px-INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">28 September 365 – 27 May 366<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 months and 29 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Maternal cousin of Julian; revolted against Valens and captured Constantinople, where the people proclaimed him emperor
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">326 – 27/28 May 366<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 40)</span><hr/>Deposed, captured and executed by Valens<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._742–743KienastEckHeil318_160-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._742–743KienastEckHeil318-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3648" data-file-width="2736" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/100px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/150px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/200px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gratianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>17 November 375 – 25 August 383<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 9 months and 8 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Valentinian I; proclaimed western co-emperor on 24 August 367, at age 8. Emperor in his own right after Valentinian's death
</td>
<td>18 April 359 – 25 August 383<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 24)</span><hr/>Killed by <a href="/wiki/Andragathius" title="Andragathius">Andragathius</a>, an officer of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._401Grant266–267KienastEckHeil319–320_161-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._401Grant266–267KienastEckHeil319–320-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_(obverse_transparent).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="372" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="93" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png/100px-Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png/150px-Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png/200px-Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">25 August 383 – 28 August 388<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years and 3 days; <b>West</b>)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_(obverse).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="352" data-file-width="352" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg/25px-Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg/38px-Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg/50px-Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="25"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></b> (383/387–388)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-0"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">General, related to Theodosius I; proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Briefly recognized by Theodosius I and Valentinian II
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – 28 August 388<hr/>Defeated by Theodosius I at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Save" title="Battle of Save">Battle of Save</a>, executed after surrendering<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._588Grant274–275KienastEckHeil327–328_164-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._588Grant274–275KienastEckHeil327–328-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_(cropped_enhanced).JPG"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="428" data-file-width="321" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG/100px-Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG/150px-Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG/200px-Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Valentinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>28 August 388 – 15 May 392<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 8 months and 17 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed co-emperor on 22 November 375, at age 4. Sole western ruler after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> in 388
</td>
<td>371 – 15 May 392<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 20/21)</span><hr/>Dominated by regents and co-emperors his entire reign. Probably suicide, possibly killed by <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._934–935Grant268–269KienastEckHeil321–322_165-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._934–935Grant268–269KienastEckHeil321–322-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Eugenius_coin_(transparent).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="733" data-file-width="770" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png/100px-Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png/150px-Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png/200px-Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">22 August 392 – 6 September 394<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years and 15 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Teacher of Latin grammar and rhetoric, secretary of Valentinian II. Proclaimed emperor by <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – 6 September 394<hr/>Defeated by Theodosius I at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus" title="Battle of the Frigidus">Battle of the Frigidus</a> and executed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._293KienastEckHeil329_166-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._293KienastEckHeil329-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodosian_dynasty_(379–457)"><span id="Theodosian_dynasty_.28379.E2.80.93457.29"></span>Theodosian dynasty (379–457)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Theodosian dynasty (379–457)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian dynasty</a></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EBEBEB; color:black;"> </span> (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ambig_94-4"><a href="#cite_note-ambig-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Theodosian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="15%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="30%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Theodosius_I_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="544" data-file-width="372" decoding="async" height="146" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></b><br/>"the Great"
</th>
<td>19 January 379 – 17 January 395<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(15 years, 11 months and 29 days) <br/><b>East</b>; then <b>whole</b></span>
</td>
<td>Retired general; proclaimed eastern emperor by Gratian after the death of <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>
</td>
<td>11 January 346/347 – 17 January 395<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 48/49)</span><hr/>Last emperor to briefly rule over the two halves of the Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus" title="Battle of the Frigidus">Battle of the Frigidus</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._904–905Grant270–273KienastEckHeil323–329ODB2050–2051_167-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._904–905Grant270–273KienastEckHeil323–329ODB2050–2051-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_(cropped).JPG"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="618" data-file-width="464" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG/100px-Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></b>
</th>
<td>17 January 395 – 1 May 408<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years, 3 months and 14 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 16 January 383. Emperor in the east
</td>
<td>377 – 1 May 408<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 31)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._99ODB173–174Grant276–281Croke199558_168-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._99ODB173–174Grant276–281Croke199558-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Diptych_of_Honorius_(head).jpg"><img alt="carved portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="501" data-file-width="373" decoding="async" height="134" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></b>
</th>
<td>17 January 395 – 15 August 423<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(28 years, 6 months and 29 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 23 January 393. Emperor in the west
</td>
<td>9 September 384 – 15 August 423<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 38)</span><hr/>Reigned under several successive regencies, most notably <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>. His reign saw the first <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sack of Rome</a> in eight centuries. Died of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._442ODB946Grant282–285_169-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._442ODB946Grant282–285-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_III_(west).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="410" data-file-width="430" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png/100px-Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png/150px-Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png/200px-Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Claudius Constantinus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">407 – 411<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years; <b>West</b>)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_(obverse).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="368" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="23" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg/25px-Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg/38px-Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg/50px-Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="25"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans</a></b> (409–411)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-1"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Common soldier, proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Recognized by Honorius in 409. Emperor in the west
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – 411 (before 18 September)<hr/>Surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius</a>, a general of Honorius, and abdicated. Sent to Italy but murdered on the way<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._316–317Grant286–287_170-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._316–317Grant286–287-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3000" data-file-width="2250" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg/100px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg/150px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg/200px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></b>
</th>
<td>1 May 408 – 28 July 450<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(42 years, 2 months and 27 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Arcadius; co-emperor since 10 January 402. Emperor in the east
</td>
<td>10 April 401 – 28 July 450<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 49)</span><hr/>His reign saw the promulgation of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Theodosian_Code" title="Theodosian Code">Theodosian Code</a> and the construction of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Theodosian_Walls" title="Theodosian Walls">Theodosian Walls</a>. Died of a fall from his horse<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_p._1100ODB2051–2052Grant288–291_171-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_p._1100ODB2051–2052Grant288–291-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_(obverse).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="704" data-file-width="736" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Late 409 – summer 410<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than a year; <b>Italy</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">A leading member of the Senate, proclaimed emperor by <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome</a>. Emperor in the west
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed by Alaric after reconciling with Honorius. Tried to claim the throne again 414–415 but was defeated and forced into exile; fate unknown<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._180–181_172-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._180–181-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantius_III_diptych_(detail).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="181" data-file-width="141" decoding="async" height="128" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Constantius_III_diptych_%28detail%29.jpg/100px-Constantius_III_diptych_%28detail%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Constantius_III_diptych_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></b>
</th>
<td>8 February – 2 September 421<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 months and 25 days</span>; <span style="font-size:85%;"><b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Prominent general under Honorius and husband of <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. Made co-emperor by Honorius. Emperor in the west
</td>
<td>Unknown – 2 September 421<hr/><i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a></i> ruler since 411; helped Honorius defeat numerous usurpers &amp; foreign enemies. Died of illness<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._321–325Grant292–295_173-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._321–325Grant292–295-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Joannes.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="380" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Solidus_of_Joannes.png/100px-Solidus_of_Joannes.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Solidus_of_Joannes.png/150px-Solidus_of_Joannes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Solidus_of_Joannes.png/200px-Solidus_of_Joannes.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Johannes</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">20 November 423 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 425<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and a half; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Senior civil servant, seized power in Rome and the west after <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> delayed in nominating a successor of Honorius
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 425<hr/>Captured by the forces of Theodosius II, brought to Constantinople and executed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._594–595Grant296–297_174-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._594–595Grant296–297-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Valentinian_III,_Louvre_(head).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="438" data-file-width="315" decoding="async" height="139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Placidus Valentinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>23 October 425 – 16 March 455<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(29 years, 4 months and 21 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantius III, grandson of Theodosius I and great-grandson of Valentinian I, installed as emperor of the west by Theodosius II
</td>
<td>2 July 419 – 16 March 455<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 35)</span><hr/>Faced the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>. Murdered by Optelas and Thraustelas, retainers of <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Aetius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1138–1139Grant298–304_175-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1138–1139Grant298–304-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Marcian.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="371" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="93" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Solidus_of_Marcian.png/100px-Solidus_of_Marcian.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Solidus_of_Marcian.png/150px-Solidus_of_Marcian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Solidus_of_Marcian.png/200px-Solidus_of_Marcian.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>25 August 450 – 27 January 457<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 5 months and 2 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Soldier and official, proclaimed emperor after marrying <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a>, a daughter of Arcadius. Emperor in the east
</td>
<td>391/392 – 27 January 457<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 65)</span><hr/>Died after a prolonged period of illness<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._714–715ODB1296–1297Grant305–307_176-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._714–715ODB1296–1297Grant305–307-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_western_emperors_(455–476)"><span id="Last_western_emperors_.28455.E2.80.93476.29"></span>Last western emperors (455–476)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Last western emperors (455–476)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Puppet emperors</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="15%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="30%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="367" data-file-width="399" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png/100px-Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png/150px-Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png/200px-Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></b>
</th>
<td>17 March – 31 May 455<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 14 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General and civil official, murdered Valentinian III and married his widow, <a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown – 31 May 455<hr/>Killed by a mob while fleeing during the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">Vandalic sack of Rome</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._749–751Grant315–316_177-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._749–751Grant315–316-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Avitus_Arles_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="477" data-file-width="500" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Eparchius Avitus</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 July 455 – 17 October 456<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 3 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Gallo-Romans" title="Gallo-Romans">Gallo-Romans</a> after the death of Petronius Maximus
</td>
<td>Unknown – 456/457<hr/>Defeated and deposed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a>, became a bishop. Died shortly after of either natural causes, strangulation, or being starved to death<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._196–198Grant310–311_178-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._196–198Grant310–311-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Majorian_Arles_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="324" data-file-width="338" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Julius Valerius Majorianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>28 December 457 – 2 August 461<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 7 months and 5 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed by the army, backed by <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown – 7 August 461<hr/>Reconquered Gaul, Hispania and Dalmatia. Deposed and executed by Ricimer<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._702–703Grant315–316_179-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._702–703Grant315–316-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="714" data-file-width="746" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg/100px-Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg/150px-Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg/200px-Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Libius Severus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>Severus III</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>19 November 461 – 14 November 465<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 11 months and 26 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer
</td>
<td>Unknown – 14 November 465<hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1004–1005Grant317–318_180-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1004–1005Grant317–318-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Anthemius.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="377" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solidus_of_Anthemius.png/100px-Solidus_of_Anthemius.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solidus_of_Anthemius.png/150px-Solidus_of_Anthemius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solidus_of_Anthemius.png/200px-Solidus_of_Anthemius.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Procopius Anthemius</i></span>
</th>
<td>12 April 467 – 11 July 472<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years, 2 months and 29 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a>, a cousin of Julian, and husband of <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a>, a daughter of Marcian. Proclaimed western emperor by <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown – 11 July 472<hr/>The last effective emperor of the West. Murdered by <a href="/wiki/Gundobad" title="Gundobad">Gundobad</a> after a civil war with Ricimer<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._96–98Grant319–321_181-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._96–98Grant319–321-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Tremissis_Olybrius_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="401" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Anicius Olybrius</i></span>
</th>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> April – 2 November 472 <br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 7 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a>, a daughter of Valentinian III. Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer
</td>
<td>Unknown – 2 November 472<hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">dropsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._796–798Grant322_182-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._796–798Grant322-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="401" data-file-width="401" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></b>
</th>
<td>3/5 March 473 – 24 June 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 3 months and 19/21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by <a href="/wiki/Gundobad" title="Gundobad">Gundobad</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed by Julius Nepos and made a bishop, subsequent fate unknown<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._514,_777Grant323–324_183-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._514,_777Grant323–324-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png/100px-Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png/150px-Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png/200px-Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></b>
</th>
<td>24 June 474 – 28 August 475<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 2 months and 4 days)</span>
<hr/>August 475 – 9 May 480<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years and 8 months, in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>)</span>
</td>
<td>General; married to a relative of <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a>, the wife of the eastern emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a>. Installed as western emperor by Leo
</td>
<td>Unknown – 9 May 480<hr/>Fled to <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> in the face of an attack by his <i>magister militum</i> <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes</a>. Continued to claim to be emperor in exile. Murdered by his retainers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._777–778Grant325–326_184-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._777–778Grant325–326-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:RomulusAugustus.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="236" data-file-width="250" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RomulusAugustus.jpg/100px-RomulusAugustus.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RomulusAugustus.jpg/150px-RomulusAugustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RomulusAugustus.jpg/200px-RomulusAugustus.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus"><b>Romulus</b> "Augustulus"</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Romulus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>31 October 475 – 4 September 476<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by his father, the <i>magister militum</i> Orestes
</td>
<td>Roughly 465 – after 507/511?<hr/>The last western emperor. Deposed by the Germanic general <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> and retired. Possibly alive as late as 507 or 511; fate unknown<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._949–950Grant332–334_185-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._949–950Grant332–334-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Eastern_emperors_(457–1453)"><span id="Later_Eastern_emperors_.28457.E2.80.931453.29"></span>Later Eastern emperors (457–1453)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Later Eastern emperors (457–1453)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">List of Byzantine emperors</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leonid_dynasty_(457–518)"><span id="Leonid_dynasty_.28457.E2.80.93518.29"></span>Leonid dynasty (457–518)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Leonid dynasty (457–518)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_dynasty" title="Leonid dynasty">Leonid dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Leonid dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1554" data-file-width="1166" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></b> "the Butcher"
</th>
<td>7 February 457 – 18 January 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Low-ranking army officer; chosen by the <i>magister militum</i> <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a> to succeed Marcian
</td>
<td>400/401 – 18 January 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 73)</span><hr/>First emperor to be <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">crowned</a> by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>. Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._663–664ODB1206–1207Grant312–314Croke2004569–572_186-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._663–664ODB1206–1207Grant312–314Croke2004569–572-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_II.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="717" data-file-width="745" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Solidus_of_Leo_II.png/100px-Solidus_of_Leo_II.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Solidus_of_Leo_II.png/150px-Solidus_of_Leo_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Solidus_of_Leo_II.png/200px-Solidus_of_Leo_II.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></b> "the Younger"
</th>
<td>18 January – November 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Grandson of Leo I and son of Zeno; co-emperor since 17 November 473
</td>
<td>467 – November 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 7)</span><hr/>Youngest emperor at the time of his death. Died of illness<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._664–665ODB1207–1208Croke2004563–575_187-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._664–665ODB1207–1208Croke2004563–575-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Semissis_of_Zeno.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/100px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/150px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/200px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></b>
</th>
<td>29 January 474 – 9 January 475<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(11 months and 11 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a>, a daughter of Leo I, and father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a>
</td>
<td>425 – 9 April 491<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 65)</span><hr/>Fled to <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a> in the face of a Revolt led by his mother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572_188-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="704" data-file-width="741" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png/100px-Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png/150px-Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png/200px-Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a></b>
</th>
<td>9 January 475 – August 476<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and 7 months)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="571" data-file-width="584" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png/26px-Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png/39px-Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png/52px-Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></b> (475–476)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-2"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Brother of <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a>, the wife of Leo I. Proclaimed emperor by his sister in opposition to Zeno and seized Constantinople
</td>
<td>Unknown – 476/477<hr/>Deposed by Zeno upon his return to Constantinople; imprisoned in a dried-up reservoir and starved to death<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._212–214Grant330–331_189-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._212–214Grant330–331-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Semissis_of_Zeno.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/100px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/150px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/200px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></b> <br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>second reign</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>August 476 – 9 April 491<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(14 years and 8 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Retook the throne with the help of general <a href="/wiki/Illus" title="Illus">Illus</a>
</td>
<td>425 – 9 April 491<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 65)</span><hr/>Saw the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">end of the Western Roman Empire</a>. Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572_188-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_(Anastasius_I)_(cropped).JPG"><img alt="carved portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="395" data-file-width="281" decoding="async" height="141" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/100px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></b> "Dicorus"
</th>
<td>11 April 491 – 9 July 518<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(27 years, 2 months and 28 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Government official; chosen by Ariadne, whom he married, to succeed Zeno
</td>
<td>430/431 – 9 July 518<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 88)</span><hr/>Oldest emperor at the time of his death. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._78–80ODB86–87_190-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._78–80ODB86–87-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justinian_dynasty_(518–602)"><span id="Justinian_dynasty_.28518.E2.80.93602.29"></span>Justinian dynasty (518–602)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Justinian dynasty (518–602)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Justinian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justin_I_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1094" data-file-width="1134" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></b> <br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Justinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>9/10 July 518 – 1 August 527<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(9 years and 23 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Soldier; proclaimed emperor by the troops after the death of Anastasius I
</td>
<td>450 – 1 August 527<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 77)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._648–651ODB1082Grierson196245_191-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._648–651ODB1082Grierson196245-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1263" data-file-width="923" decoding="async" height="137" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></b> "the Great"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 April 527 – 14 November 565<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(38 years, 7 months and 13 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Nephew and adoptive son of Justin I
</td>
<td>482 – 14 November 565<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 83)</span><hr/>Temporarily reconquered half of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Rome</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._645–648ODB1083–1084_192-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._645–648ODB1083–1084-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justin_II_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="597" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Justinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>14 November 565 – 5 October 578<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years, 10 months and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Vigilantia" title="Vigilantia">Vigilantia</a>, sister of Justinian I
</td>
<td>Unknown – 5 October 578<hr/>Lost most of Italy to the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> by 570. Suffered an attack of dementia in 574, whereafter the government was run by regents. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_pp._754–756ODB1082–1083Grierson196247_193-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_pp._754–756ODB1082–1083Grierson196247-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Tiberios_II_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1925" data-file-width="2010" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine"><b>Tiberius II</b> Constantine</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Tiberius Constantinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>26 September 578 – 14 August 582<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 10 months and 19 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Adoptive son of Justin II
</td>
<td>Mid-6th century – 14 August 582<hr/>Died after a sudden illness, supposedly after accidentally eating bad food<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1323–1326ODB2083–2084_194-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1323–1326ODB2083–2084-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Maurice_(transitional_issue).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="374" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/100px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/150px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/200px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Mauricius Tiberius</i></span>
</th>
<td>13 August 582 – 27 November 602<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(20 years, 3 months and 14 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="844" data-file-width="880" decoding="async" height="29" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png/30px-Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png/45px-Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png/60px-Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png 2x" width="30"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></b> (590–602)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-3"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a>, a daughter of Tiberius II
</td>
<td>539 – 27 November 602<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 63)</span><hr/>Captured and executed by troops loyal to <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._855–860ODB1318_195-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._855–860ODB1318-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Phocas_(cropped3to4).jpg"><img alt="statue portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="599" data-file-width="449" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg/100px-Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg/150px-Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg/200px-Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Focas</i></span>
</th>
<td>23 November 602 – 5 October 610<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 10 months and 12 days)</span>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">Centurion</a> in the army; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Maurice
</td>
<td>547 – 5 October 610<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 63)</span><hr/>Deposed and then beheaded on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1030–1032ODB1666_196-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1030–1032ODB1666-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraclian_dynasty_(610–695)"><span id="Heraclian_dynasty_.28610.E2.80.93695.29"></span>Heraclian dynasty (610–695)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Heraclian dynasty (610–695)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Heraclian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Heraclius_as_job_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="192" data-file-width="151" decoding="async" height="127" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></b><span style="font-size:85%;"><br/>   Ἡράκλειος</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-199"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>5 October 610 – 11 February 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 years, 4 months and 6 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Elder" title="Heraclius the Elder">Heraclius the Elder</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Carthage" title="Exarch of Carthage">exarch of Carthage</a>. Led a revolt against Phocas
</td>
<td>574/575 – 11 February 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 66)</span><hr/>Ended the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a>, but suffered the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">loss of the Levant</a> to the Muslims. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._587ODB916–917Treadgold1997306,_308_200-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._587ODB916–917Treadgold1997306,_308-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="397" data-file-width="399" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg/100px-Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg/150px-Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg/200px-Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Heraclius Constantine</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>Constantine III</b>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br/><i>Heraclius Constantinus</i><br/>Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>11 February – 25 May 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 months and 14 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 22 January 613
</td>
<td>3 May 612 – 25 May 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 29)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB916–917Grierson196248Treadgold1997309_204-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB916–917Grierson196248Treadgold1997309-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_(obverse).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="376" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Heraclius</i>, Ἡράκλειος</span>
</th>
<td>25 May – 5 November (?) 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 months and 11 days)<hr/><i>with his brother</i> <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)"><b>Tiberius</b>-David</a> (641)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-4"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 4 July 638. Co-ruler with Constantine and then sole emperor under the regency of his mother <a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a>
</td>
<td>626 – unknown<hr/>Deposed, mutilated and exiled, subsequent fate unknown<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._588ODB918Treadgold1990431–33_205-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._588ODB918Treadgold1990431–33-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Constans_II_(transparent).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="385" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="97" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png/100px-Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png/150px-Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png/200px-Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></b> "the Bearded"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Constantinus</i>, Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>September 641 – 15 July 668<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(26 years and 10 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Heraclius Constantine; proclaimed co-emperor by Heraclonas at age 11
</td>
<td>7 November 630 – 15 July 668<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 37)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Lost Egypt</a> in 641. Murdered in <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Sicily</a> while bathing by supporters of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Mezezius" title="Mezezius">Mezezius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB496–497Grierson1968402_206-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB496–497Grierson1968402-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_IV_mosaic_(cropped)_(2).png"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="595" data-file-width="454" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png/100px-Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png/150px-Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png/200px-Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Constantinus</i>, Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>September 668 – 10 July (?) 685<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(16 years and 10 months)<hr/><i>with his brothers</i><br/><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="520" data-file-width="513" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/25px-INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/38px-INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/50px-INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="25"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)"><b>Heraclius</b></a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)"><b>Tiberius</b></a> (659–681)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-5"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Constans II; co-emperor since 13 April 654
</td>
<td>Roughly 650 – 10 July (?) 685<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged about 35)</span><hr/>Defeated the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/First_Arab_Siege_of_Constantinople" title="First Arab Siege of Constantinople">First Arab Siege of Constantinople</a>. Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB500–501Grierson1968402,_512_207-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB500–501Grierson1968402,_512-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Justinian_II_mosaic_(cropped).png"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="617" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></b> "Rhinotmetus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Justinianus</i>, Ἰουστινιανός</span>
</th>
<td>July 685 – 695<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine IV, chosen as successor over Constans' sons
</td>
<td>668/669 – 4 November 711<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 42)</span><hr/>Deposed and mutilated (hence his nickname, "Slit-nosed") by <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Leontios" title="Leontios">Leontius</a> in 695; returned to the throne in 705<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51Grierson1968568_208-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51Grierson1968568-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty_Years'_Anarchy_(695–717)"><span id="Twenty_Years.27_Anarchy_.28695.E2.80.93717.29"></span>Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Twenty Years' Anarchy</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leontius.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="391" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Solidus_of_Leontius.png/100px-Solidus_of_Leontius.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Solidus_of_Leontius.png/150px-Solidus_of_Leontius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Solidus_of_Leontius.png/200px-Solidus_of_Leontius.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων(τιος)</span>
</th>
<td>695 – 698<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years)</span>
</td>
<td>General; deposed Justinian II
</td>
<td>Unknown – 15 February (?) 706<hr/>Lost Africa &amp; Carthage to the Muslims. Deposed by <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a> in 698 and later executed by Justinian II in 706<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1212–1213_209-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1212–1213-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="371" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png/100px-Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png/150px-Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png/200px-Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></b><span style="font-size:85%;"><br/>Τιβέριος</span>
</th>
<td>698 – 21 August (?) 705<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Leontius
</td>
<td>Unknown – 15 February (?) 706<hr/>Deposed and later executed by Justinian II alongside <a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2084Grierson196251_210-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2084Grierson196251-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Justinian_II_mosaic_(cropped).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="617" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></b> "Rhinotmetus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Justinianus</i>, Ἰουστινιανός<br/>(<b>second reign</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>21 August (?) 705 – 4 November 711<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 2 months and 14 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_(obverse).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="375" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="28" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/30px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/45px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/60px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="30"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)"><b>Tiberius</b></a> (706–711)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-6"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Retook the throne with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>
</td>
<td>668/669 – 4 November 711<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 42)</span><hr/>Killed by supporters of <a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a> after fleeing Constantinople<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51_211-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Philippicus.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="361" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="91" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_of_Philippicus.png/100px-Solidus_of_Philippicus.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_of_Philippicus.png/150px-Solidus_of_Philippicus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_of_Philippicus.png/200px-Solidus_of_Philippicus.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Filepicus</i>, Φιλιππικός</span>
</th>
<td>4 November 711 – 3 June 713<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 6 months and 30 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Justinian II
</td>
<td>Unknown – 20 January 714/715<hr/>Deposed and blinded in favor of <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a>, later died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1654Grierson196251–52_212-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1654Grierson196251–52-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="357" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="90" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png/100px-Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png/150px-Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png/200px-Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Artemius Anastasius</i><br/>Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος</span>
</th>
<td>4 June 713 – fall 715<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than 2 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Senior court official, proclaimed emperor after the deposition of Philippicus
</td>
<td>Unknown – 1 June 719<hr/>Abdicated to <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a> after a six-month civil war, becoming a monk. Beheaded by <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> after an attempt to retake the throne<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB87Grierson196252_213-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB87Grierson196252-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="362" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png/100px-Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png/150px-Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png/200px-Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></b><span style="font-size:85%;"><br/>Θεοδόσιος</span>
</th>
<td>Fall 715 – 25 March 717<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than 2 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Tax-collector, possibly son of Tiberius III; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Anastasius II
</td>
<td>Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed by <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a>, whereafter he became a monk. His subsequent fate is unknown.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2052_214-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2052-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isaurian_(Syrian)_dynasty_(717–802)"><span id="Isaurian_.28Syrian.29_dynasty_.28717.E2.80.93802.29"></span>Isaurian (Syrian) dynasty (717–802)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Isaurian (Syrian) dynasty (717–802)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty</a></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EBEBEB; color:black;"> </span> (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ambig_94-5"><a href="#cite_note-ambig-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Isaurian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="727" data-file-width="737" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png/100px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png/150px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png/200px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></b> "the Isaurian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>25 March 717 – 18 June 741<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(24 years, 2 months and 24 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; deposed Theodosius III
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 685 – 18 June 741<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 56)</span><hr/>Ended <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim expansion</a> in Anatolia. Died of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Dropsy" title="Dropsy">dropsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1208–1209Treadgold1997356_216-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1208–1209Treadgold1997356-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_V_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="711" data-file-width="741" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></b> "Copronymus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>18 June 741 – 14 September 775<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(34 years, 2 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Leo III; co-emperor since 31 March 720
</td>
<td>718 – 14 September 775<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 57)</span><hr/>Last emperor to rule over Rome. Died of a fever<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB501Treadgold1997366PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F18htm_Konstantinos_7]_(#3703)_217-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB501Treadgold1997366PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F18htm_Konstantinos_7]_(#3703)-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="387" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png/100px-Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png/150px-Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png/200px-Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀρτάβασδος</span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">June 741 – 2 November 743<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years and 5 months)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1324" data-file-width="1369" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png/26px-Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png/39px-Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png/52px-Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)"><b>Nikephoros</b></a> (741–743)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Husband of <a href="/wiki/Anna_(wife_of_Artabasdos)" title="Anna (wife of Artabasdos)">Anna</a>, a daughter of Leo III. Revolted against Constantine V and briefly ruled at Constantinople
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed and blinded by Constantine V, relegated to a monastery where he died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB192Treadgold1997356_(n._12,_p._939)Garland200610Schreiner85–86_218-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB192Treadgold1997356_(n._12,_p._939)Garland200610Schreiner85–86-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="397" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png/100px-Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png/150px-Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png/200px-Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></b> "the Khazar"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων</span>
</th>
<td>14 September 775 – 8 September 780<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years, 11 months and 25 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine V; co-emperor since 6 June 751
</td>
<td>25 January 750 – 8 September 780<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 30)</span><hr/>Died of a fever<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1209PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD48F19htm_Leo_4]_(#4243)_219-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1209PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD48F19htm_Leo_4]_(#4243)-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="392" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png/100px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png/150px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png/200px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></b> "the Blind"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>8 September 780 – 19 August 797<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Leo IV; co-emperor since 14 April 776
</td>
<td>14 January 771 – before 805<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged less than 34)</span><hr/>Last emperor to be recognized in the West. Deposed, blinded and exiled by <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB501–502Treadgold1997417–424PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F19htm_Konstantinos_8]_(#3704)_220-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB501–502Treadgold1997417–424PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F19htm_Konstantinos_8]_(#3704)-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Irene.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="392" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Solidus_of_Irene.png/100px-Solidus_of_Irene.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Solidus_of_Irene.png/150px-Solidus_of_Irene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Solidus_of_Irene.png/200px-Solidus_of_Irene.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Εἰρήνη</span>
</th>
<td>19 August 797 – 31 October 802<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years, 2 months and 12 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Widow of Leo IV and former regent of Constantine VI. Became co-ruler in 792. Dethroned and blinded her son Constantine in 797, becoming the first female ruler of the empire
</td>
<td>c. 752 – 9 August 803<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 51)</span><hr/>Deposed by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, where she died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009Grierson196255_221-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009Grierson196255-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nikephorian_dynasty_(802–813)"><span id="Nikephorian_dynasty_.28802.E2.80.93813.29"></span>Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Nikephorian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Madrid_222-0"><a href="#cite_note-Madrid-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="180" data-file-width="144" decoding="async" height="119" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg/95px-Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg/143px-Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></b><br/>"the Logothete"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Νικηφόρος</span>
</th>
<td>31 October 802 – 26 July 811<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(8 years, 8 months and 26 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Court official; proclaimed emperor in opposition to Irene
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 760 – 26 July 811<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 51)</span><hr/>Killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Battle of Pliska</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1476–1477_223-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1476–1477-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="479" data-file-width="510" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/100px-INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/150px-INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/200px-INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Σταυράκιος</span>
</th>
<td>28 July – 2 October 811<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Nikephoros I; co-emperor since 25 December 803. Proclaimed emperor after the death of his father
</td>
<td>790s – 11 January 812<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(in his late teens)</span><hr/>Wounded at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Pliska</a>; abdicated in favor of Michael I and became a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1945–1946Grierson196255Treadgold1997429_224-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1945–1946Grierson196255Treadgold1997429-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="183" data-file-width="133" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg/95px-Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg 1.5x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe"><b>Michael I</b> Rangabe</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>2 October 811 – 11 July 813<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 9 months and 9 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theophylact_(811-813).png"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1252" data-file-width="1313" decoding="async" height="24" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png/25px-Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png/38px-Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png/50px-Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png 2x" width="25"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></b> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)"><b>Staurakios</b> (<b>II</b>)</a></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-7"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Prokopia" title="Prokopia">Prokopia</a>, a daughter of Nikephoros I
</td>
<td>c. 770 – 11 January 844<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 74)</span><hr/>Abdicated in 813 in favor of <a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> after suffering a defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Versinikia" title="Battle of Versinikia">Battle of Versinikia</a> and retired as a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1362Treadgold1997431–433_225-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1362Treadgold1997431–433-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="343" data-file-width="248" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/95px-Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/143px-Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/190px-Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a></b> "the Armenian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων</span>
</th>
<td>11 July 813 – 25 December 820<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 5 months and 14 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Leo_V_solidus_(reverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="245" data-file-width="245" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg/26px-Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg/39px-Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg/52px-Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)"><b>Constantine</b> Symbatios</a></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-8"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Versinikia" title="Battle of Versinikia">Battle of Versinikia</a>
</td>
<td>c. 775 – 25 December 820<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 45)</span><hr/>Murdered while in church by supporters of <a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1209–1210Treadgold1997431–433,_438_226-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1209–1210Treadgold1997431–433,_438-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amorian_dynasty_(820–867)"><span id="Amorian_dynasty_.28820.E2.80.93867.29"></span>Amorian dynasty (820–867)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Amorian dynasty (820–867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty</a></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0FFFF; color:black;"> </span> (§) – Varying ascribed status<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TheodoraEudokia_228-0"><a href="#cite_note-TheodoraEudokia-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Amorian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Madrid_222-1"><a href="#cite_note-Madrid-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="339" data-file-width="269" decoding="async" height="126" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></b> "the Amorian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>25 December 820 – 2 October 829<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(8 years, 9 months and 7 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General sentenced to execution by Leo V; proclaimed emperor by Leo V's assassins and crowned by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Theodotus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theodotus I of Constantinople">Theodotus I</a> on the same day
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 770 – 2 October 829<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 59)</span><hr/>Saw the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a>. Died of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1363Treadgold1997433–436,_438_229-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1363Treadgold1997433–436,_438-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theophilos_(cropped2).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="351" data-file-width="273" decoding="async" height="129" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg/100px-Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg/150px-Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg/200px-Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεόφιλος</span>
</th>
<td>2 October 829 – 20 January 842<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years, 3 months and 18 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="507" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/26px-INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/39px-INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/52px-INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 834–835)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-9"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Michael II; co-emperor since 12 May 821
</td>
<td>812/813 – 20 January 842<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 30)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2066_230-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2066-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="238" data-file-width="183" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)"><b>Theodora</b></a> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδώρα</span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">20 January 842 – 15 March 856<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(14 years, 1 month and 24 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_(cropped).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="702" data-file-width="713" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png/26px-Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png/39px-Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png/52px-Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></b> (842–856)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-10"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Widow of Theophilos; ruler in her own right during the minority of their son Michael III
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. 815 – c. 867<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 52)</span><hr/>Deposed by Michael III in 856, later died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037–2038Treadgold1997438Garland1999102_231-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037–2038Treadgold1997438Garland1999102-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_iii.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="236" data-file-width="176" decoding="async" height="134" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Michael_iii.jpg/100px-Michael_iii.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Michael_iii.jpg/150px-Michael_iii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Michael_iii.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></b> "the Drunkard"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>20 January 842 – 24 September 867<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(25 years, 8 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Theophilos; co-emperor since 16 May 840. Ruled under his mother's regency until 15 March 856
</td>
<td>19 January 840 – 24 September 867<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 27)</span><hr/>The youngest emperor. Murdered by <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> and his supporters<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1364Treadgold1997446–455PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD54F77htm_Michael_11]_(#4991)_232-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1364Treadgold1997446–455PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD54F77htm_Michael_11]_(#4991)-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macedonian_dynasty_(867–1056)"><span id="Macedonian_dynasty_.28867.E2.80.931056.29"></span>Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lekapenos" title="Lekapenos">Lekapenos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Macedonian dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="709" data-file-width="510" decoding="async" height="139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a></b> "the Macedonian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Βασίλειος</span>
</th>
<td>24 September 867 – 29 August 886<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(18 years, 11 months and 5 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_(reverse).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="370" data-file-width="375" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg/26px-Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg/39px-Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg/52px-Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></b> (868–879)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-11"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed co-emperor by Michael III on 26 May 866 and became senior emperor after Michael's murder
</td>
<td>811, 830 or 836 – 29 August 886<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 50, 56 or 75)</span><hr/>Captured <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> in 876 &amp; <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> in 880. Died after a hunting accident<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB260Treadgold1997461,_490Grierson1973473–476_233-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB260Treadgold1997461,_490Grierson1973473–476-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_(head).jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="497" data-file-width="354" decoding="async" height="140" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></b> "the Wise"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων</span>
</th>
<td>29 August 886 – 11 May 912<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(25 years, 8 months and 12 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Basil I or illegitimate son of Michael III; crowned co-emperor on 6 January 870
</td>
<td>19 September 866 – 11 May 912<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 45)</span><hr/>Conquered Southern Italy but lost the remnants of Sicily in 902. Died of an <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Intestinal_disease" title="Intestinal disease">intestinal disease</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1210–1211Treadgold1997458–462,_470,_491_234-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1210–1211Treadgold1997458–462,_470,_491-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="279" data-file-width="218" decoding="async" height="128" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg/100px-Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg/150px-Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg/200px-Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Αλέξανδρος</span>
</th>
<td>11 May 912 – 6 June 913<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and 26 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Basil I; co-emperor since September or October 879
</td>
<td>23 November 870 – 6 June 913<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 42)</span><hr/>Died of illness, possibly <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB56–57Treadgold1997471Grierson1973473–476_235-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB56–57Treadgold1997471Grierson1973473–476-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="carved portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="396" data-file-width="297" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII"><b>Constantine VII</b><br/>Porphyrogenitus</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>6 June 913 – 9 November 959<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(46 years, 5 months and 3 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Leo VI; co-emperor since 15 May 908. Successively dominated by regents and co-emperors until 27 January 945, when he deposed Romanos I's sons
</td>
<td>17/18 May 905 – 9 November 959<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 54)</span><hr/>Saw the beginning of renewed expansion in the East against the Arabs. Remembered for his numerous writings. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB502–503Treadgold1997491_236-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB502–503Treadgold1997491-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_(detail).jpg"><img alt="seal" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="561" data-file-width="413" decoding="async" height="136" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg/100px-Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg/150px-Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg/200px-Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos"><b>Romanos I</b> Lekapenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς</span>
</th>
<td>17 December 920 – 20 December 944<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(24 years and 3 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_(reverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1215" data-file-width="1244" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg/27px-Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg/41px-Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg/54px-Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" width="27"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos"><b>Christopher</b></a> (921–931),<br/><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos"><b>Stephen</b></a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos"><b>Constantine</b> Lekapenos</a> (924–945)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-12"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Overthrew Constantine VII's regency, married him to his daughter <a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena</a> and was made senior co-emperor. Made several sons co-emperors to curb Constantine VII's authority
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 870 – 15 June 948<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 78)</span><hr/>Deposed by his sons Stephen and Constantine. Died of natural causes in exile as a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1806Schreiner121–128_237-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1806Schreiner121–128-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Romanos_(cropped)_(cropped).JPG"><img alt="carved portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="194" data-file-width="146" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Romanos_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/100px-Romanos_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Romanos_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς</span>
</th>
<td>9 November 959 – 15 March 963<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 4 months and 6 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine VII and grandson of Romanos I; co-emperor since 6 April 945
</td>
<td>938 – 15 March 963<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 24/25)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">Reconquered Crete</a> in 961. Died of exhaustion on a hunting trip<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1806–1807Treadgold1997495–497PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ28988html_Romanos_II]_(#26834)_238-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1806–1807Treadgold1997495–497PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ28988html_Romanos_II]_(#26834)-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_Phokas_(cropped_1).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="205" decoding="async" height="139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg/95px-Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg/143px-Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg/190px-Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas"><b>Nikephoros II</b> Phokas</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Νικηφόρος</span>
</th>
<td>16 August 963 – 11 December 969<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 3 months and 25 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor on 2 July 963 against the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bringas" title="Joseph Bringas">Joseph Bringas</a> (regent for the young sons of Romanos II), entered Constantinople on 16 August 963. Married <a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a>, the widow of Romanos II
</td>
<td>c. 912 – 11 December 969<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 57)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia" title="Byzantine conquest of Cilicia">Reconquered</a> Cilicia &amp; <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. Murdered in a conspiracy involving his former supporters (including <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a>) and Theophano<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1478–1479_239-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1478–1479-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="343" data-file-width="283" decoding="async" height="115" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg/95px-John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg/143px-John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg/190px-John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes"><b>John I</b> Tzimiskes</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης</span>
</th>
<td>11 December 969 – 10 January 976<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years and 30 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Nephew of Nikephoros II, took his place as senior co-emperor
</td>
<td>c. 925 – 10 January 976<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 50)</span><hr/>Reconquered Eastern Thrace from the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>. Possibly poisoned by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Lekapenos" title="Basil Lekapenos">Basil Lekapenos</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1045_240-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1045-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Basil_II_crop.png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="157" data-file-width="108" decoding="async" height="145" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Basil_II_crop.png/100px-Basil_II_crop.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Basil_II_crop.png 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></b> "the Bulgar-Slayer"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Βασίλειος</span>
</th>
<td>10 January 976 – 15 December 1025<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(49 years, 11 months and 5 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Romanos II; co-emperor since 22 April 960, briefly reigned as senior emperor in March–August 963. Succeeded as senior emperor upon the death of John I
</td>
<td>958 – 15 December 1025<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 67)</span><hr/>The longest-reigning emperor; best known for his <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">reconquest of Bulgaria</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB261–262Grierson1973589,_599_241-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB261–262Grierson1973589,_599-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_(3).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="140" data-file-width="107" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%283%29.jpg/100px-Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%283%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%283%29.jpg 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>15 December 1025 – 12 November 1028<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 10 months and 28 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Romanos II and brother of Basil II; co-emperor since 30 March 962
</td>
<td>960 – 12 November 1028<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 68)</span><hr/><i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a></i> longest-reigning emperor. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB503Grierson196258_242-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB503Grierson196258-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="242" data-file-width="187" decoding="async" height="123" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png/95px-Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png/143px-Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros"><b>Romanos III</b> Argyros</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς</span>
</th>
<td>12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years, 4 months and 30 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoë Porphyrogenita">Zoë</a>, a daughter of Constantine VIII
</td>
<td>c. 968 – 11 April 1034<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 66)</span><hr/>Temporarily reconquered <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> in 1031. Possibly drowned on Zoë's orders<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB503,_1807Grierson196259_243-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB503,_1807Grierson196259-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="447" data-file-width="380" decoding="async" height="112" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg/95px-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg/143px-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></b> "the Paphlagonian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>12 April 1034 – 10 December 1041<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 7 months and 28 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Lover of Zoë, made emperor after their marriage following Romanos III's death
</td>
<td>c. 1010 – 10 December 1041<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 31)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1365Treadgold1997491_244-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1365Treadgold1997491-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="445" data-file-width="379" decoding="async" height="112" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/95px-Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/143px-Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/190px-Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></b> "Kalaphates"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>13 December 1041 – 21 April 1042<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Nephew and designated heir of Michael IV, proclaimed emperor by Zoë three days after Michael IV's death
</td>
<td>c. 1015 – unknown<hr/>Deposed in a popular uprising after attempting to sideline Zoë, blinded and forced to become a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1365–1366Treadgold1997491_245-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1365–1366Treadgold1997491-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="382" data-file-width="287" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoë Porphyrogenita"><b>Zoë</b> Porphyrogenita</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ζωή</span>
</th>
<td>21 April – 11 June 1042<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 month and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Daughter of Constantine VIII and widow of Romanos III and Michael IV. Ruled in her own right from Michael V's deposition until her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX</a>.
</td>
<td>c. 978 – 1050<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 72)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2228Treadgold1997590_246-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2228Treadgold1997590-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg"><img alt="Portrait from the Monomachos crown" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="369" data-file-width="283" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/100px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/150px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/200px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita"><b>Theodora</b> Porphyrogenita</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδώρα</span>
</th>
<td>21 April – 11 June 1042<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 month and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Daughter of Constantine VIII and sister of Zoë, proclaimed co-empress during the revolt that deposed Michael V
</td>
<td>c. 980 – 31 August 1056<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 76)</span><hr/>Sidelined after Zoë's marriage to Constantine IX, returned to the throne in 1055<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590_247-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Constantine_IX_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="261" data-file-width="196" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos"><b>Constantine IX</b> Monomachos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-famnames_249-0"><a href="#cite_note-famnames-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>11 June 1042 – 11 January 1055<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years and 7 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of Zoë, crowned the day after their marriage
</td>
<td>c. 1006 – 11 January 1055<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 49)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB504_250-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB504-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg"><img alt="Portrait from the Monomachos crown" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="369" data-file-width="283" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/100px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/150px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/200px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita"><b>Theodora</b> Porphyrogenita</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδώρα<br/>(<b>second reign</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>11 January 1055 – 31 August 1056<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 7 months and 20 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Claimed the throne again after Constantine IX's death as the last living member of the Macedonian dynasty
</td>
<td>c. 980 – 31 August 1056<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 76)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590_247-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_(Mutinensis_-_color)_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="466" data-file-width="374" decoding="async" height="118" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/95px-132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/143px-132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/190px-132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas"><b>Michael VI</b> Bringas</a> "Stratiotikos"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαήλ</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-famnames_249-1"><a href="#cite_note-famnames-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>22 August 1056 – 30 August 1057<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by Theodora on her deathbed
</td>
<td>980s/990s – c. 1057<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(in his sixties)</span><hr/>Deposed in a revolt, retired to a monastery and died soon afterwards<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1366Treadgold1997597Schreiner149–150_251-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1366Treadgold1997597Schreiner149–150-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="515" data-file-width="491" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/95px-133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/143px-133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/190px-133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos"><b>Isaac I</b> Komnenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 2 months and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General, proclaimed emperor on 8 June 1057 in opposition to Michael VI
</td>
<td>c. 1007 – 31 May/1 June 1060<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 53)</span><hr/>Abdicated to Constantine X due to illness and hostile courtiers, became a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1011–2Schreiner151–2Grierson1973759–760_252-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1011–2Schreiner151–2Grierson1973759–760-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doukas_dynasty_(1059–1078)"><span id="Doukas_dynasty_.281059.E2.80.931078.29"></span>Doukas dynasty (1059–1078)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Doukas dynasty (1059–1078)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty</a></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0FFFF; color:black;"> </span> (§) – Varying ascribed status<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TheodoraEudokia_228-1"><a href="#cite_note-TheodoraEudokia-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Doukas dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_X_portrait.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="310" data-file-width="234" decoding="async" height="132" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Constantine_X_portrait.jpg/100px-Constantine_X_portrait.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Constantine_X_portrait.jpg/150px-Constantine_X_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Constantine_X_portrait.jpg/200px-Constantine_X_portrait.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas"><b>Constantine X</b> Doukas</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας</span>
</th>
<td>23 November 1059 – 23 May 1067<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years and 6 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Designated as emperor by Isaac I Komnenos during his abdication
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1006 – 23 May 1067<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 61)</span><hr/>Lost nearly all Italian territories to the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB504–505Schreiner151–152Grierson1973764_253-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB504–505Schreiner151–152Grierson1973764-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="355" data-file-width="294" decoding="async" height="121" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png/100px-Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png/150px-Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png/200px-Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa"><b>Eudokia</b> Makrembolitissa</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Εὐδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα</span> (§)
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">23 May – 31 December 1067<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Widow of Constantine X; either regent on behalf of their sons or co-ruler alongside them until her marriage to Romanos IV. Briefly resumed her regency in September 1071
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. 1030 – after 1078<hr/>Became a nun in November 1071 and later died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB739–740Treadgold1997608Grierson1973779–780_254-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB739–740Treadgold1997608Grierson1973779–780-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_(Mutinensis_-_color)_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="492" data-file-width="415" decoding="async" height="113" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/95px-136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/143px-136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/190px-136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes"><b>Romanos IV</b> Diogenes</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης</span>
</th>
<td>1 January 1068 – 26 August 1071<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 7 months and 25 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes"><b>Leo</b></a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes"><b>Nikephoros</b> Diogenes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1070–71)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-13"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-256"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>z<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Husband of Eudokia. Regent and senior co-emperor together with Constantine X's and Eudokia's children
</td>
<td>c. 1032 – 4 August 1072<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 40)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Captured at Manzikert</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a>. After his release blinded on 29 June 1072 by <a href="/wiki/John_Doukas_(Caesar)" title="John Doukas (Caesar)">John Doukas</a>, later dying of his wounds<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1807Treadgold1997601–604,_608Schreiner156_257-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1807Treadgold1997601–604,_608Schreiner156-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="portrait from the Holy Crown of Hungary" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="235" data-file-width="177" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas"><b>Michael VII</b> Doukas</a> "Parapinakes"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Δούκας</span>
</th>
<td>1 October 1071 – 24/31 March 1078<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 5 months and 23/30 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></b> (1060–1078), <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)"><b>Andronikos</b></a> (1068–1070s) and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)"><b>Constantine</b> Doukas</a> (1074–78; 1st time)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-14"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine X; made co-emperor in 1060 with Eudokia and Romanos IV. Proclaimed sole emperor after Romanos' defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>
</td>
<td>c. 1050 – c. 1090<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 40)</span><hr/>Lost nearly all of Anatolia to the Turks. Forced to become a monk after a popular uprising. Died of natural causes several years later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1366–1367Schreiner157–159Norwich1993361_258-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1366–1367Schreiner157–159Norwich1993361-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_III_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="223" data-file-width="166" decoding="async" height="134" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates"><b>Nikephoros III</b> Botaneiates</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης</span>
</th>
<td>3 April 1078 – 1 April 1081<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 11 months and 29 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; revolted against Michael VII on 2 July or 2 October 1077 and entered Constantinople on 27 March or 3 April. Married <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a>, the former wife of Michael VII
</td>
<td>1001/1002 – c. 1081<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 80)</span><hr/>Abdicated after Alexios I captured Constantinople, became a monk and died of natural causes, probably later in the same year<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1479Schreiner158–159Grierson1973798–799,_821Maynard2021_259-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1479Schreiner158–159Grierson1973798–799,_821Maynard2021-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komnenos_dynasty_(1081–1185)"><span id="Komnenos_dynasty_.281081.E2.80.931185.29"></span>Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Komnenos dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Alexios_I_Komnenos_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="190" data-file-width="133" decoding="async" height="143" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alexios_I_Komnenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Alexios_I_Komnenos_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Alexios_I_Komnenos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos"><b>Alexios I</b> Komnenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(37 years, 4 months and 14 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)"><b>Constantine</b> Doukas</a><br/>(1081–1087; <b>2nd time</b>)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-15"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Nephew of Isaac I, also husband of <a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a>, a grand-niece of Constantine X. General; revolted against Nikephoros III on 14 February 1081. Seized Constantinople on 1 April; crowned on 4 April
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1057 – 15 August 1118<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 61)</span><hr/>Started the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> &amp; the reconquest of Anatolia. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB63Schreiner159–164_260-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB63Schreiner159–164-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:John_II_head.png"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="576" data-file-width="390" decoding="async" height="148" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_II_head.png/100px-John_II_head.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_II_head.png/150px-John_II_head.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_II_head.png/200px-John_II_head.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos"><b>John II</b> Komnenos</a><br/>"the Good"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>15 August 1118 – 8 April 1143<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(24 years, 7 months and 24 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)"><b>Alexios</b> the Younger</a><br/>(1119–1142)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-16"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Alexios I, co-emperor since about September 1092
</td>
<td>13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 55)</span><hr/>Reconquered most of Anatolia by the time of his death. Died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident, possibly assassinated (perhaps involving <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a> or supporters of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1046–1047Treadgold1997628–637BucossiRodriguez_Suarez201616_261-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1046–1047Treadgold1997628–637BucossiRodriguez_Suarez201616-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Manuel_I_Comnenus_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="318" data-file-width="221" decoding="async" height="144" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos"><b>Manuel I</b> Komnenos</a><br/>"the Great"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(37 years, 5 months and 16 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Youngest son and allegedly designated heir of John II on his deathbed, crowned in November 1143 after a few months of having to establish his rights
</td>
<td>28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 61)</span><hr/>Last emperor to attempt reconquests in the west. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1289–1290Treadgold1997636,_638–650_262-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1289–1290Treadgold1997636,_638–650-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Alexios_II_Komnenos_(Vat.gr.1851_folio_2v)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="177" data-file-width="140" decoding="async" height="126" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_2v%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_2v%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_2v%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos"><b>Alexios II</b> Komnenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>24 September 1180 – c. September 1183<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Manuel I; co-emperor since 1171
</td>
<td>14 September 1169 – c. September 1183<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 14)</span><hr/>Strangled on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I</a>, body thrown in the sea<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB64,_1289Treadgold1997650–653Schreiner176_263-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB64,_1289Treadgold1997650–653Schreiner176-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="768" data-file-width="588" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos"><b>Andronikos I</b> Komnenos</a> "Misophaes"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>c. September 1183 – 12 September 1185<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)"><b>John</b> Komnenos</a><br/>(1183–1185)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-17"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_(son_of_Alexios_I)" title="Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)">Isaac Komnenos</a>, a son of Alexios I. Overthrew the regency of Alexios II in April 1182, crowned co-emperor in 1183 and shortly thereafter had Alexios II murdered
</td>
<td>c. 1118/1120 – 12 September 1185<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 64–67)</span><hr/>Overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II</a>, tortured and mutilated in the imperial palace, then slowly dismembered alive by a mob in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB64,_94,_1012Treadgold1997653–656Lascaratos199973_264-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB64,_94,_1012Treadgold1997653–656Lascaratos199973-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angelos_dynasty_(1185–1204)"><span id="Angelos_dynasty_.281185.E2.80.931204.29"></span>Angelos dynasty (1185–1204)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Angelos dynasty (1185–1204)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Angelos" title="Angelos">Angelos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Angelos dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mutinensis_265-0"><a href="#cite_note-Mutinensis-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aa<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="757" data-file-width="571" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos"><b>Isaac II</b> Angelos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος</span>
</th>
<td>12 September 1185 – 8 April 1195<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(9 years, 6 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Great-grandson of Alexios I. Resisted an order of arrest issued by Andronikos I, after which he was proclaimed emperor by the people of Constantinople. Captured and killed Andronikos I
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1156 – January 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 47)</span><hr/>Suffered the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">loss</a> of Bulgaria. Overthrown and blinded by Alexios III in 1195, reinstalled in 1203<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195_266-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="766" data-file-width="574" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos"><b>Alexios III</b> Angelos</a><br/>  <span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-268"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ab<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>8 April 1195 – 17/18 July 1203<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(8 years, 3 months and 10 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Elder brother of Isaac II, overthrew and blinded his brother
</td>
<td>c. 1153 – 1211/1212<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 58)</span><hr/>Fled after brief resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>. Died a natural death after being captured and forced to become a monk by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB64–65Treadgold1997659–664Schreiner183–185_269-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB64–65Treadgold1997659–664Schreiner183–185-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="728" data-file-width="591" decoding="async" height="123" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos"><b>Alexios IV</b> Angelos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος</span>
</th>
<td>19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Isaac II, overthrew Alexios III with the help of the crusaders as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, then named co-emperor alongside his blinded father
</td>
<td>c. 1182/1183 – c. 8 February 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 21)</span><hr/>Deposed and imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V</a>, then strangled in prison<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB65–66Schreiner183–185_270-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB65–66Schreiner183–185-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="757" data-file-width="571" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos"><b>Isaac II</b> Angelos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος<br/>(<b>second reign</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>19 July 1203 – 27 January (?) 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Freed from imprisonment during the Fourth Crusade by courtiers and reinstated as ruler after Alexios III abandoned the defense of Constantinople
</td>
<td>c. 1156 – January 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 47)</span><hr/>Became senile or demented and died of natural causes around the time of Alexios V's coup<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195_266-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="743" data-file-width="561" decoding="async" height="132" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas"><b>Alexios V</b> Doukas</a> "Mourtzouphlos"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Δούκας</span>
</th>
<td>27/28 January – 12 April 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 16 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Seized power through a palace coup, son-in-law of Alexios III.
</td>
<td>c. 1139 – c. late November 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 65)</span><hr/>Fled during the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">sack of Constantinople</a>. Blinded by Alexios III, later captured by crusader <a href="/wiki/Thierry_de_Loos" title="Thierry de Loos">Thierry de Loos</a> and thrown from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Column_of_Theodosius" title="Column of Theodosius">Column of Theodosius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB66Treadgold1997265–266,_665Schreiner185–186_271-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB66Treadgold1997265–266,_665Schreiner185–186-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laskaris_dynasty_(1205–1261)"><span id="Laskaris_dynasty_.281205.E2.80.931261.29"></span>Laskaris dynasty (1205–1261)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Laskaris dynasty (1205–1261)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Laskaris" title="Laskaris">Laskaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a></div>
<dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><b>Note:</b> Roman rule in Constantinople was interrupted with the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">capture and sack of the city</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">crusaders</a> in 1204, which led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a>. Though the crusaders created a new line of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Latin_emperor" title="Latin emperor">Latin emperors</a> in the city, modern historians recognize the line of emperors of the Laskaris dynasty, reigning in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, as the legitimate Roman emperors during the <a href="/wiki/Struggle_for_Constantinople" title="Struggle for Constantinople">struggle for Constantinople</a> because the Nicene Empire eventually retook the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997734_26-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997734-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For other lines of claimant emperors, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">List of Trapezuntine emperors</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_of_Thessalonian_emperors" title="List of Thessalonian emperors">List of Thessalonian emperors</a>.</i></span></dd></dl>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Laskaris dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mutinensis_265-1"><a href="#cite_note-Mutinensis-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aa<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="731" data-file-width="480" decoding="async" height="152" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris"><b>Theodore I</b> Laskaris</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεόδωρος Κομνηνὸς Λάσκαρις</span>
</th>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 1205 – November 1221<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(16 years and 6 months)<hr/><i>with</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)"><b>Nicholas</b> Laskaris</a> (1208–1210)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-18"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a>, a daughter of Alexios III. Organized resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> and proclaimed emperor in 1205 after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1205)" title="Battle of Adrianople (1205)">Battle of Adrianople</a>; crowned by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Michael IV of Constantinople">Michael IV</a> on 6 April 1208.
</td>
<td>c. 1174 – November 1221<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 47)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2039–2040Angelov201918Dragon2003275_272-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2039–2040Angelov201918Dragon2003275-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="736" data-file-width="564" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" title="John III Vatatzes"><b>John III</b> Vatatzes</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης</span>
</th>
<td>c. December 1221 – 3 November 1254<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(32 years and 11 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Irene_Laskarina" title="Irene Laskarina">Irene Laskarina</a>, a daughter of Theodore I
</td>
<td>c. 1192 – 3 November 1254<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 62)</span><hr/>Started Nicaean expansionism. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1047–1048Angelov2019256_273-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1047–1048Angelov2019256-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodoros_II_Laskaris_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="543" data-file-width="388" decoding="async" height="140" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris"><b>Theodore II</b> Laskaris</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεόδωρος Δούκας Λάσκαρις</span>
</th>
<td>3 November 1254 – 16 August 1258<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 9 months and 13 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of John III and grandson of Theodore I, co-emperor since about 1235
</td>
<td>November 1221 – 16 August 1258<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 36)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2040–2041Treadgold1997731Angelov201961,_258,_325_274-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2040–2041Treadgold1997731Angelov201961,_258,_325-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color)_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="672" data-file-width="478" decoding="async" height="141" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/100px-151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/150px-151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/200px-151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris"><b>John IV</b> Laskaris</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Δούκας Λάσκαρις</span>
</th>
<td>16 August 1258 – 25 December 1261<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 4 months and 9 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son and co-emperor of Theodore II
</td>
<td>25 December 1250 – c. 1305<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 55)</span><hr/>Blinded, deposed and imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> in 1261, died in captivity several decades later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1048–1049Macrides2013303Angelov2019305PLP2663_(#14534)_275-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1048–1049Macrides2013303Angelov2019305PLP2663_(#14534)-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaiologos_dynasty_(1259–1453)"><span id="Palaiologos_dynasty_.281259.E2.80.931453.29"></span>Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1453)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1453)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty</a></div>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center">
<caption><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><span class="sr-only">Palaiologos dynasty</span>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="497" data-file-width="333" decoding="async" height="149" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos"><b>Michael VIII</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(23 years, 11 months and 10 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Great-grandson of Alexios III; became regent for John IV in 1258 and crowned co-emperor in 1259. <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">Regained Constantinople</a> on 25 July 1261, entered the city on 15 August. Became sole ruler after deposing John IV on 25 December
</td>
<td>1224/1225 – 11 December 1282<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 57/58)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1367Treadgold1997745Schreiner196–206PLP3929_(#21528)_276-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1367Treadgold1997745Schreiner196–206PLP3929_(#21528)-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="416" data-file-width="280" decoding="async" height="149" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos II</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(45 years, 5 months and 13 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Michael VIII; named co-emperor shortly after 1261, crowned on 8 November 1272
</td>
<td>25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 72)</span><hr/>Deposed by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III</a> in 1328 and became a monk, dying of natural causes four years later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB94–95Angelov2009100PLP3889_(#21436)_277-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB94–95Angelov2009100PLP3889_(#21436)-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="760" data-file-width="476" decoding="async" height="160" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF">  <a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos"><b>Michael IX</b> Palaiologos</a> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(26 years, 4 months and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281, crowned on 21 May 1294
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 42/43)</span><hr/>Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son, probably died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1367–8Treadgold1997755Angelov2009100PLP3931_(#21529)_278-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1367–8Treadgold1997755Angelov2009100PLP3931_(#21529)-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="260" data-file-width="195" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos III</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years and 22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 1308 and 1313. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">Fought with his grandfather</a> Andronikos II for power from April 1321 onwards. Crowned emperor on 2 February 1325, became sole emperor after deposing Andronikos II
</td>
<td>25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 44)</span><hr/>Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Died of sudden illness, possibly <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB95Treadgold1997764LascaratosMarketos1997106–9PLP3891_(#21437)_279-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB95Treadgold1997764LascaratosMarketos1997106–9PLP3891_(#21437)-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_(head_cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1566" data-file-width="1197" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</p>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos"><b>John V</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td><br/>15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(49 years, 8 months and 1 day)<br/><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal"><div>Details</div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <hr/>
<ul><li>15 June 1341 – 12 August 1376<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(35 years, 1 month and 28 days)</span></li>
<li>1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 years, 9 months and 13 days)</span></li>
<li>17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 months and 30 days)</span></li></ul>
</li></ul>
</div></span>
</td>
<td>Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned until 19 November 1341. Dominated by regents until 1354, faced numerous usurpations and civil wars throughout his long reign
</td>
<td>18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 58)</span><hr/>Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effective power for 33. Lost almost all territories outside Constantinople. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1050Schreiner253,_345PLP3912_(#21485)_280-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1050Schreiner253,_345PLP3912_(#21485)-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="224" decoding="async" height="134" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos"><b>John VI</b> Kantakouzenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός</span>
</th>
<td>8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 10 months and 2 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="657" data-file-width="724" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png/28px-Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png/42px-Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png/56px-Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png 2x" width="28"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos"><b>Matthew</b> Kantakouzenos</a> (1353–1357)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-19"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. Proclaimed by the army on 26 October 1341, became regent and senior co-emperor after a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">lengthy civil war</a> with John V's mother, <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna of Savoy</a>. Entered Constantinople on 8 February, crowned on 21 May 1347
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1295 – 15 June 1383<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 88)</span><hr/>Deposed by John V in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1352%E2%80%931357" title="Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357">another civil war</a> and retired, becoming a monk. Died of natural causes several decades later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1050–1051Schreiner252–288PLP2046_(#10973)Feiller1976_281-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1050–1051Schreiner252–288PLP2046_(#10973)Feiller1976-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="790" data-file-width="464" decoding="async" height="170" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos IV</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 10 months and 19 days)</span><br/>May 1381 – June 1385<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years, in <a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of John V and grandson of John VI; named co-emperor and heir in 1352, but imprisoned and partially <a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">blinded</a> after a failed rebellion in May 1373. Rebelled again and successfully <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1373%E2%80%931379" title="Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379">deposed his father</a> in 1376; not formally crowned until 18 October 1377
</td>
<td>11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 37)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1373%E2%80%931379" title="Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379">Deposed by John V</a> in 1379; fled to <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a> in exile but was restored as co-emperor and heir in May 1381, ruling over <a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">coast of Marmara</a>. Rebelled again in June 1385 but died shortly thereafter<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB95Mladenov2003190Schreiner312–321PLP3893_(#21438)_282-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB95Mladenov2003190Schreiner312–321PLP3893_(#21438)-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="772" data-file-width="540" decoding="async" height="143" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos"><b>John VII</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>14 April – 17 September 1390<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 months and 3 days)</span><br/>late 1403 – 22 September 1408<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years, in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Thessalonica" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos V</b> Palaiologos</a> (1403–1407)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-20"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Andronikos IV, co-emperor since 1377; usurped the throne from John V in 1390. Deposed shortly thereafter but granted <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II</a> in 1403, from where he once more ruled as emperor until his death
</td>
<td>1370 – 22 September 1408<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 38)</span><hr/>Ruled Constantinople as regent in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1394%E2%80%931402)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)">1399–1403</a> during Manuel II's absence. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1052Oikonomides1977331Schreiner340–343PLP3908_(#21480)_283-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1052Oikonomides1977331Schreiner340–343PLP3908_(#21480)-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Manuel_II_Paleologus_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="234" data-file-width="170" decoding="async" height="138" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</p>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos"><b>Manuel II</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(34 years, 4 months and 5 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 25 September 1373
</td>
<td>27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 74)</span><hr/>Suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in 1422, whereafter the government was run by his son, John VIII. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1291Schreiner276,_309,_429PLP3923_(#21513)_284-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1291Schreiner276,_309,_429PLP3923_(#21513)-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Palaio.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2502" data-file-width="1818" decoding="async" height="138" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Palaio.jpg/100px-Palaio.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Palaio.jpg/150px-Palaio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Palaio.jpg/200px-Palaio.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</p>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos"><b>John VIII</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(23 years, 4 months and 10 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Manuel II; co-emperor by 1407 and full emperor since 19 January 1421
</td>
<td>18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 55)</span><hr/> Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1053–1054Schreiner340,_387–411PLP3909_(#21481)_285-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1053–1054Schreiner340,_387–411PLP3909_(#21481)-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_(edit)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="fresco portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="669" data-file-width="437" decoding="async" height="153" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos"><b>Constantine XI</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years, 4 months and 23 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his brother John VIII. Crowned emperor in <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a> on 6 January 1449, entered Constantinople on 12 March.
</td>
<td>8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 48)</span><hr/>The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB505Nicol19922,_35–38,_70PLP3919_(#21500)_286-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB505Nicol19922,_35–38,_70PLP3919_(#21500)-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_claims_to_the_Roman_imperial_title">Other claims to the Roman imperial title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Other claims to the Roman imperial title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">See also: <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession of the Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Succession to the Byzantine Empire</a></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Other claims to the Roman imperial title
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Subject
</th>
<th>Description
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Roman usurpers (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">list</a>)
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Roman usurpers</a> were individuals or groups of individuals who obtained or tried to obtain power by force and without <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimate</a> legal authority. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Usurpation" title="Usurpation">Usurpation</a> was endemic during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman imperial</a> era, especially from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_third_century" title="Crisis of the third century">crisis of the third century</a> onwards, when political instability became the rule.
<p>A number of individuals proclaimed themselves emperor (or were proclaimed or appointed as emperor), but are not considered as legitimate emperors because they did not oust the ruling emperor, or did not establish control of the whole empire, or were not accepted by the senate or other imperial colleagues.
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Byzantine usurpers (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">list</a>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Holy Roman Emperors (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor#List_of_emperors" title="Holy Roman Emperor">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> was the ruler and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.
<p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> was crowned <i>imperator romanorum</i> ("Emperor of the Romans") by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> in AD 800. In so doing, the Pope rejected the legitimacy of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Empress_Irene" title="Empress Irene">Empress Irene</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB413_287-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB413-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines never recognized the Holy Roman emperors as "Roman emperors" and called them the 'emperor (or king) of the Franks', to them only the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" title="Byzantine Senate">Byzantine Senate</a> (successor to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>) and/or the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Byzantine_military" title="Byzantine military">Byzantine military</a> (successor to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Roman_military" title="Roman military">Roman military</a>) had the right to appoint a new Roman Emperor. Likewise, Western Europeans didn't recognize the legitimacy of the Byzantine emperors and called them the 'emperor of the Greeks' or the 'emperor of Constantinople'. See also: <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Latin Emperors (<a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">Latin Emperor</a> was the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, the historiographical convention for the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> realm, established in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> (1204) and lasting until the city was recovered by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a> in 1261. Its name derives from its <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Catholic" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and Western European ("<a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latin</a>") nature. The empire, whose official name was <i>Imperium Romaniae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "Empire of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romania</a>"), claimed the direct heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, which had most of its lands taken and partitioned by the crusaders. This claim however was disputed by the Byzantine Greek successor states, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>. Out of these three, the Nicaeans succeeded in displacing the Latin emperors in 1261 and restored the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Trapezuntine emperors (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Trapezuntine_emperors" title="Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> were the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>, one of the successor states of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> founded after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, until <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">its fall</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1461. The rulers of Trebizond called themselves <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Grand_Komnenos" title="Grand Komnenos">Megas Komnenos</a></i> and – like their counterparts in the other two Byzantine successor states, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> – initially claimed supremacy as "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans". However, after <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople in 1261, the Komnenian use of the style "Emperor" became a sore point. In September 1282, at Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John II of Trebizond</a> relinquished his claim and accepted the title <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despot</a>. His successors used a variant of the imperial title, "Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia" title="Caucasian Iberia">the Iberians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Perateia" title="Perateia">Transmarine Provinces</a>" until the Empire's end in 1461.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-288"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Emperors of Thessalonica (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica#Rulers" title="Empire of Thessalonica">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The emperors of Thessalonica were the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Empire of Thessalonica</a>, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Historiographic" title="Historiographic">historiographic</a> term to refer to the short-lived state centred on the city of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Thessalonica" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> between 1224 and 1246 (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" title="Sensu stricto">sensu stricto</a></i> until 1242) and ruled by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Komnenodoukas" title="Komnenodoukas">Komnenodoukas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Despots of Epirus (<a href="/wiki/Despot_of_Epirus#List_of_despots_of_Epirus,_1205–1479" title="Despot of Epirus">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The <a href="/wiki/Despot_of_Epirus" title="Despot of Epirus">despot of Epirus</a> was the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, one of the successor states of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>. The name "Despotate of Epirus" is a modern historiographical name and was not used at the time.
<p>Some rulers used the version "<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Despotes" title="Despotes">despot</a> of Romania" (Romania essentially referring to the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, i.e. Byzantium) or "despot of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Rhomaioi" title="Rhomaioi">Romans</a>" (claiming rulership over the Romans, i.e. the Byzantines/Greeks).
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ottoman sultans (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">list</a>)
</td>
<td>Based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">right of conquest</a>, the sultans of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> claimed to be the legitimate Roman Emperors, in succession to the Byzantine emperors who had previously ruled from Constantinople. This claim was recognized by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Islamic_world" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, but was never recognized by the Western Europeans. See <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim to Roman succession</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_empresses" title="List of Roman empresses">List of Roman empresses</a> – for a list of the consorts of the Roman emperors</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">List of Roman consuls</a> – for a list of the consuls who held power during the Roman Republic and who continued to be appointed in imperial times</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">List of Roman dictators</a> – for a list of dictators during the Roman Republic</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">List of Roman dynasties</a> – for a list of the many dynasties that ruled the Roman Empire</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Roman_emperors" title="Family tree of Roman emperors">Family tree of Roman emperors</a> – for a concise family tree of emperors and their immediate family (27 BC–518 AD)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree of Byzantine emperors</a> – for a concise family tree of emperors and their immediate family (337–1453)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> eventually replaced <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a></i> as the official title of the emperor, although both were seen as equals already by the times of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constantine_I" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB264_12-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB264-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Byzantine Empire is universally recognized as the remnant, continuation or later stage of the Roman Empire. There is no universally agreed date used to separate the ancient Roman and "Byzantine" empires, with proposed dates ranging in age from 284 to 717.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango20022_14-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango20022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors reject the term "Byzantine" entirely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy20098_15-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy20098-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spain was lost in 625<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200447–49_18-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200447–49-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Africa in 698.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1913370_19-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1913370-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large portion of Italy was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> already under Justinian I's successor, <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann1913196_20-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann1913196-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome and its surroundings remained under imperial control until 756, when they became the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan201271–74_21-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan201271–74-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the last Italian holdouts were not lost until 1071 with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bari" title="Siege of Bari">fall of Bari</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalandon1923325_22-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalandon1923325-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seventh century also saw much of the empire's eastern and southern territories lost permanently to <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Arab Muslim conquests</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1992ix_23-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992ix-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no generally-accepted count of Roman emperors given that different scholars sometimes include and omit different emperors (see <a href="#Legitimacy">Legitimacy</a>). This list includes 170 emperors, 12 of whose legitimacy is disputed in scholarship (including the obscure figure of <a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a>, whose existence and role are shrouded in mystery,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996_25-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the four <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">emperors of Nicaea</a>, who are often seen as the "legitimate" emperors during the interregnum of 1204–1261),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997734_26-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997734-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 5 ruling empresses, 2 of which have variable ascribed status (these being <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Saint Theodora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a>, who were rulers in their own right but are still absent in most lists of rulers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB360_27-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB360-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or just labeled as regents),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997859–860_28-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997859–860-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a total of 175 monarchs. Also included are 34 junior co-emperors, 3 of whose legitimacy is debated, and 1 junior co-empress (<a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>). All in all, this list thus includes a total of 210 occupants of the Roman imperial office.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was one of the titles used for the emperors in Constantinople by Ottoman writers prior to 1453.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÇolak201419_30-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇolak201419-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entries also include the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> of each emperor. These generally differed from their birth name, often adopting elements from the previous emperor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2012_53-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2012-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s full name would be "Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus"  according to <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a> ("Octavian" was a nickname), but he styled himself as "<a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> Caesar Augustus", treating "Caesar" as a family name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1958_54-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1958-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that "Imperator" was only a victory title, it will be omitted from the emperors' full nomenclature.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The conventional date for the Empire's founding is 27 BC,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343_56-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Senate awarded Octavian the title and name <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i> alongside one of several grants of power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54_57-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient writers, however, give him a rule of 56 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343_56-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> monarch in 31 BC, after defeating his last remaining opposition at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijer200414–16_58-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijer200414–16-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a date also used by some writers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343_56-2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus himself dated his accession to legal power to 7 January 43 BC, when he first received <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i></span>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54_57-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year he became <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> (19 August) and then <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">triumvir</a> (27 November) alongside <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a>. Augustus thus ruled the Roman state for exactly 56 years, but only 40 as "emperor".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54_57-2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By this time, '<a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a>' are regarded less as personal names and more as imperial titles, with the former denoting the heir-apparent and the latter indicating the emperor himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond29–31_74-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond29–31-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Principate_co-emperors-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Principate_co-emperors_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Principate_co-emperors_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The junior co-emperors marked as being of "varying ascribed status" are figures, mostly children, who are usually not counted as "true" emperors given their submissive status to the senior emperor, but are still present in some lists of rulers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1825303Grant1998179Hekster2008155Cooley2012KienastEckHeilv–xiiBritannicaLiviusMET_49-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1825303Grant1998179Hekster2008155Cooley2012KienastEckHeilv–xiiBritannicaLiviusMET-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ambig-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ambig_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambig_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambig_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambig_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambig_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambig_94-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise noted to be some other ambiguity, the emperors marked to be of ambiguous legitimacy are those who fulfill one or more of the inclusion criteria above, but who are not universally regarded by scholars to count as legitimate. In most cases, such figures are those who held power only briefly, and/or who in times of more than one emperor held one of the capitals but never achieved the full recognition of the other emperor(s).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi1999415,_463,_529_90-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi1999415,_463,_529-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201824_91-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201824-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeibt2018213_92-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeibt2018213-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilemachos2015243_93-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilemachos2015243-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On account of the limited surviving source material, almost all dates used here are just approximate. The chronology of the whole period is dubious and sources rarely agree on each other, in part due to the fact that many reigns overlap due to most emperors starting as rivals. For an analysis of the chronology, see <a href="#CITEREFRea1972">Rea 1972</a>, <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a> and <a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unmentioned in literary sources and known only from two coins seemingly issued in Rome, implying he was proclaimed emperor in the capital, probably between Aemilianus and Valerian, or against either.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaes201544_110-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaes201544-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996105–117_111-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996105–117-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2002_112-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2002-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Made <i>caesar</i> by his father and only referred to as <i>augustus</i> in a single series of coins, issued while he was besieged in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in 260. Coinage issued after his death honor him as <i>caesar</i>; probably because Gallienus did not want to advertise the death of a second emperor in one year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiel1979117_116-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiel1979117-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi1999357_117-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi1999357-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The chronology of Maximian's career is disputed. Some authors argue that he was promoted to <i>augustus</i> without ever being <i>caesar</i>, as claimed by many others. Another possible date for his accession as emperor (and the first division of the Roman Empire) is 13 December 285.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2023_130-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2023-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-valensandmartinian-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valensandmartinian_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valensandmartinian_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Legitimately appointed as co-emperor by Licinius, though as western emperor (in opposition to Constantine I). Referred as <i>caesar</i> in literary sources, but called <i>augustus</i> in coinage. Did not actually rule anything given that Licinius did not control the west.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi1999466–467_139-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi1999466–467-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although technically recognized by Constantius II, who even sent him the imperial <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>, Vetranio is often regarded as a usurper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant249KienastEckHeil307Meijer2004127–128_148-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant249KienastEckHeil307Meijer2004127–128-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the fourth century, emperors and other high-profile men of non-aristocratic birth often bore the name "Flavius", the family name of the Constantinian dynasty. Because it was often used as a status marker rather than personal name,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron198826,_28,_33_153-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron198826,_28,_33-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Flavius" will generally be omitted in the following entries for simplicity.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Distinction between <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium">nomen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a></i>, the core elements of <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a>, began to fade away from the 3rd century onwards. Given that "new Romans" —that is, <a href="/wiki/Barbarian#In_classical_Greco-Roman_contexts" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a> turned <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizens</a>— adopted the names of their masters, many citizens adopted the names <a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavius</a> (notable the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Marcus Aurelius</a> (notable the 3rd century emperors), thus making them obsolete as <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Surnames" title="Surnames">surnames</a>. As a result, most citizens of the Empire, even emperors, reverted back to single-names by the 5th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalway1994_156-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalway1994-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-emperor_163-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Although they constitutionally held the same supreme power as their senior counterpart, it is customary among scholars of the later empire to only regard those who actually ruled as emperors, omitting junior co-emperors who only exercised power nominally and never governed in their own name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss2005101_162-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss2005101-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB360_27-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB360-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From 629 onwards, Heraclius issued administrative documents in Greek.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2003194_197-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2003194-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin continued to be used in communication with Western Europe until the end of the empire and coins continued to be struck with Latin inscriptions until the early eighth century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973177_198-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973177-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heraclius Constantine is often enumerated as 'Constantine III',<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._349Grierson1973385Treadgold1997308ffKaegi2003112ff_201-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._349Grierson1973385Treadgold1997308ffKaegi2003112ff-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this name is also often applied to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">western emperor</a> and has also been used for Heraclius Constantine's son <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a> (who actually ruled under the name 'Constantine', 'Constans' being a nickname).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94_202-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin ceased being used in coin inscriptions under Leo III.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973177_198-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973177-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Madrid-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madrid_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madrid_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Most of miniature portraits used for the 9th to 11th centuries are not contemporary, but taken from the 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i>. The portrait of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> is taken from the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Manasses_Chronicle" title="Manasses Chronicle">Manasses Chronicle</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1345), while the portrait of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II" title="Nikephoros II">Nikephoros II</a> is taken from a 15th-century miniature of uncertain origin. All of these portraits are almost certainly imaginary. The 15th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Mutinensis_gr._122" title="Mutinensis gr. 122">Mutinensis gr. 122</a></i> is used for some 11th-century emperors with no surviving portrait, although these are probably imaginary as well.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TheodoraEudokia-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheodoraEudokia_228-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheodoraEudokia_228-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The empresses marked as being of "varying ascribed status" are figures who were undisputed as legitimate heads of the imperial government and who are sometimes (including by the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB739,_2037_227-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB739,_2037-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though not always, seen as having been empresses regnant.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-famnames-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-famnames_249-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-famnames_249-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emperors began to officially use family names from Constantine IX Monomachos onwards. The sole exception after Constantine IX's reign is Michael VI, whose family name (Bringas) was far less distinguished than those of the other imperial families and thus does not appear in official use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973180_248-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973180-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unattested in coinage; Leo is only called emperor in a singular letter, while his brother's status can only be deduced from the fact that he was <a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_purple" title="Born in the purple">born in the purple</a> and that he also used the "imperial tokens".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpspbw2016kdlkclacukperson156691_Leon_15005.]_255-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpspbw2016kdlkclacukperson156691_Leon_15005.]-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mutinensis-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mutinensis_265-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mutinensis_265-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Many of the miniature portraits used for the late Byzantine period are not contemporary, but taken from the <i><a href="/wiki/Mutinensis_gr._122" title="Mutinensis gr. 122">Codex Mutinensis graecus 122</a></i>, completed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1425 and expanded after 1453. The codex depicts almost every single Roman emperor from <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> to <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constantine_XI" title="Constantine XI">Constantine XI</a>, but only the later portraits are considerable reliable, specially those of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Palaiologoi" title="Palaiologoi">Palaiologoi</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexios III used the name Alexios Komnenos Angelos (Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος) prior to his accession but reigned as Alexios Komnenos, dropping his own family name in order to stress his matrilineal descent from the Komnenos dynasty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotsonis2020260–261_267-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotsonis2020260–261-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMosshammer2008">Mosshammer 2008</a>, pp. 342–343; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 53–54</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973329,_403-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973329,_403_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewenstein1973">Loewenstein 1973</a>, pp. 329, 403.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973238-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973238_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewenstein1973">Loewenstein 1973</a>, p. 238.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973329-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973329_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewenstein1973">Loewenstein 1973</a>, p. 329.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973245-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973245_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewenstein1973">Loewenstein 1973</a>, p. 245.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson198439–40-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson198439–40_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1984">Richardson 1984</a>, pp. 39–40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu201635-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu201635_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu2016">Wu 2016</a>, p. 35.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973443-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973443_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewenstein1973">Loewenstein 1973</a>, p. 443.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973238,_403-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973238,_403_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewenstein1973">Loewenstein 1973</a>, pp. 238, 403.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2008199–213.-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandberg2008199–213._10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandberg2008">Sandberg 2008</a>, pp. 199–213..</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnoldBjornlieSessa2016">Arnold, Bjornlie &amp; Sessa 2016</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsFriell1998">Williams &amp; Friell 1998</a>, p. 187.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB264-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB264_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 264.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango20022-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango20022_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy20098-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy20098_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2009">Goldsworthy 2009</a>, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall201853-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall201853_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2018">Halsall 2018</a>, p. 53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200447–49-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200447–49_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2004">Collins 2004</a>, pp. 47–49.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1913370-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1913370_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker1913">Becker 1913</a>, p. 370.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann1913196-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann1913196_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartmann1913">Hartmann 1913</a>, p. 196.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan201271–74-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan201271–74_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogan2012">Logan 2012</a>, pp. 71–74.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalandon1923325-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalandon1923325_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalandon1923">Chalandon 1923</a>, p. 325.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992ix-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1992ix_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1992ix_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1992">Nicol 1992</a>, p. ix.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstiot1996">Estiot 1996</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997734-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997734_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997734_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 734.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB360-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB360_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB360_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 360.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997859–860-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997859–860_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 859–860.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇolak201419-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÇolak201419_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÇolak2014">Çolak 2014</a>, p. 19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1967334-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1967334_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1967">Nicol 1967</a>, p. 334.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÇolak201421–22-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÇolak201421–22_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÇolak2014">Çolak 2014</a>, pp. 21–22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992115–116-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1992115–116_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1992">Nicol 1992</a>, pp. 115–116.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi20183-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi20183_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmolin202122-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmolin202122_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmolin202122_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmolin2021">Smolin 2021</a>, p. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaes201515-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaes201515_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaes2015">Claes 2015</a>, p. 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201825-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201825_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaes201523-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaes201523_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaes201523_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaes2015">Claes 2015</a>, p. 23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi20189,_14,_17,_24-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi20189,_14,_17,_24_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, pp. 9, 14, 17, 24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmolin202122–23-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmolin202122–23_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmolin2021">Smolin 2021</a>, pp. 22–23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201821,_29–30-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201821,_29–30_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, pp. 21, 29–30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201834-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201834_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 34.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201832-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201832_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 32.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi2018xix-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi2018xix_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. xix.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathisen1997-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathisen1997_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathisen1997">Mathisen 1997</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFClaes2015">Claes 2015</a>, p. 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoss2005">Foss 2005</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 360.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1825303Grant1998179Hekster2008155Cooley2012KienastEckHeilv–xiiBritannicaLiviusMET-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1825303Grant1998179Hekster2008155Cooley2012KienastEckHeilv–xiiBritannicaLiviusMET_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1825303Grant1998179Hekster2008155Cooley2012KienastEckHeilv–xiiBritannicaLiviusMET_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1825">Elton 1825</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFGrant1998">Grant 1998</a>, p. 179; <a href="#CITEREFHekster2008">Hekster 2008</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFCooley2012">Cooley 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. v–xii; <a href="#CITEREFBritannica">Britannica</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLivius">Livius</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMET">MET</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaes2015">Claes 2015</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 17</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Tricht201179–80-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Tricht201179–80_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Tricht2011">Van Tricht 2011</a>, pp. 79–80.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2004323-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2004323_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawler2004">Lawler 2004</a>, p. 323.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2012-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2012_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooley2012">Cooley 2012</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1958-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1958_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyme1958">Syme 1958</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosshammer2008342–343_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMosshammer2008">Mosshammer 2008</a>, pp. 342–343.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil53–54_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 53–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijer200414–16-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijer200414–16_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeijer2004">Meijer 2004</a>, pp. 14–16.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant8,_9,_12–13KienastEckHeil53–54,_350-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant8,_9,_12–13KienastEckHeil53–54,_350_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 8, 9, 12–13; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 53–54, 350.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil70–72,_350Grant8,_16,_20,_25-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil70–72,_350Grant8,_16,_20,_25_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 70–72, 350; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 8, 16, 20, 25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil78Grant8,_25,_27-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil78Grant8,_25,_27_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 8, 25, 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil82Grant8,_29,_33-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil82Grant8,_29,_33_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 82; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 8, 29, 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil88–89,_350Grant8,_34,_39-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil88–89,_350Grant8,_34,_39_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 88–89, 350; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 8, 34, 39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil94Grant43,_44Hammond24-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil94Grant43,_44Hammond24_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 94; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 43, 44; <a href="#CITEREFHammond">Hammond</a>, p. 24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil97Grant46–47-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil97Grant46–47_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 46–47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil99–100Grant48–50-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil99–100Grant48–50_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 99–100; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 48–50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil101Grant51–52,_55-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil101Grant51–52,_55_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 51–52, 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil105Grant55Hammond27-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil105Grant55Hammond27_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 105; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFHammond">Hammond</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil109Grant60–69-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil109Grant60–69_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 109; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 60–69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil114Grant69Burgess201453–54-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil114Grant69Burgess201453–54_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>, p. 53–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil116–117Grant71,_73,_76Omissi20188Burgess201454–56-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil116–117Grant71,_73,_76Omissi20188Burgess201454–56_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 116–117; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 71, 73, 76; <a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>, p. 54–56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil122–123Grant68,_76Omissi20188-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil122–123Grant68,_76Omissi20188_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 122–123; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 68, 76; <a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond29–31-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond29–31_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond">Hammond</a>, pp. 29–31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil128Grant87-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil128Grant87_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 128; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 87.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil131–132Grant68,_89,_91,_93-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil131–132Grant68,_89,_91,_93_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 131–132; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 68, 89, 91, 93.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil135Grant93,_94-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil135Grant93,_94_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 135; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 93, 94.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil140–141Grant97Omissi20188-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil140–141Grant97Omissi20188_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 140–141; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil145Grant103–104-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil145Grant103–104_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 145; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 103–104.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil147Grant106–108Cooley2012495-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil147Grant106–108Cooley2012495_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 147; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 106–108; <a href="#CITEREFCooley2012">Cooley 2012</a>, p. 495.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil149–150Grant108,_110Omissi20189-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil149–150Grant108,_110Omissi20189_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 149–150; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 108, 110; <a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil156–157Grant119–120Hammond35–36-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil156–157Grant119–120Hammond35–36_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 156–157; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 119–120; <a href="#CITEREFHammond">Hammond</a>, pp. 35–36.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil160Grant122-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil160Grant122_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 160; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 122.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil162Grant123,_124,_125–126-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil162Grant123,_124,_125–126_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 162; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 123, 124, 125–126.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil163–164Grant125-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil163–164Grant125_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 163–164; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 125.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil165Grant126,_129Burgess201465–66-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil165Grant126,_129Burgess201465–66_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 126, 129; <a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>, pp. 65–66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil171–172Grant130–133Burgess201467–69-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil171–172Grant130–133Burgess201467–69_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 171–172; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 130–133; <a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>, pp. 67–69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi1999415,_463,_529-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi1999415,_463,_529_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVagi1999">Vagi 1999</a>, pp. 415, 463, 529.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmissi201824-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmissi201824_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeibt2018213-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeibt2018213_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeibt2018">Seibt 2018</a>, p. 213.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilemachos2015243-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilemachos2015243_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTilemachos2015">Tilemachos 2015</a>, p. 243.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil176–179Grant137–139Omissi201810Burgess201467–69-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil176–179Grant137–139Omissi201810Burgess201467–69_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 176–179; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 137–139; <a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>, pp. 67–69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil180–181Grant140–141Meijer200485-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil180–181Grant140–141Meijer200485_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 180–181; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 140–141; <a href="#CITEREFMeijer2004">Meijer 2004</a>, p. 85.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil182Grant142–143Meijer200485Peachin199028-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil182Grant142–143Meijer200485Peachin199028_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 182; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 142–143; <a href="#CITEREFMeijer2004">Meijer 2004</a>, p. 85; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil183–184Grant146–148Meijer200487Peachin199028-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil183–184Grant146–148Meijer200487Peachin199028_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 183–184; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 146–148; <a href="#CITEREFMeijer2004">Meijer 2004</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil185–186Grant144–145Peachin199028-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil185–186Grant144–145Peachin199028_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 185–186; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 144–145; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil187–189Grant149–151Peachin199029-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil187–189Grant149–151Peachin199029_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 187–189; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 149–151; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil190–191Grant152–155-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil190–191Grant152–155_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 190–191; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 152–155.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil192–193Grant152–155-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil192–193Grant152–155_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 192–193; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 152–155.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil195–197Grant156–159-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil195–197Grant156–159_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 195–197; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 156–159.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil197–198Grant156–159-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil197–198Grant156–159_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 197–198; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 156–159.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil200–201Grant160–161-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil200–201Grant160–161_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 200–201; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 160–161.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil198–199Peachin199034-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil198–199Peachin199034_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 198–199; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, p. 34.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil201–202Grant160–161Peachin199036-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil201–202Grant160–161Peachin199036_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 201–202; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 160–161; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, p. 36.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil203–204Grant162Peachin199036–37-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil203–204Grant162Peachin199036–37_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 203–204; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 162; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, pp. 36–37.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaes201544-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaes201544_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaes2015">Claes 2015</a>, p. 44.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996105–117-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996105–117_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstiot1996">Estiot 1996</a>, pp. 105–117.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2002-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2002_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartmann2002">Hartmann 2002</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil205–207Grant163–167Peachin199037–38-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil205–207Grant163–167Peachin199037–38_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 205–207; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 163–167; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, pp. 37–38.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil209–211Grant168–172Peachin199039–40-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil209–211Grant168–172Peachin199039–40_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 209–211; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 168–172; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, pp. 39–40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiel1979117-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiel1979117_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShiel1979">Shiel 1979</a>, p. 117.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi1999357-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi1999357_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVagi1999">Vagi 1999</a>, p. 357.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil213Grant168–172Peachin199039–40-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil213Grant168–172Peachin199039–40_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 213; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 168–172; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, pp. 39–40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil222Grant179–180Peachin199042–43-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil222Grant179–180Peachin199042–43_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 179–180; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, pp. 42–43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil224Grant181–182Peachin199043-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil224Grant181–182Peachin199043_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 224; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 181–182; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil225–227Grant183–187Peachin199043–44-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil225–227Grant183–187Peachin199043–44_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 225–227; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 183–187; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, pp. 43–44.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil241–242Grant188–189Watson1999110,_225,_250_(n._46)-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil241–242Grant188–189Watson1999110,_225,_250_(n._46)_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 241–242; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 188–189; <a href="#CITEREFWatson1999">Watson 1999</a>, pp. 110, 225, 250 (n. 46).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil243Grant190Peachin199046–47-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil243Grant190Peachin199046–47_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 243; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 190; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, pp. 46–47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil244–245Grant191–193Peachin199047-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil244–245Grant191–193Peachin199047_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 244–245; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 191–193; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil248–249Grant194–195Peachin199049-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil248–249Grant194–195Peachin199049_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 248–249; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 194–195; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, p. 49.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil250–251Grant196–197Peachin199049–50-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil250–251Grant196–197Peachin199049–50_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 250–251; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 196–197; <a href="#CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin 1990</a>, pp. 49–50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252Grant198–201-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252Grant198–201_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 252; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 198–201.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_30–32KienastEckHeil257–258Grant204-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_30–32KienastEckHeil257–258Grant204_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 4, 30–32; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 257–258; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 204.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2023-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2023_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgess2023">Burgess 2023</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_13,_32,_34KienastEckHeil262–263Grant210–212-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_13,_32,_34KienastEckHeil262–263Grant210–212_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 4, 13, 32, 34; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 262–263; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 210–212.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil272–273Barnes4–6,_46Grant221–222-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil272–273Barnes4–6,_46Grant221–222_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 272–273; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 4–6, 46; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 221–222.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil269Barnes35–36Grant216–218ODB524–525-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil269Barnes35–36Grant216–218ODB524–525_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 269; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 35–36; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 216–218; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 524–525.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil278Barnes4–5,_38–39Grant223–224-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil278Barnes4–5,_38–39Grant223–224_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 278; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 4–5, 38–39; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 223–224.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil279Grant224–226Barnes12–13,_34-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil279Grant224–226Barnes12–13,_34_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 279; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 224–226; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 12–13, 34.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil282Barnes6–7,_43–44Grant235–237-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil282Barnes6–7,_43–44Grant235–237_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 282; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 6–7, 43–44; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 235–237.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil276Barnes6–7,_39Grant238–240-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil276Barnes6–7,_39Grant238–240_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 276; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 6–7, 39; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 238–240.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi1999466–467-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi1999466–467_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVagi1999">Vagi 1999</a>, pp. 466–467.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil284Barnes15-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil284Barnes15_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 284; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, p. 15.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil285Barnes15-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil285Barnes15_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 285; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, p. 15.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil286–288Barnes5–8,_39–42Grant228–231,_234-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil286–288Barnes5–8,_39–42Grant228–231,_234_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 286–288; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 5–8, 39–42; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 228–231, 234.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil296Barnes8,_44–45Grant241-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil296Barnes8,_44–45Grant241_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 296; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 8, 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 241.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil298Barnes8,_45-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil298Barnes8,_45_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 298; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes">Barnes</a>, pp. 8, 45.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil300–301Grant242–244-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil300–301Grant242–244_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 300–301; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 242–244.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._532Grant248–250KienastEckHeil305–306-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._532Grant248–250KienastEckHeil305–306_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, p. 532; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 248–250; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 305–306.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant249KienastEckHeil307Meijer2004127–128-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant249KienastEckHeil307Meijer2004127–128_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 249; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 307; <a href="#CITEREFMeijer2004">Meijer 2004</a>, p. 127–128.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil307PLREVol._I,_p._954Omissi2018181–182-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil307PLREVol._I,_p._954Omissi2018181–182_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 307; <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, p. 954; <a href="#CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi 2018</a>, pp. 181–182.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._624KienastEckHeil306-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._624KienastEckHeil306_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, pp. 624; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 306.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil309–310Grant251–253-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil309–310Grant251–253_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 309–310; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 251–253.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron198826,_28,_33-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron198826,_28,_33_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron1988">Cameron 1988</a>, pp. 26, 28, 33.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil312Grant255–258PLREVol._I,_p._461-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil312Grant255–258PLREVol._I,_p._461_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 312; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 255–258; <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, p. 461.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalway1994-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalway1994_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalway1994">Salway 1994</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._933–934Grant259–262KienastEckHeil313–314-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._933–934Grant259–262KienastEckHeil313–314_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, pp. 933–934; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 259–262; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 313–314.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._930–931Grant263–265KienastEckHeil316–318-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._930–931Grant263–265KienastEckHeil316–318_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, pp. 930–931; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 263–265; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 316–318.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._742–743KienastEckHeil318-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._742–743KienastEckHeil318_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, pp. 742–743; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 318.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._401Grant266–267KienastEckHeil319–320-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._401Grant266–267KienastEckHeil319–320_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, p. 401; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 266–267; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 319–320.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss2005101-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss2005101_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoss2005">Foss 2005</a>, p. 101.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._588Grant274–275KienastEckHeil327–328-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._588Grant274–275KienastEckHeil327–328_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, p. 588; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 274–275; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 327–328.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._934–935Grant268–269KienastEckHeil321–322-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._934–935Grant268–269KienastEckHeil321–322_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, pp. 934–935; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 268–269; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 321–322.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._293KienastEckHeil329-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._293KienastEckHeil329_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, p. 293; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, p. 329.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._904–905Grant270–273KienastEckHeil323–329ODB2050–2051-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._904–905Grant270–273KienastEckHeil323–329ODB2050–2051_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, pp. 904–905; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 270–273; <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck &amp; Heil</a>, pp. 323–329; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 2050–2051.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._99ODB173–174Grant276–281Croke199558-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._99ODB173–174Grant276–281Croke199558_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, p. 99; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 173–174; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 276–281; <a href="#CITEREFCroke1995">Croke 1995</a>, p. 58.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._442ODB946Grant282–285-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._442ODB946Grant282–285_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. I, p. 442; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 946; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 282–285.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._316–317Grant286–287-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._316–317Grant286–287_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 316–317; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 286–287.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_p._1100ODB2051–2052Grant288–291-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_p._1100ODB2051–2052Grant288–291_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, p. 1100; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 2051–2052; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 288–291.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._180–181-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._180–181_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 180–181.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._321–325Grant292–295-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._321–325Grant292–295_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 321–325; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 292–295.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._594–595Grant296–297-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._594–595Grant296–297_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 594–595; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 296–297.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1138–1139Grant298–304-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1138–1139Grant298–304_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 1138–1139; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 298–304.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._714–715ODB1296–1297Grant305–307-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._714–715ODB1296–1297Grant305–307_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 714–715; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1296–1297; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 305–307.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._749–751Grant315–316-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._749–751Grant315–316_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 749–751; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 315–316.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._196–198Grant310–311-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._196–198Grant310–311_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 196–198; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 310–311.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._702–703Grant315–316-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._702–703Grant315–316_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 702–703; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 315–316.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1004–1005Grant317–318-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1004–1005Grant317–318_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 1004–1005; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 317–318.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._96–98Grant319–321-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._96–98Grant319–321_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 96–98; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 319–321.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._796–798Grant322-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._796–798Grant322_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 796–798; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, p. 322.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._514,_777Grant323–324-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._514,_777Grant323–324_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 514, 777; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 323–324.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._777–778Grant325–326-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._777–778Grant325–326_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 777–778; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 325–326.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._949–950Grant332–334-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._949–950Grant332–334_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 949–950; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 332–334.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._663–664ODB1206–1207Grant312–314Croke2004569–572-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._663–664ODB1206–1207Grant312–314Croke2004569–572_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 663–664; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1206–1207; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 312–314; <a href="#CITEREFCroke2004">Croke 2004</a>, p. 569–572.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._664–665ODB1207–1208Croke2004563–575-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._664–665ODB1207–1208Croke2004563–575_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 664–665; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1207–1208; <a href="#CITEREFCroke2004">Croke 2004</a>, pp. 563–575.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 1200–1202; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2223; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 327–329; <a href="#CITEREFCroke2004">Croke 2004</a>, p. 572.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._212–214Grant330–331-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._212–214Grant330–331_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 212–214; <a href="#CITEREFGrant">Grant</a>, pp. 330–331.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._78–80ODB86–87-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._78–80ODB86–87_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 78–80; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 86–87.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._648–651ODB1082Grierson196245-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._648–651ODB1082Grierson196245_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 648–651; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1082; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, p. 45.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._645–648ODB1083–1084-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._645–648ODB1083–1084_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. II, pp. 645–648; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1083–1084.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_pp._754–756ODB1082–1083Grierson196247-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_pp._754–756ODB1082–1083Grierson196247_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. IIIA, pp. 754–756; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1082–1083; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1323–1326ODB2083–2084-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1323–1326ODB2083–2084_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. IIIB, pp. 1323–1326; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 2083–2084.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._855–860ODB1318-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._855–860ODB1318_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. IIIB, pp. 855–860; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1318.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1030–1032ODB1666-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1030–1032ODB1666_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. IIIB, pp. 1030–1032; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1666.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2003194-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2003194_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi2003">Kaegi 2003</a>, p. 194.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973177-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973177_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973177_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, p. 177.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._587ODB916–917Treadgold1997306,_308-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._587ODB916–917Treadgold1997306,_308_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. IIIA, p. 587; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 916–917; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 306, 308.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._349Grierson1973385Treadgold1997308ffKaegi2003112ff-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._349Grierson1973385Treadgold1997308ffKaegi2003112ff_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. IIIA, p. 349; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, p. 385; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 308ff; <a href="#CITEREFKaegi2003">Kaegi 2003</a>, p. 112ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoss2005">Foss 2005</a>, pp. 93–94.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB916–917Grierson196248Treadgold1997309-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB916–917Grierson196248Treadgold1997309_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 916–917; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 309.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._588ODB918Treadgold1990431–33-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._588ODB918Treadgold1990431–33_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol. IIIA, p. 588; <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 918; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1990">Treadgold 1990</a>, pp. 431–33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB496–497Grierson1968402-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB496–497Grierson1968402_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 496–497; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1968">Grierson 1968</a>, p. 402.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB500–501Grierson1968402,_512-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB500–501Grierson1968402,_512_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 500–501; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1968">Grierson 1968</a>, pp. 402, 512.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51Grierson1968568-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51Grierson1968568_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1084–1085; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, pp. 50–51; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1968">Grierson 1968</a>, p. 568.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1212–1213-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1212–1213_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1212–1213.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2084Grierson196251-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2084Grierson196251_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2084; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, p. 51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1084–1085; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, pp. 50–51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1654Grierson196251–52-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1654Grierson196251–52_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1654; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, pp. 51–52.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB87Grierson196252-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB87Grierson196252_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, p. 52.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2052-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2052_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2052.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1208–1209Treadgold1997356-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1208–1209Treadgold1997356_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1208–1209; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 356.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB501Treadgold1997366PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F18htm_Konstantinos_7]_(#3703)-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB501Treadgold1997366PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F18htm_Konstantinos_7]_(#3703)_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 501; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 366; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D43/F18.htm" rel="nofollow">Konstantinos 7</a> (#3703).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB192Treadgold1997356_(n._12,_p._939)Garland200610Schreiner85–86-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB192Treadgold1997356_(n._12,_p._939)Garland200610Schreiner85–86_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 192; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 356 (n. 12, p. 939); <a href="#CITEREFGarland2006">Garland 2006</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 85–86.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1209PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD48F19htm_Leo_4]_(#4243)-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1209PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD48F19htm_Leo_4]_(#4243)_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1209; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D48/F19.htm" rel="nofollow">Leo 4</a> (#4243).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB501–502Treadgold1997417–424PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F19htm_Konstantinos_8]_(#3704)-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB501–502Treadgold1997417–424PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F19htm_Konstantinos_8]_(#3704)_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 501–502; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 417–424; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D43/F19.htm" rel="nofollow">Konstantinos 8</a> (#3704).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009Grierson196255-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009Grierson196255_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1008–1009; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, p. 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1476–1477-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1476–1477_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1476–1477.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1945–1946Grierson196255Treadgold1997429-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1945–1946Grierson196255Treadgold1997429_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1945–1946; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 429.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1362Treadgold1997431–433-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1362Treadgold1997431–433_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1362; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 431–433.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1209–1210Treadgold1997431–433,_438-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1209–1210Treadgold1997431–433,_438_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1209–1210; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 431–433, 438.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB739,_2037-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB739,_2037_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 739, 2037.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1363Treadgold1997433–436,_438-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1363Treadgold1997433–436,_438_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1363; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 433–436, 438.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2066-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2066_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2066.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037–2038Treadgold1997438Garland1999102-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037–2038Treadgold1997438Garland1999102_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 2037–2038; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 438; <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 102.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1364Treadgold1997446–455PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD54F77htm_Michael_11]_(#4991)-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1364Treadgold1997446–455PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD54F77htm_Michael_11]_(#4991)_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1364; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 446–455; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D54/F77.htm" rel="nofollow">Michael 11</a> (#4991).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB260Treadgold1997461,_490Grierson1973473–476-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB260Treadgold1997461,_490Grierson1973473–476_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 260; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 461, 490; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, pp. 473–476.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1210–1211Treadgold1997458–462,_470,_491-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1210–1211Treadgold1997458–462,_470,_491_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1210–1211; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 458–462, 470, 491.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB56–57Treadgold1997471Grierson1973473–476-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB56–57Treadgold1997471Grierson1973473–476_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 56–57; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 471; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, p. 473–476.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB502–503Treadgold1997491-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB502–503Treadgold1997491_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 502–503; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 491.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1806Schreiner121–128-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1806Schreiner121–128_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1806; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, p. 121–128.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1806–1807Treadgold1997495–497PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ28988html_Romanos_II]_(#26834)-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1806–1807Treadgold1997495–497PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ28988html_Romanos_II]_(#26834)_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1806–1807; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 495–497; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ28988/html" rel="nofollow">Romanos II</a> (#26834).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1478–1479-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1478–1479_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1478–1479.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1045-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1045_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1045.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB261–262Grierson1973589,_599-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB261–262Grierson1973589,_599_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 261–262; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, pp. 589, 599.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB503Grierson196258-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB503Grierson196258_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 503; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, p. 58.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB503,_1807Grierson196259-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB503,_1807Grierson196259_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 503, 1807; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, p. 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1365Treadgold1997491-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1365Treadgold1997491_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1365; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 491.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1365–1366Treadgold1997491-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1365–1366Treadgold1997491_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1365–1366; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 491.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2228Treadgold1997590-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2228Treadgold1997590_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2228; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 590.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590_247-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590_247-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2038; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 491, 590.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973180-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1973180_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, p. 180.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB504-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB504_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 504.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1366Treadgold1997597Schreiner149–150-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1366Treadgold1997597Schreiner149–150_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1366; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 597; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 149–150.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1011–2Schreiner151–2Grierson1973759–760-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1011–2Schreiner151–2Grierson1973759–760_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1011–2; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 151–2; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, pp. 759–760.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB504–505Schreiner151–152Grierson1973764-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB504–505Schreiner151–152Grierson1973764_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 504–505; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 151–152; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, p. 764.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB739–740Treadgold1997608Grierson1973779–780-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB739–740Treadgold1997608Grierson1973779–780_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 739–740; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 608; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, pp. 779–780.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpspbw2016kdlkclacukperson156691_Leon_15005.]-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpspbw2016kdlkclacukperson156691_Leon_15005.]_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/156691/" rel="nofollow">Leon 15005.</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1807Treadgold1997601–604,_608Schreiner156-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1807Treadgold1997601–604,_608Schreiner156_257-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1807; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 601–604, 608; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, p. 156.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1366–1367Schreiner157–159Norwich1993361-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1366–1367Schreiner157–159Norwich1993361_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1366–1367; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, p. 157–159; <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1993">Norwich 1993</a>, p. 361.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1479Schreiner158–159Grierson1973798–799,_821Maynard2021-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1479Schreiner158–159Grierson1973798–799,_821Maynard2021_259-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1479; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, p. 158–159; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson 1973</a>, p. 798–799, 821; <a href="#CITEREFMaynard2021">Maynard 2021</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB63Schreiner159–164-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB63Schreiner159–164_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 63; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, p. 159–164.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1046–1047Treadgold1997628–637BucossiRodriguez_Suarez201616-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1046–1047Treadgold1997628–637BucossiRodriguez_Suarez201616_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1046–1047; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 628–637; <a href="#CITEREFBucossiRodriguez_Suarez2016">Bucossi &amp; Rodriguez Suarez 2016</a>, p. 16.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1289–1290Treadgold1997636,_638–650-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1289–1290Treadgold1997636,_638–650_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1289–1290; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 636, 638–650.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB64,_1289Treadgold1997650–653Schreiner176-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB64,_1289Treadgold1997650–653Schreiner176_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 64, 1289; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 650–653; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, p. 176.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB64,_94,_1012Treadgold1997653–656Lascaratos199973-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB64,_94,_1012Treadgold1997653–656Lascaratos199973_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 64, 94, 1012; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 653–656; <a href="#CITEREFLascaratos1999">Lascaratos 1999</a>, p. 73.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195_266-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195_266-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1012; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 654–660; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 183–185; <a href="#CITEREFMacrides1999">Macrides 1999</a>, VI: p. 75, X: p. 514, XII: p. 195.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECotsonis2020260–261-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotsonis2020260–261_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCotsonis2020">Cotsonis 2020</a>, pp. 260–261.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB64–65Treadgold1997659–664Schreiner183–185-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB64–65Treadgold1997659–664Schreiner183–185_269-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 64–65; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 659–664; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 183–185.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB65–66Schreiner183–185-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB65–66Schreiner183–185_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 65–66; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 183–185.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB66Treadgold1997265–266,_665Schreiner185–186-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB66Treadgold1997265–266,_665Schreiner185–186_271-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 265–266, 665; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 185–186.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2039–2040Angelov201918Dragon2003275-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2039–2040Angelov201918Dragon2003275_272-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 2039–2040; <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2019">Angelov 2019</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFDragon2003">Dragon 2003</a>, p. 275.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1047–1048Angelov2019256-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1047–1048Angelov2019256_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1047–1048; <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2019">Angelov 2019</a>, p. 256.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2040–2041Treadgold1997731Angelov201961,_258,_325-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2040–2041Treadgold1997731Angelov201961,_258,_325_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 2040–2041; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 731; <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2019">Angelov 2019</a>, p. 61, 258, 325.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1048–1049Macrides2013303Angelov2019305PLP2663_(#14534)-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1048–1049Macrides2013303Angelov2019305PLP2663_(#14534)_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1048–1049; <a href="#CITEREFMacrides2013">Macrides 2013</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2019">Angelov 2019</a>, p. 305; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 2663 (#14534).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1367Treadgold1997745Schreiner196–206PLP3929_(#21528)-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1367Treadgold1997745Schreiner196–206PLP3929_(#21528)_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1367; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 745; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 196–206; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3929 (#21528).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB94–95Angelov2009100PLP3889_(#21436)-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB94–95Angelov2009100PLP3889_(#21436)_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 94–95; <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2009">Angelov 2009</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3889 (#21436).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1367–8Treadgold1997755Angelov2009100PLP3931_(#21529)-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1367–8Treadgold1997755Angelov2009100PLP3931_(#21529)_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1367–8; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 755; <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2009">Angelov 2009</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3931 (#21529).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB95Treadgold1997764LascaratosMarketos1997106–9PLP3891_(#21437)-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB95Treadgold1997764LascaratosMarketos1997106–9PLP3891_(#21437)_279-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 95; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 764; <a href="#CITEREFLascaratosMarketos1997">Lascaratos &amp; Marketos 1997</a>, pp. 106–9; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3891 (#21437).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1050Schreiner253,_345PLP3912_(#21485)-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1050Schreiner253,_345PLP3912_(#21485)_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1050; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 253, 345; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3912 (#21485).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1050–1051Schreiner252–288PLP2046_(#10973)Feiller1976-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1050–1051Schreiner252–288PLP2046_(#10973)Feiller1976_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1050–1051; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 252–288; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 2046 (#10973); <a href="#CITEREFFeiller1976">Feiller 1976</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB95Mladenov2003190Schreiner312–321PLP3893_(#21438)-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB95Mladenov2003190Schreiner312–321PLP3893_(#21438)_282-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 95; <a href="#CITEREFMladenov2003">Mladenov 2003</a>, p. 190; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 312–321; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3893 (#21438).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1052Oikonomides1977331Schreiner340–343PLP3908_(#21480)-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1052Oikonomides1977331Schreiner340–343PLP3908_(#21480)_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1052; <a href="#CITEREFOikonomides1977">Oikonomides 1977</a>, p. 331; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 340–343; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3908 (#21480).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1291Schreiner276,_309,_429PLP3923_(#21513)-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1291Schreiner276,_309,_429PLP3923_(#21513)_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1291; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 276, 309, 429; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3923 (#21513).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1053–1054Schreiner340,_387–411PLP3909_(#21481)-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1053–1054Schreiner340,_387–411PLP3909_(#21481)_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1053–1054; <a href="#CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner</a>, pp. 340, 387–411; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3909 (#21481).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB505Nicol19922,_35–38,_70PLP3919_(#21500)-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB505Nicol19922,_35–38,_70PLP3919_(#21500)_286-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 505; <a href="#CITEREFNicol1992">Nicol 1992</a>, pp. 2, 35–38, 70; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 3919 (#21500).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB413-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB413_287-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 413.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1047; <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, p. 2326 (#12106).</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAngelov2009">Angelov, Dimiter G. (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnzbBwkDaeMC&amp;pg=PA100" rel="nofollow">"Emperors and Patriarchs as Ideal Children and Adolescents: Literary Conventions and Cultural Expectations"</a>. In Papaconstantinou, Arietta; <a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Talbot" title="Alice-Mary Talbot">Talbot, Alice-Mary</a> (eds.). <i>Becoming Byzantine: Children and Childhood in Byzantium</i>. Dumbarton Oaks. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8840-2356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8840-2356-2"><bdi>978-0-8840-2356-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Emperors+and+Patriarchs+as+Ideal+Children+and+Adolescents%3A+Literary+Conventions+and+Cultural+Expectations&amp;rft.btitle=Becoming+Byzantine%3A+Children+and+Childhood+in+Byzantium&amp;rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8840-2356-2&amp;rft.aulast=Angelov&amp;rft.aufirst=Dimiter+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYnzbBwkDaeMC%26pg%3DPA100&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAngelov2019">Angelov, Dimiter (2019). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=md9KvAEACAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>The Byzantine Hellene: The Life of Emperor Theodore Laskaris and Byzantium in the Thirteenth Century</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1084-8071-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1084-8071-0"><bdi>978-1-1084-8071-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Hellene%3A+The+Life+of+Emperor+Theodore+Laskaris+and+Byzantium+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-1084-8071-0&amp;rft.aulast=Angelov&amp;rft.aufirst=Dimiter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmd9KvAEACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFArnoldBjornlieSessa2016">Arnold, Jonathan J.; Bjornlie, M. Shane; Sessa, Kristina (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004315938/B9789004315938_002.xml" rel="nofollow">"Introduction"</a>. In Arnold, Jonathan J.; Bjornlie, M. Shane; Sessa, Kristina (eds.). <a class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/31823" rel="nofollow"><i>A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy</i></a>. Leiden: BRILL. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-1376-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-1376-7"><bdi>978-9-0043-1376-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ostrogothic+Italy&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-9-0043-1376-7&amp;rft.aulast=Arnold&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+J.&amp;rft.au=Bjornlie%2C+M.+Shane&amp;rft.au=Sessa%2C+Kristina&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004315938%2FB9789004315938_002.xml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBarnes"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Barnes, Timothy D.</a> (1982). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3poAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine</i></a>. Harvard: Harvard University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6742-8066-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-6742-8066-0"><bdi>0-6742-8066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Empire+of+Diocletian+and+Constantine&amp;rft.place=Harvard&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=0-6742-8066-0&amp;rft.aulast=Barnes&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3poAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBecker1913"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Becker" title="Carl Heinrich Becker">Becker, C. H.</a> (1913). "The Expansion of the Saracens—The East". In Gwatkin, H. M.; Whitney, J. P. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume II: The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14739796" rel="nofollow">14739796</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Expansion+of+the+Saracens%E2%80%94The+East&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+II%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Saracens+and+the+Foundation+of+the+Western+Empire&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14739796&amp;rft.aulast=Becker&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBucossiRodriguez_Suarez2016">Bucossi, Alessandra; Rodriguez Suarez, Alex, eds. (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scJJDAAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-6024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-6024-0"><bdi>978-1-4724-6024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=John+II+Komnenos%2C+Emperor+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4724-6024-0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DscJJDAAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBurgess2023">Burgess, Richard W. (2023). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s-_tEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1" rel="nofollow">"Cutting the ‹Herculian› Knot: When Did Maximian Become Caesar and Augustus?"</a>. In Schuler; Haensch; Killen (eds.). <i>Chiron 53</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a> GmbH &amp; Co KG. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>39. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34780%2F74h5-hc1b" rel="nofollow">10.34780/74h5-hc1b</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-125249-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-125249-0"><bdi>978-3-11-125249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Cutting+the+%E2%80%B9Herculian%E2%80%BA+Knot%3A+When+Did+Maximian+Become+Caesar+and+Augustus%3F&amp;rft.btitle=Chiron+53&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34780%2F74h5-hc1b&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-125249-0&amp;rft.aulast=Burgess&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds-_tEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess, Richard W. (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.steiner-verlag.de/en/Roman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography/9783515107327" rel="nofollow"><i>Roman imperial chronology and early-fourth-century historiography</i></a>. Historia Einzelschriften. Stuttgart: Steiner. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-10732-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-10732-7"><bdi>978-3-515-10732-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Roman+imperial+chronology+and+early-fourth-century+historiography&amp;rft.place=Stuttgart&amp;rft.series=Historia+Einzelschriften&amp;rft.pub=Steiner&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-515-10732-7&amp;rft.aulast=Burgess&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steiner-verlag.de%2Fen%2FRoman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography%2F9783515107327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCameron1988">Cameron, Alan (1988). "Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol". <i>Latomus</i>. <b>47</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>33. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754" rel="nofollow">41540754</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Latomus&amp;rft.atitle=Flavius%3A+a+Nicety+of+Protocol&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Cameron&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChalandon1923"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Chalandon" title="Ferdinand Chalandon">Chalandon, Ferdinand</a> (1923). "The Earlier Comneni". In Tanner, J. R.; Previté-Orton, C. W.; Brooke, Z. N. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453)</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14739796" rel="nofollow">14739796</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Earlier+Comneni&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+IV%3A+The+Eastern+Roman+Empire+%28717%E2%80%931453%29&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&amp;rft.date=1923&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14739796&amp;rft.aulast=Chalandon&amp;rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFClaes2015">Claes, Liesbeth (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2865541/view" rel="nofollow">"Coins with power?: imperial and local messages on the coinage of the usurpers of the second half of the third century"</a>. <i>Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde</i>. <b>102</b>: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>60. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948592865" rel="nofollow">948592865</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Jaarboek+voor+Munt-+en+Penningkunde&amp;rft.atitle=Coins+with+power%3F%3A+imperial+and+local+messages+on+the+coinage+of+the+usurpers+of+the+second+half+of+the+third+century&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948592865&amp;rft.aulast=Claes&amp;rft.aufirst=Liesbeth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2865541%2Fview&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFÇolak2014">Çolak, Hasan (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004283510/B9789004283510_003.xml" rel="nofollow">"<i>Tekfur</i>, <i>fasiliyus</i> and <i>kayser</i>: Disdain, Negligence and Appropriation of Byzantine Imperial Titulature in the Ottoman World"</a>. In Hadjianastasis, Marios (ed.). <i>Frontiers of the Ottoman Imagination</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0042-8351-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0042-8351-0"><bdi>978-9-0042-8351-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Tekfur%2C+fasiliyus+and+kayser%3A+Disdain%2C+Negligence+and+Appropriation+of+Byzantine+Imperial+Titulature+in+the+Ottoman+World&amp;rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+the+Ottoman+Imagination&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-9-0042-8351-0&amp;rft.aulast=%C3%87olak&amp;rft.aufirst=Hasan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004283510%2FB9789004283510_003.xml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCollins2004"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins, Roger</a> (2004). <i>Visigothic Spain, 409–711</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-8185-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-8185-9"><bdi>978-0-6311-8185-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Visigothic+Spain%2C+409%E2%80%93711&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-6311-8185-9&amp;rft.aulast=Collins&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCooley2012"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. Cooley">Cooley, Alison E.</a> (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlghAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA488" rel="nofollow">"Appendix 2; Augustus−Justinian"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">488–</span>509. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-4026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-4026-2"><bdi>978-0-5218-4026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Appendix+2%3B+Augustus%E2%88%92Justinian&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Manual+of+Latin+Epigraphy&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E488-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5218-4026-2&amp;rft.aulast=Cooley&amp;rft.aufirst=Alison+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlghAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA488&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCotsonis2020">Cotsonis, John A. (2020). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCrXDwAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>The Religious Figural Imagery of Byzantine Lead Seals I</i></a>. Oxford: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3673-4696-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3673-4696-6"><bdi>978-0-3673-4696-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Religious+Figural+Imagery+of+Byzantine+Lead+Seals+I&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-3673-4696-6&amp;rft.aulast=Cotsonis&amp;rft.aufirst=John+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCrXDwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCroke1995">Croke, Brian (1995). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNMuDwAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>The Chronicle of Marcellinus: A translation with commentary</i></a>. London: Brill. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-4463-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-4463-1"><bdi>978-9-0043-4463-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Marcellinus%3A+A+translation+with+commentary&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-9-0043-4463-1&amp;rft.aulast=Croke&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNMuDwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCroke2004">Croke, Brian (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/BYZS.2003.559/html" rel="nofollow">"The Imperial Reigns of Leo II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantinische_Zeitschrift" title="Byzantinische Zeitschrift">Byzantinische Zeitschrift</a></i>. <b>96</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">559–</span>575. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FBYZS.2003.559" rel="nofollow">10.1515/BYZS.2003.559</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191460505" rel="nofollow">191460505</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Byzantinische+Zeitschrift&amp;rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Reigns+of+Leo+II&amp;rft.volume=96&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E559-%3C%2Fspan%3E575&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FBYZS.2003.559&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191460505%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Croke&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2FBYZS.2003.559%2Fhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDragon2003">Dragon, Gilbert (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCnN4yAojagC" rel="nofollow"><i>Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0123-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0123-2"><bdi>978-0-5218-0123-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Emperor+and+Priest%3A+The+Imperial+Office+in+Byzantium&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5218-0123-2&amp;rft.aulast=Dragon&amp;rft.aufirst=Gilbert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCnN4yAojagC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFElton1825"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abraham_Elton" title="Charles Abraham Elton">Elton, Charles A.</a> (1825). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pX4LAAAAYAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>A History of the Roman Emperors</i></a>. Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+Emperors&amp;rft.pub=Baldwin%2C+Cradock+and+Joy&amp;rft.date=1825&amp;rft.aulast=Elton&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpX4LAAAAYAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFEstiot1996">Estiot, Sylviane (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1996_num_6_151_2087" rel="nofollow">"L'empereur Silbannacus, un second antoninien"</a> [Emperor Silbannacus, a second Antoninianus]. <i>Revue numismatique</i> (in French). <b>6</b> (151): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>117. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fnumi.1996.2087" rel="nofollow">10.3406/numi.1996.2087</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Revue+numismatique&amp;rft.atitle=L%27empereur+Silbannacus%2C+un+second+antoninien&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=151&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fnumi.1996.2087&amp;rft.aulast=Estiot&amp;rft.aufirst=Sylviane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fnumi_0484-8942_1996_num_6_151_2087&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFeiller1976">Feiller, Albert (1976). <a class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1976_num_34_1_2046" rel="nofollow">"Nouvelle note sur la chronologie du règne de Jean Cantacuzène"</a> [New note on the chronology of the reign of John Kantakouzenos]. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_byzantines" title="Études byzantines">Études byzantines</a></i>. <b>34</b>: <span class="nowrap">119–</span>124. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frebyz.1976.2046" rel="nofollow">10.3406/rebyz.1976.2046</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+byzantines&amp;rft.atitle=Nouvelle+note+sur+la+chronologie+du+r%C3%A8gne+de+Jean+Cantacuz%C3%A8ne&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frebyz.1976.2046&amp;rft.aulast=Feiller&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frebyz_0766-5598_1976_num_34_1_2046&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFoss2005">Foss, Clive (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_2005_num_6_161_2594" rel="nofollow">"Emperors named Constantine"</a>. <i>Revue numismatique</i>. <b>6</b> (161): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>102. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fnumi.2005.2594" rel="nofollow">10.3406/numi.2005.2594</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Revue+numismatique&amp;rft.atitle=Emperors+named+Constantine&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=161&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fnumi.2005.2594&amp;rft.aulast=Foss&amp;rft.aufirst=Clive&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fnumi_0484-8942_2005_num_6_161_2594&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGarland1999"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a> (1999). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5GFAgAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4151-4688-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-4151-4688-7"><bdi>0-4151-4688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Byzantine+Empresses%3A+Women+and+Power+in+Byzantium+AD+527%E2%80%931204&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-4151-4688-7&amp;rft.aulast=Garland&amp;rft.aufirst=Lynda&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5GFAgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGarland2006"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a> (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4eMlP3nV4YC" rel="nofollow"><i>Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800–1200</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5737-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5737-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-5737-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Byzantine+Women%3A+Varieties+of+Experience+800%E2%80%931200&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5737-8&amp;rft.aulast=Garland&amp;rft.aufirst=Lynda&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4eMlP3nV4YC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrant"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a> (1985). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanemperorsbio0000gran" rel="nofollow"><i>The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome, 31 BC–AD 476</i></a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6841-8388-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-6841-8388-9"><bdi>0-6841-8388-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Roman+Emperors%3A+A+Biographical+Guide+to+the+Rulers+of+Imperial+Rome%2C+31+BC%E2%80%93AD+476&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=0-6841-8388-9&amp;rft.aulast=Grant&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanemperorsbio0000gran&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrant1998"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a> (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXPakQJ6BLgC" rel="nofollow"><i>From Rome to Byzantium: The Fifth Century</i></a>. New York: Psychology Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-4753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-4753-8"><bdi>978-0-4151-4753-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Rome+to+Byzantium%3A+The+Fifth+Century&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-4151-4753-8&amp;rft.aulast=Grant&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXPakQJ6BLgC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009">Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2009). <i>How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-3719-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-3719-4"><bdi>978-0-3001-3719-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+Death+of+a+Superpower&amp;rft.place=New+Haven&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-3001-3719-4&amp;rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&amp;rft.aufirst=Adrian+Keith&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGrierson1962"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Grierson" title="Philip Grierson">Grierson, Philip</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SevcenkoStudies19611992/page/n23/mode/2up" rel="nofollow">"The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors (337–1042)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers" title="Dumbarton Oaks Papers">Dumbarton Oaks Papers</a></i>. <b>16</b>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291157" rel="nofollow">10.2307/1291157</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291157" rel="nofollow">1291157</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&amp;rft.atitle=The+Tombs+and+Obits+of+the+Byzantine+Emperors+%28337%E2%80%931042%29&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291157&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291157%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Grierson&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSevcenkoStudies19611992%2Fpage%2Fn23%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrierson1968">Grierson, Philip (1968). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIbav7CP4P4C" rel="nofollow"><i>Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8840-2024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8840-2024-0"><bdi>978-0-8840-2024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Byzantine+Coins+in+the+Dumbarton+Oaks+Collection+and+in+the+Whittemore+Collection&amp;rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8840-2024-0&amp;rft.aulast=Grierson&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIbav7CP4P4C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrierson1973">Grierson, Philip (1973). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/docoins-3" rel="nofollow"><i>Catalogue of Byzantine Coins, vol. 3: Leo III to Nicephorus III, 717-1081</i></a>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8840-2012-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8840-2012-6"><bdi>0-8840-2012-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Byzantine+Coins%2C+vol.+3%3A+Leo+III+to+Nicephorus+III%2C+717-1081&amp;rft.place=Washington+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=0-8840-2012-6&amp;rft.aulast=Grierson&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdocoins-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHalsall2018">Halsall, Guy (2018). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFqXDwAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow">"Transformations of Romanness: The northern Gallic case"</a>. In Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Grifoni, Cinzia; Pollheimer-Mohaupt, Marianne (eds.). <i>Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-1105-9838-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-1105-9838-4"><bdi>978-3-1105-9838-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Transformations+of+Romanness%3A+The+northern+Gallic+case&amp;rft.btitle=Transformations+of+Romanness%3A+Early+Medieval+Regions+and+Identities&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=De+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-1105-9838-4&amp;rft.aulast=Halsall&amp;rft.aufirst=Guy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFqXDwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHammond"><a href="/wiki/Mason_Hammond" title="Mason Hammond">Hammond, Mason</a> (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". <i>Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome</i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>64. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4238646" rel="nofollow">10.2307/4238646</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238646" rel="nofollow">4238646</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&amp;rft.atitle=Imperial+Elements+in+the+Formula+of+the+Roman+Emperors+during+the+First+Two+and+a+Half+Centuries+of+the+Empire&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&amp;rft.date=1957&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4238646&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Hammond&amp;rft.aufirst=Mason&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHartmann1913"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Moritz_Hartmann" title="Ludo Moritz Hartmann">Hartmann, L. M.</a> (1913). "Italy under the Lombards". In Gwatkin, H. M.; Whitney, J. P. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume II: The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14739796" rel="nofollow">14739796</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Italy+under+the+Lombards&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+II%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Saracens+and+the+Foundation+of+the+Western+Empire&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14739796&amp;rft.aulast=Hartmann&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFHartmann2002">Hartmann, Udo (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-3460" rel="nofollow"><i>Rezension zu: C. Körner: Philippus Arabs</i></a> [<i>Review of C. Körner: Philip the Arab</i>]. H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften (in German). Walter de Gruyter. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-1101-7205-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-1101-7205-4"><bdi>3-1101-7205-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rezension+zu%3A+C.+K%C3%B6rner%3A+Philippus+Arabs&amp;rft.series=H-Soz-Kult.+Kommunikation+und+Fachinformation+f%C3%BCr+die+Geschichtswissenschaften&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=3-1101-7205-4&amp;rft.aulast=Hartmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Udo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsozkult.de%2Fpublicationreview%2Fid%2Freb-3460&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHekster2008">Hekster, Olivier (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COCqBgAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Rome and Its Empire: AD 193–284</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2304-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2304-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-2304-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rome+and+Its+Empire%3A+AD+193%E2%80%93284&amp;rft.place=Edinburgh&amp;rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2304-4&amp;rft.aulast=Hekster&amp;rft.aufirst=Olivier&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOCqBgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPLRE"><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A. H. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">Martindale, J. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, John</a>, eds. (1971–1992). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire" rel="nofollow"><i>Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1971%2F1992&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(see <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire"><b>PLRE</b></a>)</span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKaegi2003">Kaegi, Walter E. (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC" rel="nofollow"><i>Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5218-1459-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-5218-1459-6"><bdi>0-5218-1459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Heraclius%2C+Emperor+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-5218-1459-6&amp;rft.aulast=Kaegi&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtlNlFZ_7UhoC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFODB"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521" rel="nofollow"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-4652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-4652-6"><bdi>978-0-1950-4652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1950-4652-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodb_20210521&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(see <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"><b>ODB</b></a>)</span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Dietmar; <a href="/wiki/Werner_Eck" title="Werner Eck">Werner Eck</a> &amp; Matthäus Heil (2017) [1990]. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romische-kaisertabelle" rel="nofollow"><i>Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie</i></a> [<i>Roman imperial table: Basics of the Roman imperial chronology</i>] (in German) (6th ed.). Darmstadt: <a href="/wiki/Wissenschaftliche_Buchgesellschaft" title="Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft">WBG</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-5342-6724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-5342-6724-8"><bdi>978-3-5342-6724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Kaisertabelle%3A+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserchronologie&amp;rft.place=Darmstadt&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.pub=WBG&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-5342-6724-8&amp;rft.aulast=Kienast&amp;rft.aufirst=Dietmar&amp;rft.au=Werner+Eck&amp;rft.au=Matth%C3%A4us+Heil&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromische-kaisertabelle&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFLascaratosMarketos1997">Lascaratos, J.; Marketos, S. (1997), "The fatal disease of the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus (1328-1341 A.D.)", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Medicine" title="Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine">Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</a></i>, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>109, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107689709000215" rel="nofollow">10.1177/014107689709000215</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1296151" rel="nofollow">1296151</a></span>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9068444" rel="nofollow">9068444</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=The+fatal+disease+of+the+Byzantine+Emperor+Andronicus+III+Palaeologus+%281328-1341+A.D.%29&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1296151%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9068444&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107689709000215&amp;rft.aulast=Lascaratos&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Marketos%2C+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLascaratos1999">Lascaratos, J. (1999). <a class="external text" href="https://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/S0039-6257(99)00039-9/abstract" rel="nofollow">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Eyes" on the Thrones: Imperial Ophthalmologic Nicknames"</a>. <i>Survey of Ophthalmology</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>78. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-6257%2899%2900039-9" rel="nofollow">10.1016/S0039-6257(99)00039-9</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6257" rel="nofollow">0039-6257</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10466590" rel="nofollow">10466590</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Survey+of+Ophthalmology&amp;rft.atitle=%22Eyes%22+on+the+Thrones%3A+Imperial+Ophthalmologic+Nicknames&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.issn=0039-6257&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10466590&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0039-6257%2899%2900039-9&amp;rft.aulast=Lascaratos&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surveyophthalmol.com%2Farticle%2FS0039-6257%2899%2900039-9%2Fabstract&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLawler2004">Lawler, Jennifer (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire</i></a>. Jefferson: McFarland. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6616-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-6616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&amp;rft.place=Jefferson&amp;rft.pub=McFarland&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6616-0&amp;rft.aulast=Lawler&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEWeCQAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPmbZ"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a>; et al. (2001–2016). <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Byzantine_World" title="Prosopography of the Byzantine World">Prosopography of the Byzantine World</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Byzantine+World&amp;rft.date=2001%2F2016&amp;rft.aulast=Lilie&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLogan2012">Logan, F. Donald (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ulp9cTtmHEC" rel="nofollow"><i>A History of the Church in the Middle Ages</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1347-8669-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1347-8669-5"><bdi>978-1-1347-8669-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church+in+the+Middle+Ages&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-1347-8669-5&amp;rft.aulast=Logan&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+Donald&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Ulp9cTtmHEC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLoewenstein1973">Loewenstein, Karl (1973). <i>The Governance of Rome</i>. The Hague: <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0247-1458-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0247-1458-2"><bdi>978-9-0247-1458-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Governance+of+Rome&amp;rft.place=The+Hague&amp;rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=978-9-0247-1458-2&amp;rft.aulast=Loewenstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMacrides2013"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Macrides" title="Ruth Macrides">Macrides, Ruth</a> (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9UYDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT303" rel="nofollow"><i>Pseudo-Kodinos and the Constantinopolitan Court</i></a>. Ashgate. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6752-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6752-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-6752-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pseudo-Kodinos+and+the+Constantinopolitan+Court&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6752-0&amp;rft.aulast=Macrides&amp;rft.aufirst=Ruth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9UYDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT303&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMacrides1999">Macrides, Ruth (1999). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnaRAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Kinship and Justice in Byzantium, 11th–15th Centuries</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8607-8799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8607-8799-0"><bdi>978-0-8607-8799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kinship+and+Justice+in+Byzantium%2C+11th%E2%80%9315th+Centuries&amp;rft.place=Aldershot&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8607-8799-0&amp;rft.aulast=Macrides&amp;rft.aufirst=Ruth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnaRAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMango2002">Mango, Cyril (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ82psJ2pLEC" rel="nofollow"><i>The Oxford History of Byzantium</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1981-4098-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-1981-4098-3"><bdi>0-1981-4098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-1981-4098-3&amp;rft.aulast=Mango&amp;rft.aufirst=Cyril&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZ82psJ2pLEC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMathisen1997"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_W._Mathisen" title="Ralph W. Mathisen">Mathisen, Ralph W.</a> (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318172614/http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggiero.htm" rel="nofollow">"Romulus Augustulus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggiero.htm" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2022-03-18.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&amp;rft.atitle=Romulus+Augustulus&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=Mathisen&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fauggiero.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMaynard2021">Maynard, Daniel R.F. (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311020416/https://www.roman-emperors.org/nickiii.htm" rel="nofollow">"Nicephorus III"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.roman-emperors.org/nickiii.htm" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2022-03-11.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&amp;rft.atitle=Nicephorus+III&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.aulast=Maynard&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fnickiii.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMeijer2004"><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Meijer, Fik</a> (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uN_AgAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Emperors Don't Die in Bed</i></a>. Translated by Leinbach, S. J. London: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4153-1201-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-4153-1201-9"><bdi>0-4153-1201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Emperors+Don%27t+Die+in+Bed&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-4153-1201-9&amp;rft.aulast=Meijer&amp;rft.aufirst=Fik&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uN_AgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMosshammer2008">Mosshammer, Alden (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0umDqPOf2L8C" rel="nofollow"><i>The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1915-6236-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1915-6236-5"><bdi>978-0-1915-6236-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Easter+Computus+and+the+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1915-6236-5&amp;rft.aulast=Mosshammer&amp;rft.aufirst=Alden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0umDqPOf2L8C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFMladenov2003">Mladenov, Momchil (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://journals.uni-vt.bg/epohi/eng/vol11/iss1/19" rel="nofollow">"John VII Palaiologos and the Bulgarian Lands in 1390"</a>. <i>Journal Epohi</i> (in Bulgarian). <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>196. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2534-8418" rel="nofollow">2534-8418</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+Epohi&amp;rft.atitle=John+VII+Palaiologos+and+the+Bulgarian+Lands+in+1390&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.issn=2534-8418&amp;rft.aulast=Mladenov&amp;rft.aufirst=Momchil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uni-vt.bg%2Fepohi%2Feng%2Fvol11%2Fiss1%2F19&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNicol1967"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1967). "The Byzantine View of Western Europe". <i>Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">315–</span>339.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman+and+Byzantine+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+Byzantine+View+of+Western+Europe&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.aulast=Nicol&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNicol1992"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1992). <i>The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58369-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58369-8"><bdi>978-0-511-58369-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Immortal+Emperor%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Constantine+Palaiologos%2C+Last+Emperor+of+the+Romans&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-511-58369-8&amp;rft.aulast=Nicol&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNorwich1993"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1993). <i>Byzantium: The Apogee</i>. Virginia: Penguin. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1401-1448-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-1401-1448-3"><bdi>0-1401-1448-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Apogee&amp;rft.place=Virginia&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=0-1401-1448-3&amp;rft.aulast=Norwich&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Julius&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFOikonomides1977">Oikonomides, Nicolas (1977). "John VII Palaeologus and the Ivory Pyxis at Dumbarton Oaks". <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>. <b>31</b>: <span class="nowrap">329–</span>337. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291411" rel="nofollow">10.2307/1291411</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291411" rel="nofollow">1291411</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&amp;rft.atitle=John+VII+Palaeologus+and+the+Ivory+Pyxis+at+Dumbarton+Oaks&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E337&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291411&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291411%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Oikonomides&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicolas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFOmissi2018">Omissi, Adrastos (2018). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWliDwAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-2482-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-2482-4"><bdi>978-0-1988-2482-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Emperors+and+Usurpers+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1988-2482-4&amp;rft.aulast=Omissi&amp;rft.aufirst=Adrastos&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWliDwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPeachin1990">Peachin, Michael (1990). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ritac235" rel="nofollow"><i>Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284</i></a>. Amsterdam: Gieben. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-0506-3034-0" title="Special:BookSources/9-0506-3034-0"><bdi>9-0506-3034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Roman+Imperial+Titulature+and+Chronology%2C+A.D.+235%E2%80%93284&amp;rft.place=Amsterdam&amp;rft.pub=Gieben&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=9-0506-3034-0&amp;rft.aulast=Peachin&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fritac235&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFRea1972">Rea, J. R. (1972). "O. Leid. 144 and the Chronology of A. D. 238". <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20180380" rel="nofollow">20180380</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&amp;rft.atitle=O.+Leid.+144+and+the+Chronology+of+A.+D.+238&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20180380%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Rea&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRichardson1984">Richardson, John (1984). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKoTAQAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Roman Provincial Administration</i></a>. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8629-2128-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8629-2128-6"><bdi>978-0-8629-2128-6</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1067756325" rel="nofollow">1067756325</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Roman+Provincial+Administration&amp;rft.place=Bristol&amp;rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1067756325&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8629-2128-6&amp;rft.aulast=Richardson&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKoTAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSandberg2008">Sandberg, Kaj (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/85853" rel="nofollow">"The So-Called Division of the Roman Empire in AD 395: Notes on a Persistent Theme in Modern Historiography"</a>. <i>Arctos</i>. <b>42</b>: <span class="nowrap">199–</span>213. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0570-734X" rel="nofollow">0570-734X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Arctos&amp;rft.atitle=The+So-Called+Division+of+the+Roman+Empire+in+AD+395%3A+Notes+on+a+Persistent+Theme+in+Modern+Historiography&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.issn=0570-734-X&amp;rft.aulast=Sandberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Kaj&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Farctos%2Farticle%2Fview%2F85853&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSalway1994"><a href="/wiki/Benet_Salway" title="Benet Salway">Salway, Benet</a> (1994). "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700". <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Studies" title="Journal of Roman Studies">Journal of Roman Studies</a></i>. <b>84</b>: <span class="nowrap">137–</span>140. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F300873" rel="nofollow">10.2307/300873</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/300873" rel="nofollow">300873</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162435434" rel="nofollow">162435434</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+A+Survey+of+Roman+Onomastic+Practice+from+c.+700+B.C.+to+A.D.+700&amp;rft.volume=84&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162435434%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F300873%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F300873&amp;rft.aulast=Salway&amp;rft.aufirst=Benet&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFSchreiner">Schreiner, Peter (1977). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kleinchroniken2" rel="nofollow"><i>Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken II: Historischer Kommentar</i></a> [<i>Byzantine small chronicles 2: Historical commentary</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Fontium_Historiae_Byzantinae" title="Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae">CFHB</a> (in German). Vienna: <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/%C3%96AW" title="ÖAW">ÖAW</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0206-9"><bdi>978-3-7001-0206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Die+byzantinischen+Kleinchroniken+II%3A+Historischer+Kommentar&amp;rft.place=Vienna&amp;rft.series=CFHB&amp;rft.pub=%C3%96AW&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-7001-0206-9&amp;rft.aulast=Schreiner&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkleinchroniken2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFSeibt2018">Seibt, Werner (2018). <a class="external text" href="http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa5576%200x00390f8b.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Wer war Niketas Nobellisimos und Komes von Opsikion (8. Jahrhundert)?"</a> [Who was Niketas Nobellisimos and Komes of Opsikion (8th century)?] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik</i> (in German). <b>67</b>: <span class="nowrap">213–</span>216. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1553%2Fjoeb67s213" rel="nofollow">10.1553/joeb67s213</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Jahrbuch+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Byzantinistik&amp;rft.atitle=Wer+war+Niketas+Nobellisimos+und+Komes+von+Opsikion+%288.+Jahrhundert%29%3F&amp;rft.volume=67&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1553%2Fjoeb67s213&amp;rft.aulast=Seibt&amp;rft.aufirst=Werner&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustriaca.at%2F0xc1aa5576%25200x00390f8b.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFShiel1979">Shiel, Norman (1979). "The Coinage of Saloninus as Augustus". <i>Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society)</i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">117–</span>122. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43573579" rel="nofollow">43573579</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+Notes+%28American+Numismatic+Society%29&amp;rft.atitle=The+Coinage+of+Saloninus+as+Augustus&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43573579%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Shiel&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation thesis cs1" id="CITEREFSmolin2021">Smolin, Nathan I. (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/dissertations/gq67k073z?locale=en" rel="nofollow"><i>Christ the Emperor: Roman Emperor and Christian Theology in the 4th Century AD</i></a> (Doctoral thesis). University of North Carolina. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17615%2Fwg7y-3h07" rel="nofollow">10.17615/wg7y-3h07</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Christ+the+Emperor%3A+Roman+Emperor+and+Christian+Theology+in+the+4th+Century+AD&amp;rft.degree=Doctoral&amp;rft.inst=University+of+North+Carolina&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17615%2Fwg7y-3h07&amp;rft.aulast=Smolin&amp;rft.aufirst=Nathan+I.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdr.lib.unc.edu%2Fconcern%2Fdissertations%2Fgq67k073z%3Flocale%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSyme1958"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1958), "Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature", <i>Historia</i>, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. <span class="nowrap">175–</span>188, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434568" rel="nofollow">4434568</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Historia&amp;rft.atitle=Imperator+Caesar%3A+A+Study+in+Nomenclature&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4434568%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Syme&amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTilemachos2015">Tilemachos, Lounghis (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fbyzsym.8773" rel="nofollow">"Review Article: Juan Signes Codoner, The emperor Theophilos and the East, 829-842: Court and frontier in Byzantium during the last phase of Iconoclasm, Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies, vol 13, Ashgate 2014"</a>. <i>Byzantina Symmeikta</i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">237–</span>260. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fbyzsym.8773" rel="nofollow">10.12681/byzsym.8773</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Byzantina+Symmeikta&amp;rft.atitle=Review+Article%3A+Juan+Signes+Codoner%2C+The+emperor+Theophilos+and+the+East%2C+829-842%3A+Court+and+frontier+in+Byzantium+during+the+last+phase+of+Iconoclasm%2C+Birmingham+Byzantine+and+Ottoman+Studies%2C+vol+13%2C+Ashgate+2014&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fbyzsym.8773&amp;rft.aulast=Tilemachos&amp;rft.aufirst=Lounghis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12681%252Fbyzsym.8773&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFPLP">Trapp, Erich, ed. (2001). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT" rel="nofollow"><i>Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit</i></a> [<i>Prosopographical Lexicon of the Palaiologan era</i>] (in German). Vienna: <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/%C3%96AW" title="ÖAW">ÖAW</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-1462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-1462-8"><bdi>978-3-7001-1462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Prosopographisches+Lexikon+der+Palaiologenzeit&amp;rft.place=Vienna&amp;rft.pub=%C3%96AW&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-7001-1462-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(see <a href="/wiki/Prosopographisches_Lexikon_der_Palaiologenzeit" title="Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit"><b>PLP</b></a>)</span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTreadgold1990">Treadgold, W. (1990). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbyzs.1990.83.2.431" rel="nofollow">"A Note on Byzantium's Year of the Four Emperors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantinische_Zeitschrift" title="Byzantinische Zeitschrift">Byzantinische Zeitschrift</a></i>. <b>83</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">431–</span>33. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbyzs.1990.83.2.431" rel="nofollow">10.1515/byzs.1990.83.2.431</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194092611" rel="nofollow">194092611</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Byzantinische+Zeitschrift&amp;rft.atitle=A+Note+on+Byzantium%27s+Year+of+the+Four+Emperors&amp;rft.volume=83&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fbyzs.1990.83.2.431&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194092611%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Treadgold&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fbyzs.1990.83.2.431&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTreadgold1997"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC" rel="nofollow"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2630-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2630-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-2630-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&amp;rft.place=Stanford&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2630-6&amp;rft.aulast=Treadgold&amp;rft.aufirst=Warren&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFVan_Tricht2011">Van Tricht, Filip (2011). "The Imperial Ideology". <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlnPm2riK1UC" rel="nofollow"><i>The Latin </i>Renovatio<i> of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>101. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20323-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20323-5"><bdi>978-90-04-20323-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Ideology&amp;rft.btitle=The+Latin+Renovatio+of+Byzantium%3A+The+Empire+of+Constantinople+%281204%E2%80%931228%29&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-20323-5&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Tricht&amp;rft.aufirst=Filip&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlnPm2riK1UC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFVagi1999">Vagi, David L. (1999). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raE7qzBM-OIC" rel="nofollow"><i>Coinage and History of the Roman Empire: c. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480. Volume I: History</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1389-9907-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1389-9907-7"><bdi>978-1-1389-9907-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Coinage+and+History+of+the+Roman+Empire%3A+c.+82+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+480.+Volume+I%3A+History&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-1389-9907-7&amp;rft.aulast=Vagi&amp;rft.aufirst=David+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraE7qzBM-OIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWatson1999">Watson, A. (1999). <i>Aurelian and the Third Century</i>. London: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4150-7248-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-4150-7248-4"><bdi>0-4150-7248-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aurelian+and+the+Third+Century&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-4150-7248-4&amp;rft.aulast=Watson&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsFriell1998">Williams, Stephen; Friell, Gerard (1998). <i>The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century</i>. London: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-8231-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-8231-0"><bdi>978-0-2039-8231-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rome+that+Did+Not+Fall%3A+The+Survival+of+the+East+in+the+Fifth+Century&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-2039-8231-0&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.au=Friell%2C+Gerard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWu2016">Wu, Chiang-Yuan (2016). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Live Like a King": The Monument of Philopappus and the Continuity of Client-Kingship". In So, Francis K. H. (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9gyDQAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Perceiving Power in Early Modern Europe</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1375-8624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1375-8624-7"><bdi>978-1-1375-8624-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%22Live+Like+a+King%22%3A+The+Monument+of+Philopappus+and+the+Continuity+of+Client-Kingship&amp;rft.btitle=Perceiving+Power+in+Early+Modern+Europe&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-1375-8624-7&amp;rft.aulast=Wu&amp;rft.aufirst=Chiang-Yuan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9gyDQAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_links">Cited links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section: Cited links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBritannica">"<a class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-Roman-emperors-2043294" rel="nofollow">List of Roman emperors</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></cite></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLivius">"<a class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/misc/list-of-roman-emperors/" rel="nofollow">List of Roman emperors</a>". <i>Livius.org</i></cite></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMET">"<a class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roru/hd_roru.htm" rel="nofollow">List of Rulers of the Roman Empire</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></i></cite></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFoster2015">Foster, Russell (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8kBCgAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Mapping European Empire: Tabulae imperii Europaei</i></a>. Oxford: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3157-4475-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3157-4475-9"><bdi>978-1-3157-4475-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mapping+European+Empire%3A+Tabulae+imperii+Europaei&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-3157-4475-9&amp;rft.aulast=Foster&amp;rft.aufirst=Russell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8kBCgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGiesey1960">Giesey, Ralph E. (1960). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5yuNbIuPKwC" rel="nofollow"><i>The Royal Funeral Ceremony in Renaissance France</i></a>. Geneva: Librairie Droz. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-6000-2987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-6000-2987-2"><bdi>978-2-6000-2987-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Royal+Funeral+Ceremony+in+Renaissance+France&amp;rft.place=Geneva&amp;rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-6000-2987-2&amp;rft.aulast=Giesey&amp;rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG5yuNbIuPKwC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHarris2013">Harris, Jonathan (2013). "Despots, Emperors, and Balkan Identity in Exile". <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>44</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">643–</span>661. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FSCJ24244808" rel="nofollow">10.1086/SCJ24244808</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24244808" rel="nofollow">24244808</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Despots%2C+Emperors%2C+and+Balkan+Identity+in+Exile&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E661&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FSCJ24244808&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24244808%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPotter1995">Potter, David (1995). <i>A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation State</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3121-2480-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3121-2480-9"><bdi>978-0-3121-2480-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+France%2C+1460%E2%80%931560%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+Nation+State&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-3121-2480-9&amp;rft.aulast=Potter&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li>
<li><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSetton1978"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a> (1978). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC" rel="nofollow"><i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century</i></a>. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2"><bdi>0-87169-127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia&amp;rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.isbn=0-87169-127-2&amp;rft.aulast=Setton&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sz2VYI0l1IC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+emperors"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li>"<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321061813/http://www.roman-emperors.org/impindex.htm" rel="nofollow">The Rulers of the Roman Empire</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1I6aQjcxem4viTf_t0j8OJxPQHy_2QjVr/view" rel="nofollow">Chronology of Roman emperors</a> by Ian Mladjov</li></ul>
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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br/>27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br/>235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br/>284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br/>395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br/>395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br/>Byzantine Empire</a><br/>641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> &amp; <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/></div><div aria-labelledby="Roman_emperors_by_time_period227" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epochs_of_Roman_Emperors" title="Template:Epochs of Roman Emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epochs_of_Roman_Emperors" title="Template talk:Epochs of Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epochs_of_Roman_Emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epochs of Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_emperors_by_time_period227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> by time period</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Roman_emperors" title="Family tree of the Roman emperors">Family tree</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> (27 BC–AD 68)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the 4 Emperors</a> (68–69)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> (69–96)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a> (96–192)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the 5 Emperors</a> (192–193)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> (193–235)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_emperor" title="Barracks emperor">Barracks emperors</a> (235–284)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the 6 Emperors</a> (238)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_dynasty" title="Gordian dynasty">Gordian dynasty</a> (238–244)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a> (268–284)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–297)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchies</a> (293–313)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a> (305–363)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a> (364–392)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian dynasty</a> (378–455)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman emperors</a> (395–476)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors</a> (395–1453)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Emperors of Nicaea</a> (1204–1261)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Emperors of Trebizond</a> (1204–1461)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica</a> (1224–1246)</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%"> Name<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="4916" data-file-width="3395" decoding="async" height="145" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg/100px-04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg/150px-04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg/200px-04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14<br/>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(40 years, 7 months and 3 days)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Grandnephew and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Gradually acquired further power through grants from, and constitutional settlements with, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>. Continuously head of state since <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Octavian%27s_march_on_Rome" title="Octavian's march on Rome">19 August 43 BC</a>, unopposed after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BC.
</td>
<td>23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 75)</span><hr/>Born as <a href="/wiki/Augustus#name" title="Augustus">Gaius Octavius</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" title="Death by natural causes">Died of natural causes</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant8,_9,_12–13KienastEckHeil53–54,_350_60-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant8,_9,_12–13KienastEckHeil53–54,_350-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:MSR-Ra342b-DM_(1)_(cropped2).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="5492" data-file-width="4075" decoding="async" height="135" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/100px-MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/150px-MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/200px-MSR-Ra342b-DM_%281%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Tiberius Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>17 September 14 – 16 March 37<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(22 years, 5 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>
</td>
<td>16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 77)</span><hr/>Died probably of natural causes, allegedly murdered at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil70–72,_350Grant8,_16,_20,_25_61-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil70–72,_350Grant8,_16,_20,_25-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Caligula_MET_DP337264_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1962" data-file-width="1471" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Caligula_MET_DP337264_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</i></span>
</th>
<td>18 March 37 – 24 January 41<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 10 months and 6 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Grandnephew and adopted heir of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>
</td>
<td>31 August 12 – 24 January 41<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 28)</span><hr/>Murdered in a conspiracy involving the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and senators<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil78Grant8,_25,_27_62-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil78Grant8,_25,_27-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2698" data-file-width="2025" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Claudius_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</i></span>
</th>
<td>24 January 41 – 13 October 54<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years, 8 months and 19 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Uncle of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, grandnephew of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, proclaimed emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and accepted by the Senate
</td>
<td>1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 63)</span><hr/>Began the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a>. Probably poisoned by his wife <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina</a>, in favor of her son <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil82Grant8,_29,_33_63-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil82Grant8,_29,_33-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1968" data-file-width="1541" decoding="async" height="128" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</i></span>
</th>
<td>13 October 54 – 9 June 68<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years, 7 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>
</td>
<td>15 December 37 – 9 June 68<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 30)</span><hr/>Committed suicide after being deserted by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and sentenced to death by the Senate<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil88–89,_350Grant8,_34,_39_64-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil88–89,_350Grant8,_34,_39-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Galba,_aureus_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="698" data-file-width="739" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Galba%2C_aureus_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Servius Galba Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>8 June 68 – 15 January 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 months and 7 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>, revolted against <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> and seized power after his suicide, with support of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>
</td>
<td>24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 71) </span><hr/>Murdered by soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> in a coup led by <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil94Grant43,_44Hammond24_65-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil94Grant43,_44Hammond24-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2411" data-file-width="2489" decoding="async" height="97" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg/100px-Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg/150px-Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg/200px-Gold_Aureus_of_Otho.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>15 January – 16 April 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 months and 1 day)</span>
</td>
<td>Seized power through a coup against <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>
</td>
<td>28 April 32 – 16 April 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 36)</span><hr/>Committed suicide after losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bedriacum" title="Battle of Bedriacum">Battle of Bedriacum</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil97Grant46–47_66-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil97Grant46–47-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_(MANTIS).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2516" data-file-width="2462" decoding="async" height="102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg/100px-Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg/150px-Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg/200px-Gold_Aureus_of_Vitellius_%28MANTIS%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>19 April – 20 December 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(8 months and 1 day)</span>
</td>
<td>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, proclaimed emperor by the Rhine legions on 2 January in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>, later recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>
</td>
<td>24 September 15 – 20 December 69<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 54)</span><hr/>Murdered by <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>'s troops<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil99–100Grant48–50_67-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil99–100Grant48–50-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Naples_Archaeology_Museum_(3x4_cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2386" data-file-width="1790" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Naples_Archaeology_Museum_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Vespasianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 July 69 – 23 June 79<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(9 years, 11 months and 22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed by the eastern legions in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>, later recognized by the Senate
</td>
<td>17 November 9 – 23 June 79<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 69)</span><hr/>Began construction of the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>.<br/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil101Grant51–52,_55_68-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil101Grant51–52,_55-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="4015" data-file-width="3101" decoding="async" height="129" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>24 June 79 – 13 September 81<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 2 months and 20 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>
</td>
<td>30 December 39 – 13 September 81<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 41)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil105Grant55Hammond27_69-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil105Grant55Hammond27-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Domiziano_da_collezione_albani,_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="897" data-file-width="673" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Domiziano_da_collezione_albani%2C_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Domitianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>14 September 81 – 18 September 96<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(15 years and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Brother of <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> and son of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>
</td>
<td>24 October 51 – 18 September 96<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 44)</span><hr/>Assassinated in a conspiracy of court officials, possibly involving <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil109Grant60–69_70-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil109Grant60–69-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nerva.JPG"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3776" data-file-width="2858" decoding="async" height="132" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nerva.JPG/100px-Nerva.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nerva.JPG/150px-Nerva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nerva.JPG/200px-Nerva.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Nerva Caesar Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>18 September 96 – 27 January 98<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 4 months and 9 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> after the murder of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>
</td>
<td>8 November 30 – 27/28 January 98<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 67)</span><hr/>First of the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a>". Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil114Grant69Burgess201453–54_71-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil114Grant69Burgess201453–54-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1119" data-file-width="805" decoding="async" height="139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>28 January 98 – 9 August (?) 117<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(19 years, 6 months and 11 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>
</td>
<td>18 September 53 – 9 August (?) 117<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 63)</span><hr/>First non-Italian emperor. His reign marked the geographical peak of the empire. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil116–117Grant71,_73,_76Omissi20188Burgess201454–56_72-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil116–117Grant71,_73,_76Omissi20188Burgess201454–56-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1616" data-file-width="1240" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/100px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/150px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/200px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>11 August 117 – 10 July 138<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(20 years, 10 months and 29 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Cousin of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, allegedly adopted on his deathbed
</td>
<td>24 January 76 – 10 July 138<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 62)</span><hr/>Ended Roman expansionism. Destroyed Judea after a massive revolt. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil122–123Grant68,_76Omissi20188_73-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil122–123Grant68,_76Omissi20188-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3008" data-file-width="2257" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Marble_portrait_of_the_emperor_Antoninus_Pius_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</th>
<td>10 July 138 – 7 March 161<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(22 years, 7 months and 25 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>
</td>
<td>19 September 86 – 7 March 161<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 74)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil128Grant87_76-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil128Grant87-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3628" data-file-width="2636" decoding="async" height="138" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG/100px-Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG/150px-Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG/200px-Metropolitan_Marcus_Aurelius_Roman_2C_AD_2.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</i></span>
</th>
<td>7 March 161 – 17 March 180<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(19 years and 10 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son-in-law and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>. Until 169 reigned jointly with his adoptive brother, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>, the first time multiple emperors shared power. Since 177 reigned jointly with his son <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>
</td>
<td>26 April 121 – 17 March 180<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 58)</span><hr/>Last of the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a>"; also one of the most representative <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic philosophers</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil131–132Grant68,_89,_91,_93_77-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil131–132Grant68,_89,_91,_93-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Verus_bust_(crop).png"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1736" data-file-width="1240" decoding="async" height="140" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png/100px-Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png/150px-Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png/200px-Lucius_Verus_bust_%28crop%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Lucius Aurelius Verus</i></span>
</th>
<td>7 March 161 – January/February 169<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years and 11 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, named joint emperor by his adoptive brother <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>
</td>
<td>15 December 130 – early 169<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 38)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil135Grant93,_94_78-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil135Grant93,_94-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_(cropped_enhanced).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="833" data-file-width="625" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/100px-Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/150px-Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/200px-Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus / Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus</i></span>
</th>
<td>17 March 180 – 31 December 192<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years, 9 months and 14 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>. Proclaimed co-emperor in 177, at age 16, becoming the first emperor to be elevated during predecessor's lifetime
</td>
<td>31 August 161 – 31 December 192<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 31)</span><hr/>Strangled to death in a conspiracy involving his <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">praetorian</a> prefect, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aemilius_Laetus" title="Quintus Aemilius Laetus">Laetus</a>, and mistress, <a href="/wiki/Marcia_(mistress_of_Commodus)" title="Marcia (mistress of Commodus)">Marcia</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil140–141Grant97Omissi20188_79-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil140–141Grant97Omissi20188-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Galleria_degli_Uffizi,_Florence_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1684" data-file-width="1263" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Helvius Pertinax</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 January – 28 March 193<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" title="Praefectus urbi">City prefect</a> of Rome at <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>'s death, set up as emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">praetorian</a> prefect, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aemilius_Laetus" title="Quintus Aemilius Laetus">Laetus</a>, with consent of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>
</td>
<td>1 August 126 – 28 March 193<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 66)</span><hr/>Murdered by mutinous soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil145Grant103–104_80-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil145Grant103–104-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_(cropped).jpeg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1764" data-file-width="1323" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg/100px-Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg/150px-Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg/200px-Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Didius Severus Julianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>28 March – 1 June 193<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Won auction held by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> for the position of emperor
</td>
<td>30 January 133 – 1/2 June 193<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 60)</span><hr/>Killed on order of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>, at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil147Grant106–108Cooley2012495_81-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil147Grant106–108Cooley2012495-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1052" data-file-width="790" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 April 193 – 4 February 211<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(17 years, 9 months and 26 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Upper Pannonia</a>, acclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions following the murder of <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a>
</td>
<td>11 April 145 – 4 February 211<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 65)</span><hr/>First non-European emperor. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil149–150Grant108,_110Omissi20189_83-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil149–150Grant108,_110Omissi20189-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3675" data-file-width="2450" decoding="async" height="150" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg/100px-Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg/150px-Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg/200px-Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</i></span>
</th>
<td>4 February 211 – 8 April 217<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 2 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, proclaimed co-emperor on 28 January 198, at age 10. Succeeded jointly with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a>, in 211
</td>
<td>4 April 188 – 8 April 217<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 29)</span><hr/>First child emperor. Granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> to all free inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">empire</a>. Murdered by a soldier at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil156–157Grant119–120Hammond35–36_84-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil156–157Grant119–120Hammond35–36-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Geta_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="241" data-file-width="181" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Geta_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Septimius Geta</i></span>
</th>
<td>4 February 211 – 26 December 211<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 months and 22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, proclaimed co-emperor in October 209, succeeded jointly with his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>
</td>
<td>7 March 189 – 26 December 211<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 22)</span><hr/>Murdered on order of his brother, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil160Grant122_85-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil160Grant122-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="5184" data-file-width="3456" decoding="async" height="150" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>11 April 217 – 8 June 218<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 1 month and 28 days)</span>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, accepted as emperor by the army and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> after having arranged his predecessor's death in fear of his own life
</td>
<td>c. 165 – June 218<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged <abbr title="approximately">approx.</abbr> 53)</span><hr/>First non-senator to become emperor, and first emperor not to visit Rome after acceding. Executed during a revolt of the troops in favor of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil162Grant123,_124,_125–126_86-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil162Grant123,_124,_125–126-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Diadumenian,_denarius,_218,_RIC_4b_118_(obverse).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="718" data-file-width="717" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Diadumenian%2C_denarius%2C_218%2C_RIC_4b_118_%28obverse%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></b> (§) <br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Late May – June 218<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than a month)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>, named co-emperor by his father after the eruption of a rebellion in favor of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">14 September 208 – June 218<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 9)</span><hr/>Caught in flight and executed in favor of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil163–164Grant125_87-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil163–164Grant125-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_(2)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3526" data-file-width="2645" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</i></span>
</th>
<td>16 May 218 – 13 March 222<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 9 months and 25 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Cousin and alleged illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, acclaimed as emperor by rebellious legions in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> at the instigation of his grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a>
</td>
<td>203/204 – 13 March 222<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 18)</span><hr/>Murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> alongside his <a href="/wiki/Julia_Soaemias" title="Julia Soaemias">mother</a>, probably at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil165Grant126,_129Burgess201465–66_88-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil165Grant126,_129Burgess201465–66-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2762" data-file-width="2072" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander</i></span>
</th>
<td>14 March 222 – March 235<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Cousin and adopted heir of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>
</td>
<td>1 October 208 – early March 235<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 26)</span><hr/>Lynched by mutinous troops, alongside his <a href="/wiki/Julia_Avita_Mamaea" title="Julia Avita Mamaea">mother</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil171–172Grant130–133Burgess201467–69_89-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil171–172Grant130–133Burgess201467–69-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="972" data-file-width="730" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></b> "Thrax"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus</i></span>
</th>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> March 235 – c. June 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years and 3 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by Germanic legions after the murder of <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a>, recognized at Rome on 23 March 235
</td>
<td>c. 172–180 – c. June 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 58–66)</span><hr/>First commoner to become emperor. Murdered by his men during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aquileia" title="Siege of Aquileia">siege of Aquileia</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil176–179Grant137–139Omissi201810Burgess201467–69_96-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil176–179Grant137–139Omissi201810Burgess201467–69-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gordian1cng80000719_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="332" data-file-width="341" decoding="async" height="97" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Gordian1cng80000719_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. April – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor alongside his son, <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a>, while serving as governor of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, in a revolt against <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a>, and recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>
</td>
<td>c. 158 (?) – c. May 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 80)</span><hr/>Oldest emperor at the time of his elevation. Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of his son<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil180–181Grant140–141Meijer200485_97-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil180–181Grant140–141Meijer200485-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="385" data-file-width="373" decoding="async" height="103" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg/100px-Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg/150px-Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg/200px-Gordiano_II_-_ritratto_da_sesterzio.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. April – c. May 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor alongside his father <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a>, during revolt in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> against <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a>
</td>
<td>c. 192 – c. May 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 46)</span><hr/>The shortest-reigning emperor. Killed outside <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in battle against an army loyal to <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil182Grant142–143Meijer200485Peachin199028_98-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil182Grant142–143Meijer200485Peachin199028-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1153" data-file-width="865" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. May – c. August 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(99 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor jointly with <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a> by the Senate after death of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">II</a>, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a>
</td>
<td>c. 164 – c. August 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 74)</span><hr/>Tortured and murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil183–184Grant146–148Meijer200487Peachin199028_99-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil183–184Grant146–148Meijer200487Peachin199028-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_balbino,_238_(cropped_enhanced).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1008" data-file-width="757" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/100px-Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/150px-Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/200px-Ritratto_di_balbino%2C_238_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. May – c. August 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(99 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor jointly with <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a>
</td>
<td>c. 178 – c. August 238<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 60)</span><hr/>Tortured and murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil185–186Grant144–145Peachin199028_100-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil185–186Grant144–145Peachin199028-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2229" data-file-width="1671" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Antonius Gordianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. August 238 – c. February 244<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 5 years and 6 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Grandson of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a>, appointed as heir by <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a>, upon whose deaths he succeeded as emperor
</td>
<td>20 January 225 – c. February 244<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 19)</span><hr/>Died during campaign against <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persia</a>, possibly in a murder plot instigated by <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil187–189Grant149–151Peachin199029_101-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil187–189Grant149–151Peachin199029-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_(head).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="638" data-file-width="440" decoding="async" height="145" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Philip_the_Arab._Saint-Petersburg_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a></b> "the Arab"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Julius Philippus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. February 244 – September/October 249<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 5 years and 7/8 months)</span>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a>, seized power after his death
</td>
<td>c. 204 – September/October 249<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 45)</span><hr/>Killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(249)" title="Battle of Verona (249)">Battle of Verona</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil190–191Grant152–155_102-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil190–191Grant152–155-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3163" data-file-width="2418" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></b> "the Younger" (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Julius Severus Philippus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">July/August 247 – September/October 249<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 2 years and 2 months)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of Philip I, appointed co-emperor
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. 237 – September/October 249<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 12)</span><hr/>Murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil192–193Grant152–155_103-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil192–193Grant152–155-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Traianus_Decius_(Mary_Harrsch)_enhanced_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="384" data-file-width="288" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius</i></span>
</th>
<td>September/October 249 – June 251<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1 year and 8/9 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by the troops in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, then defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> in battle
</td>
<td>c. 190/200 – June 251<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 50/60)</span><hr/>Killed at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrittus" title="Battle of Abrittus">Battle of Abrittus</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil195–197Grant156–159_104-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil195–197Grant156–159-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="377" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Coin_of_Herennius_Etruscus_as_augustus_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></b> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">May/June – June 251<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than a month)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a>, appointed co-emperor
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Unknown – June 251<hr/>Killed at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrittus" title="Battle of Abrittus">Battle of Abrittus</a> alongside his <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">father</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil197–198Grant156–159_105-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil197–198Grant156–159-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_(detail)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2775" data-file-width="2081" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bronze_statue_of_the_emperor_Trebonianus_Gallus_%28detail%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus</i></span>
</th>
<td>June 251 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> August 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 2 years and 2 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Senator and general, proclaimed emperor after the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>
</td>
<td>c. 206 – c. August 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 47)</span><hr/>Murdered by his own troops in favor of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Aemilian" title="Aemilian">Aemilian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil200–201Grant160–161_106-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil200–201Grant160–161-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="366" data-file-width="367" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></b> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. June – c. July 251<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1 month)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Younger son of Decius, named <i>caesar</i> by his father and proclaimed co-emperor by Trebonianus Gallus
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Unknown – c. July 251<hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">plague</a> or murdered by Trebonianus Gallus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil198–199Peachin199034_107-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil198–199Peachin199034-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_Volusianus_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="352" data-file-width="352" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_Volusianus_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></b> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. August 251 – c. August 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of Gallus, appointed co-emperor
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. 230 – c. August 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 23)</span><hr/>Murdered by the soldiers, alongside his father<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil201–202Grant160–161Peachin199036_108-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil201–202Grant160–161Peachin199036-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aemilian1.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="380" decoding="async" height="105" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aemilian1.jpg/100px-Aemilian1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aemilian1.jpg/150px-Aemilian1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aemilian1.jpg/200px-Aemilian1.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. July – c. September 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(88 days?)</span>
</td>
<td>Commander in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers after defeating barbarians, in opposition to Gallus
</td>
<td>c. 207 – c. September 253<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 46)</span><hr/>Murdered by his own troops in favor of <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil203–204Grant162Peachin199036–37_109-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil203–204Grant162Peachin199036–37-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Silbannacus_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="358" data-file-width="391" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Silbannacus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Mar. Silbannacus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">c. September/October 253 (?)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(very briefly?)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Obscure figure known only from coinage, may have briefly ruled in Rome between Aemilianus and Valerian
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Nothing known<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996_25-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstiot1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="5000" data-file-width="4000" decoding="async" height="125" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg/100px-Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg/150px-Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg/200px-Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Licinius Valerianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. September 253 – c. June 260<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 6 years and 9 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Army commander in <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, proclaimed emperor by the legions in opposition to Aemilian
</td>
<td>c. 200 – after 262 (?)<hr/><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Captured at Edessa</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>, died in captivity possibly forced to swallow molten gold<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil205–207Grant163–167Peachin199037–38_114-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil205–207Grant163–167Peachin199037–38-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1600" data-file-width="1300" decoding="async" height="123" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg/100px-Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg/150px-Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg/200px-Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. September 253 – c. September 268<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(15 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Valerian, appointed joint emperor. Sole emperor after Valerian's capture in 260
</td>
<td>218 – c. September 268<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 50)</span><hr/>Faced <a href="/wiki/Gallienus_usurpers" title="Gallienus usurpers">multiple revolts</a> &amp; barbarian invasions. Murdered in a conspiracy of army officers, involving <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil209–211Grant168–172Peachin199039–40_115-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil209–211Grant168–172Peachin199039–40-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Saloninus_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="343" data-file-width="401" decoding="async" height="86" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Saloninus_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Autumn 260<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1 month)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son of Gallienus, proclaimed <i>caesar</i> by his father and proclaimed emperor by the praetorian prefect <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Silvanus (praetorian prefect)">Silvanus</a> while besieged by <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Unknown – Late 260<hr/>Murdered by troops loyal to Postumus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil213Grant168–172Peachin199039–40_119-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil213Grant168–172Peachin199039–40-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Claudius_Gothicus,_Worcester_Art_Museum_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="577" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="145" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Claudius_Gothicus%2C_Worcester_Art_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></b> "Gothicus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Claudius</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. September 268 – c. August 270<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1 year and 11 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Army commander in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, proclaimed emperor after Gallienus's death
</td>
<td>10 May 214 – August/September (?) 270<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 55)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">plague</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil222Grant179–180Peachin199042–43_120-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil222Grant179–180Peachin199042–43-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_Quintillus_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="332" data-file-width="355" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_Quintillus_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. August – c. September 270<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Brother of Claudius II, proclaimed emperor after his death
</td>
<td>Unknown – 270<hr/>Committed suicide or killed at the behest of Aurelian<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil224Grant181–182Peachin199043_121-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil224Grant181–182Peachin199043-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_25_Giu_2011_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1054" data-file-width="791" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-5305_-_Brescia_-_S._Giulia_-_Ritratto_di_Claudio_II_il_Gotico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_25_Giu_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Lucius Domitius Aurelianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. August 270 – c. November 275<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 5 years and 3 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Commander of the Roman cavalry, proclaimed emperor by Danube legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus
</td>
<td>9 September 214 – Sept./Dec. 275<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 61)</span><hr/>Reunified the Roman Empire. Murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil225–227Grant183–187Peachin199043–44_122-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil225–227Grant183–187Peachin199043–44-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1820" data-file-width="1366" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Claudius Tacitus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. December 275 – c. June 276<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 7 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Alleged <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">princeps senatus</a></i>, proclaimed emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> or, more likely, by his soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> after Aurelian's death
</td>
<td>c. 200 (?) – c. June 276<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 76)</span><hr/>Died of illness or possibly murdered<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil241–242Grant188–189Watson1999110,_225,_250_(n._46)_123-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil241–242Grant188–189Watson1999110,_225,_250_(n._46)-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="350" data-file-width="350" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Annius Florianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. June – September 276<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(80–88 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Maternal half-brother of Tacitus, proclaimed himself emperor after the death of Tacitus
</td>
<td>Unknown – September/October 276<hr/>Murdered by his own troops in favor of Probus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil243Grant190Peachin199046–47_124-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil243Grant190Peachin199046–47-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_(cropped_enhanced).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1762" data-file-width="1322" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/100px-Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/150px-Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg/200px-Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_%28cropped_enhanced%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Probus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. June 276 – c. September 282<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 6 years and 3 months)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the eastern legions, in opposition to Florianus
</td>
<td>19 August 232 – c. September 282<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 50)</span><hr/>Murdered by his own troops in favor of Carus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil244–245Grant191–193Peachin199047_125-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil244–245Grant191–193Peachin199047-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Carusinc2955obverse.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="502" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carusinc2955obverse.png/100px-Carusinc2955obverse.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carusinc2955obverse.png/150px-Carusinc2955obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carusinc2955obverse.png/200px-Carusinc2955obverse.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Carus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. September 282 – c. July/August 283<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 10 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Praetorian prefect under Probus, seized power before or after Probus's murder
</td>
<td>c. 224 (?) – c. July/August 283<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 60)</span><hr/>Died in <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persia</a>, either of illness, assassination, or by being hit by lightning<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil248–249Grant194–195Peachin199049_126-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil248–249Grant194–195Peachin199049-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_(cropped).JPG"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="849" data-file-width="637" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG/100px-Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Carinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>Spring 283 – August/September 285<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Carus, appointed joint emperor shortly before his death. Succeeded jointly with Numerian
</td>
<td>c. 250 – August/September 285<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 35)</span><hr/>Probably died in battle against Diocletian, likely betrayed by his own soldiers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil250–251Grant196–197Peachin199049–50_127-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil250–251Grant196–197Peachin199049–50-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Numerian_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="959" data-file-width="998" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_of_Numerian_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Numerianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>c. July/August 283 – November 284<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and 3/4 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Carus, succeeded jointly with Carinus
</td>
<td>c. 253 – November 284<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 31)</span><hr/>Died while marching to Europe, probably of disease, possibly assassinated<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252Grant198–201_128-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252Grant198–201-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Diocletian,_Getty_Museum_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3613" data-file-width="2478" decoding="async" height="146" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Head_of_Diocletian%2C_Getty_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></b> "Jovius"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>20 November 284 – 1 May 305<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(20 years, 5 months and 11 days)<br/><b>Whole</b>; then <b>East</b></span>
</td>
<td>Commander of the imperial bodyguard, acclaimed by the army after death of <a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a>, and proceeded to defeat Numerian's brother, <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a>, in battle
</td>
<td>22 December <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 243 – 3 December <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 311<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 68)</span><hr/>Began the last <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">great persecution</a> of Christianity. First emperor to voluntarily abdicate. Died in unclear circumstances, possibly suicide<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_30–32KienastEckHeil257–258Grant204_129-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_30–32KienastEckHeil257–258Grant204-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3705" data-file-width="2740" decoding="async" height="135" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_-_2017-09-02_-_Inv._Ra_34b_-_4654_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></b> "Herculius"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 April 286<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 1 May 305<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(19 years and 1 month; <b>West</b>)</span><br/>November 306 – 11 November 308<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years; <b>Italy</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Elevated by Diocletian, ruled the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western provinces</a>
</td>
<td>c. 250 – c. July 310<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 60)</span><hr/>Abdicated with Diocletian, later trying to regain power with, and then from, <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>, before being probably killed on orders of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constantine_I" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_13,_32,_34KienastEckHeil262–263Grant210–212_132-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes4,_13,_32,_34KienastEckHeil262–263Grant210–212-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Galerius,_Thessaloniki_(head).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="297" data-file-width="217" decoding="async" height="137" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Galerius%2C_Thessaloniki_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 May 305 – May 311<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Elevated to <i>caesar</i> in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as eastern <i>augustus</i> upon Diocletian's abdication
</td>
<td>c. 258 – May 311<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 53)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil272–273Barnes4–6,_46Grant221–222_133-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil272–273Barnes4–6,_46Grant221–222-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="4524" data-file-width="3203" decoding="async" height="141" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></b> "Chlorus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 May 305 – 25 July 306<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 2 months and 24 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Maximian's relation by marriage, elevated to <i>caesar</i> in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as western <i>augustus</i> upon Maximian's abdication
</td>
<td>31 March <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250 – 25 July 306<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 56)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil269Barnes35–36Grant216–218ODB524–525_134-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil269Barnes35–36Grant216–218ODB524–525-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1214" data-file-width="1215" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg/100px-Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg/150px-Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg/200px-Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></b><span style="font-size:85%;"><br/><i>Flavius Valerius Severus</i></span>
</th>
<td>August 306 – March/April 307<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 8 months; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Elevated to <i>caesar</i> in 305 by Maximian, promoted to western <i>augustus</i> by Galerius upon Constantius I's death
</td>
<td>Unknown – September 307<hr/>Surrendered to Maximian and Maxentius, later murdered or forced to commit suicide<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil278Barnes4–5,_38–39Grant223–224_135-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil278Barnes4–5,_38–39Grant223–224-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Maxentius_(SK_Dresden_Hm_406)_01_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3247" data-file-width="2211" decoding="async" height="147" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Maxentius_%28SK_Dresden_Hm_406%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">28 October 306 – 28 October 312<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years; <b>Italy</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Son of Maximian and son-in-law of Galerius, seized power in Italy with support of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and his father after being passed over in the succession. Not recognized by the other emperors
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">c. 283 – 28 October 312<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 29)</span><hr/>Died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a>, against <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constantine_I" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil279Grant224–226Barnes12–13,_34_136-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil279Grant224–226Barnes12–13,_34-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Licinius,_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1273" data-file-width="927" decoding="async" height="137" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Licinius%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Valerius Licinianus Licinius</i></span>
</th>
<td>11 November 308 – 19 September 324<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(15 years, 10 months and 8 days)<br/><b>West</b>; then <b>East</b></span>
</td>
<td>Elevated by Galerius to replace Severus, in opposition to Maxentius. Defeated <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a> in a civil war to become sole emperor of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" title="Eastern Roman Empire">East</a> in 313
</td>
<td>c. 265 – early 325<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 60)</span><hr/>Defeated, deposed and put to death by <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constantine_I" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil282Barnes6–7,_43–44Grant235–237_137-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil282Barnes6–7,_43–44Grant235–237-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="382" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></b> "Daza"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Galerius Valerius Maximinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>310 – c. July 313<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Nephew of Galerius, elevated to <i>caesar</i> by Galerius in 305, and acclaimed as <i>augustus</i> by his troops in 310
</td>
<td>20 November c. 270 – c. July 313<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 42)</span><hr/>Defeated in civil war against <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, died shortly afterwards<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil276Barnes6–7,_39Grant238–240_138-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil276Barnes6–7,_39Grant238–240-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Valerius_Valens_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="245" data-file-width="249" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Valerius_Valens_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-valensandmartinian_140-0"><a href="#cite_note-valensandmartinian-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Aurelius Valerius Valens</i></span>
</th>
<td>October 316 – c. January 317<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 2–3 months; <b>East</b>*)</span>
</td>
<td>Frontier commander in <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia</a>, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I
</td>
<td>Unknown – 317<hr/>Executed in the lead-up to a peace settlement between Licinius and Constantine<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil284Barnes15_141-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil284Barnes15-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Martinian_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="366" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Martinian_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-valensandmartinian_140-1"><a href="#cite_note-valensandmartinian-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Mar. Martinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>July – 19 September 324<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months; <b>East</b>*)</span>
</td>
<td>A senior bureaucrat, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I
</td>
<td>Unknown – 325<hr/>Deposed by Constantine and banished to <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, later executed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil285Barnes15_142-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil285Barnes15-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="16%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="23%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="30%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2199" data-file-width="1445" decoding="async" height="152" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></b><br/>"the Great"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Valerius Constantinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>25 July 306 – 22 May 337<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 years, 9 months and 27 days)<br/><b>West</b>; then <b>whole</b></span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantius I, acclaimed by his father's troops as <i>augustus</i>. Accepted as <i>caesar</i> by Galerius, promoted to <i>augustus</i> in 307 by Maximian, refused demotion to <i>caesar</i> in 309
</td>
<td>27 February 272/273 – 22 May 337<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 64/65)</span><hr/>First Christian emperor and founder of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Sole ruler of the Empire after defeating <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> in 312 and <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> in 324. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil286–288Barnes5–8,_39–42Grant228–231,_234_143-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil286–288Barnes5–8,_39–42Grant228–231,_234-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Campidoglio,_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="450" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Claudius Constantinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 September 337 – April 340<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years and 7 months; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine I
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> February 316 – April 340<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 24)</span><hr/>Ruled the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">praetorian prefecture of Gaul</a>. Killed in an ambush during a war against his brother, Constans I<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil296Barnes8,_44–45Grant241_144-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil296Barnes8,_44–45Grant241-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constant_head.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1333" data-file-width="986" decoding="async" height="135" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Constant_head.jpg/100px-Constant_head.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Constant_head.jpg/150px-Constant_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Constant_head.jpg/200px-Constant_head.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Constans_I" title="Constans I">Constans I</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Julius Constans</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 September 337 – January 350<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years and 4 months; <b>Middle</b> then <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine I
</td>
<td>322/323 – January/February 350<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 27)</span><hr/>Ruled Italy, Illyricum and Africa initially, then the western empire after Constantine II's death. Overthrown and killed by <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil298Barnes8,_45_145-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil298Barnes8,_45-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Constantius_II_(Mary_Harrsch)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="450" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Julius Constantius</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 September 337 – 3 November 361<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(24 years, 1 month and 25 days)<br/><b>East</b>; then <b>whole</b></span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine I
</td>
<td>7 August 317 – 3 November 361<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 44)</span><hr/>Ruled the east initially, then the whole empire after the death of <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a>. Died of a fever shortly after planning to fight a war against <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil300–301Grant242–244_146-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil300–301Grant242–244-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Medallion_of_Magnentius.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1241" data-file-width="1280" decoding="async" height="97" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medallion_of_Magnentius.png/100px-Medallion_of_Magnentius.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medallion_of_Magnentius.png/150px-Medallion_of_Magnentius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medallion_of_Magnentius.png/200px-Medallion_of_Magnentius.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Magnus Magnentius</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">18 January 350 – 10 August 353<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 6 months and 23 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Proclaimed emperor by the troops, in opposition to Constans I
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">c. 303 – 10 August 353<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 50)</span><hr/>Committed suicide after losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Seleucus" title="Battle of Mons Seleucus">Battle of Mons Seleucus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._532Grant248–250KienastEckHeil305–306_147-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._532Grant248–250KienastEckHeil305–306-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Vetranio_coin_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="363" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Vetranio_coin_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-149"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">1 March – 25 December 350<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(9 months and 24 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">General of Constans in Illyricum, acclaimed by the Illyrian legions at the expense of Magnentius
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – c. 356<hr/>Abdicated in Constantius II's favor, retired, and died 6 years later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil307PLREVol._I,_p._954Omissi2018181–182_150-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil307PLREVol._I,_p._954Omissi2018181–182-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Nepotian.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="366" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coin_of_Nepotian.png/100px-Coin_of_Nepotian.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coin_of_Nepotian.png/150px-Coin_of_Nepotian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coin_of_Nepotian.png/200px-Coin_of_Nepotian.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Julius Nepotianus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">3 June – 30 June 350<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(27 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Son of <a href="/wiki/Eutropia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)" title="Eutropia (sister of Constantine I)">Eutropia</a>, a daughter of Constantius I. Proclaimed emperor in Rome in opposition to Magnentius
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – 30 June 350<hr/>Captured and executed by supporters of Magnentius<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._624KienastEckHeil306_151-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._624KienastEckHeil306-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Juliancng8851obverse.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1228" data-file-width="1300" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Juliancng8851obverse.jpg/100px-Juliancng8851obverse.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Juliancng8851obverse.jpg/150px-Juliancng8851obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Juliancng8851obverse.jpg/200px-Juliancng8851obverse.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></b> "the Apostate"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Claudius Julianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>3 November 361 – 26 June 363<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 7 months and 23 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Cousin and heir of Constantius II, acclaimed by the Gallic army around February 360; entered Constantinople on 11 December 361
</td>
<td>331 – 26 June 363<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 32)</span><hr/>Last non-Christian emperor. Mortally wounded during a <a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition">campaign against Persia</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil309–310Grant251–253_152-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil309–310Grant251–253-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Jovian2_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1242" data-file-width="1304" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_of_Jovian2_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Jovianus</i></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>27 June 363 – 17 February 364<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 months and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Commander of imperial household guard; acclaimed by the army after Julian's death
</td>
<td>330/331 – 17 February 364<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 33)</span><hr/>Died before reaching the capital, possibly due to inhaling toxic fumes or <a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</a>. Last emperor to rule the whole Empire during their entire reign<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil312Grant255–258PLREVol._I,_p._461_155-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil312Grant255–258PLREVol._I,_p._461-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%"> Name<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1234" data-file-width="966" decoding="async" height="128" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></b> "the Great"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Valentinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>25/26 February 364 – 17 November 375<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(11 years, 8 months and 23 days)<br/><b>Whole</b>; then <b>West</b></span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the army after Jovian's death
</td>
<td>321 – 17 November 375<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 54)</span><hr/>Last emperor to cross the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> into Germania. Died of a stroke while yelling at envoys<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._933–934Grant259–262KienastEckHeil313–314_158-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._933–934Grant259–262KienastEckHeil313–314-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="502" data-file-width="513" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/100px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/150px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/200px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></b>
</th>
<td>28 March 364 – 9 August 378<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(14 years, 4 months and 12 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Brother of Valentinian I, made eastern emperor by his brother (Valentinian retaining the west)
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 328 – 9 August 378<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged nearly 50)</span><hr/>Killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._930–931Grant263–265KienastEckHeil316–318_159-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._930–931Grant263–265KienastEckHeil316–318-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="494" data-file-width="513" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/100px-INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/150px-INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/200px-INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">28 September 365 – 27 May 366<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 months and 29 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Maternal cousin of Julian; revolted against Valens and captured Constantinople, where the people proclaimed him emperor
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">326 – 27/28 May 366<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 40)</span><hr/>Deposed, captured and executed by Valens<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._742–743KienastEckHeil318_160-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._742–743KienastEckHeil318-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3648" data-file-width="2736" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/100px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/150px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg/200px-Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Gratianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>17 November 375 – 25 August 383<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 9 months and 8 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Valentinian I; proclaimed western co-emperor on 24 August 367, at age 8. Emperor in his own right after Valentinian's death
</td>
<td>18 April 359 – 25 August 383<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 24)</span><hr/>Killed by <a href="/wiki/Andragathius" title="Andragathius">Andragathius</a>, an officer of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._401Grant266–267KienastEckHeil319–320_161-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._401Grant266–267KienastEckHeil319–320-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_(obverse_transparent).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="372" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="93" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png/100px-Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png/150px-Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png/200px-Rare_aureus_of_Magnus_Maximus_%28obverse_transparent%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">25 August 383 – 28 August 388<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years and 3 days; <b>West</b>)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_(obverse).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="352" data-file-width="352" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg/25px-Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg/38px-Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg/50px-Solidus_Flavius_Victor_Trier_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="25"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></b> (383/387–388)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-0"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">General, related to Theodosius I; proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Briefly recognized by Theodosius I and Valentinian II
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – 28 August 388<hr/>Defeated by Theodosius I at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Save" title="Battle of Save">Battle of Save</a>, executed after surrendering<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._588Grant274–275KienastEckHeil327–328_164-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._588Grant274–275KienastEckHeil327–328-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_(cropped_enhanced).JPG"><img alt="statue" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="428" data-file-width="321" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG/100px-Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG/150px-Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG/200px-Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_%28cropped_enhanced%29.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Valentinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>28 August 388 – 15 May 392<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 8 months and 17 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed co-emperor on 22 November 375, at age 4. Sole western ruler after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> in 388
</td>
<td>371 – 15 May 392<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 20/21)</span><hr/>Dominated by regents and co-emperors his entire reign. Probably suicide, possibly killed by <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._934–935Grant268–269KienastEckHeil321–322_165-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._934–935Grant268–269KienastEckHeil321–322-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Eugenius_coin_(transparent).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="733" data-file-width="770" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png/100px-Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png/150px-Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png/200px-Eugenius_coin_%28transparent%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">22 August 392 – 6 September 394<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years and 15 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Teacher of Latin grammar and rhetoric, secretary of Valentinian II. Proclaimed emperor by <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – 6 September 394<hr/>Defeated by Theodosius I at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus" title="Battle of the Frigidus">Battle of the Frigidus</a> and executed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._293KienastEckHeil329_166-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._293KienastEckHeil329-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="15%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="30%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Theodosius_I_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="544" data-file-width="372" decoding="async" height="146" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Theodosius_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></b><br/>"the Great"
</th>
<td>19 January 379 – 17 January 395<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(15 years, 11 months and 29 days) <br/><b>East</b>; then <b>whole</b></span>
</td>
<td>Retired general; proclaimed eastern emperor by Gratian after the death of <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>
</td>
<td>11 January 346/347 – 17 January 395<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 48/49)</span><hr/>Last emperor to briefly rule over the two halves of the Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus" title="Battle of the Frigidus">Battle of the Frigidus</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._904–905Grant270–273KienastEckHeil323–329ODB2050–2051_167-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_pp._904–905Grant270–273KienastEckHeil323–329ODB2050–2051-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_(cropped).JPG"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="618" data-file-width="464" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG/100px-Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></b>
</th>
<td>17 January 395 – 1 May 408<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years, 3 months and 14 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 16 January 383. Emperor in the east
</td>
<td>377 – 1 May 408<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 31)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._99ODB173–174Grant276–281Croke199558_168-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._99ODB173–174Grant276–281Croke199558-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Diptych_of_Honorius_(head).jpg"><img alt="carved portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="501" data-file-width="373" decoding="async" height="134" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></b>
</th>
<td>17 January 395 – 15 August 423<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(28 years, 6 months and 29 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 23 January 393. Emperor in the west
</td>
<td>9 September 384 – 15 August 423<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 38)</span><hr/>Reigned under several successive regencies, most notably <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>. His reign saw the first <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sack of Rome</a> in eight centuries. Died of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._442ODB946Grant282–285_169-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._I,_p._442ODB946Grant282–285-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_III_(west).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="410" data-file-width="430" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png/100px-Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png/150px-Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png/200px-Solidus_of_Constantine_III_%28west%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Flavius Claudius Constantinus</i></span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">407 – 411<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years; <b>West</b>)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_(obverse).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="368" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="23" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg/25px-Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg/38px-Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg/50px-Siliqua_Constans_II_Arelate_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="25"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans</a></b> (409–411)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-1"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Common soldier, proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Recognized by Honorius in 409. Emperor in the west
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – 411 (before 18 September)<hr/>Surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius</a>, a general of Honorius, and abdicated. Sent to Italy but murdered on the way<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._316–317Grant286–287_170-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._316–317Grant286–287-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3000" data-file-width="2250" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg/100px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg/150px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg/200px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></b>
</th>
<td>1 May 408 – 28 July 450<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(42 years, 2 months and 27 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Arcadius; co-emperor since 10 January 402. Emperor in the east
</td>
<td>10 April 401 – 28 July 450<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 49)</span><hr/>His reign saw the promulgation of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Theodosian_Code" title="Theodosian Code">Theodosian Code</a> and the construction of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Theodosian_Walls" title="Theodosian Walls">Theodosian Walls</a>. Died of a fall from his horse<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_p._1100ODB2051–2052Grant288–291_171-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_p._1100ODB2051–2052Grant288–291-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_(obverse).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="704" data-file-width="736" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_%28obverse%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Late 409 – summer 410<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than a year; <b>Italy</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">A leading member of the Senate, proclaimed emperor by <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome</a>. Emperor in the west
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed by Alaric after reconciling with Honorius. Tried to claim the throne again 414–415 but was defeated and forced into exile; fate unknown<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._180–181_172-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._180–181-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantius_III_diptych_(detail).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="181" data-file-width="141" decoding="async" height="128" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Constantius_III_diptych_%28detail%29.jpg/100px-Constantius_III_diptych_%28detail%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Constantius_III_diptych_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></b>
</th>
<td>8 February – 2 September 421<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 months and 25 days</span>; <span style="font-size:85%;"><b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Prominent general under Honorius and husband of <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. Made co-emperor by Honorius. Emperor in the west
</td>
<td>Unknown – 2 September 421<hr/><i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a></i> ruler since 411; helped Honorius defeat numerous usurpers &amp; foreign enemies. Died of illness<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._321–325Grant292–295_173-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._321–325Grant292–295-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Joannes.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="380" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Solidus_of_Joannes.png/100px-Solidus_of_Joannes.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Solidus_of_Joannes.png/150px-Solidus_of_Joannes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Solidus_of_Joannes.png/200px-Solidus_of_Joannes.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Johannes</a></b> (#)
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">20 November 423 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 425<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and a half; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Senior civil servant, seized power in Rome and the west after <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> delayed in nominating a successor of Honorius
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 425<hr/>Captured by the forces of Theodosius II, brought to Constantinople and executed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._594–595Grant296–297_174-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._594–595Grant296–297-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Valentinian_III,_Louvre_(head).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="438" data-file-width="315" decoding="async" height="139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Valentinian_III%2C_Louvre_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Placidus Valentinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>23 October 425 – 16 March 455<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(29 years, 4 months and 21 days; <b>West</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantius III, grandson of Theodosius I and great-grandson of Valentinian I, installed as emperor of the west by Theodosius II
</td>
<td>2 July 419 – 16 March 455<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 35)</span><hr/>Faced the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>. Murdered by Optelas and Thraustelas, retainers of <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Aetius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1138–1139Grant298–304_175-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1138–1139Grant298–304-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Marcian.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="371" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="93" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Solidus_of_Marcian.png/100px-Solidus_of_Marcian.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Solidus_of_Marcian.png/150px-Solidus_of_Marcian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Solidus_of_Marcian.png/200px-Solidus_of_Marcian.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Marcianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>25 August 450 – 27 January 457<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 5 months and 2 days; <b>East</b>)</span>
</td>
<td>Soldier and official, proclaimed emperor after marrying <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a>, a daughter of Arcadius. Emperor in the east
</td>
<td>391/392 – 27 January 457<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 65)</span><hr/>Died after a prolonged period of illness<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._714–715ODB1296–1297Grant305–307_176-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._714–715ODB1296–1297Grant305–307-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="15%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="24%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="30%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="367" data-file-width="399" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png/100px-Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png/150px-Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png/200px-Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></b>
</th>
<td>17 March – 31 May 455<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 14 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General and civil official, murdered Valentinian III and married his widow, <a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown – 31 May 455<hr/>Killed by a mob while fleeing during the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">Vandalic sack of Rome</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._749–751Grant315–316_177-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._749–751Grant315–316-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Avitus_Arles_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="477" data-file-width="500" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_Avitus_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Eparchius Avitus</i></span>
</th>
<td>9 July 455 – 17 October 456<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 3 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Gallo-Romans" title="Gallo-Romans">Gallo-Romans</a> after the death of Petronius Maximus
</td>
<td>Unknown – 456/457<hr/>Defeated and deposed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a>, became a bishop. Died shortly after of either natural causes, strangulation, or being starved to death<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._196–198Grant310–311_178-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._196–198Grant310–311-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Majorian_Arles_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="324" data-file-width="338" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_Majorian_Arles_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Julius Valerius Majorianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>28 December 457 – 2 August 461<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 7 months and 5 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed by the army, backed by <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown – 7 August 461<hr/>Reconquered Gaul, Hispania and Dalmatia. Deposed and executed by Ricimer<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._702–703Grant315–316_179-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._702–703Grant315–316-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="714" data-file-width="746" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg/100px-Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg/150px-Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg/200px-Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Libius Severus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>Severus III</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>19 November 461 – 14 November 465<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 11 months and 26 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer
</td>
<td>Unknown – 14 November 465<hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1004–1005Grant317–318_180-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1004–1005Grant317–318-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Anthemius.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="377" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solidus_of_Anthemius.png/100px-Solidus_of_Anthemius.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solidus_of_Anthemius.png/150px-Solidus_of_Anthemius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Solidus_of_Anthemius.png/200px-Solidus_of_Anthemius.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Procopius Anthemius</i></span>
</th>
<td>12 April 467 – 11 July 472<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years, 2 months and 29 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a>, a cousin of Julian, and husband of <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a>, a daughter of Marcian. Proclaimed western emperor by <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown – 11 July 472<hr/>The last effective emperor of the West. Murdered by <a href="/wiki/Gundobad" title="Gundobad">Gundobad</a> after a civil war with Ricimer<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._96–98Grant319–321_181-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._96–98Grant319–321-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Tremissis_Olybrius_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="401" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Tremissis_Olybrius_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Anicius Olybrius</i></span>
</th>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> April – 2 November 472 <br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 7 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a>, a daughter of Valentinian III. Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer
</td>
<td>Unknown – 2 November 472<hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">dropsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._796–798Grant322_182-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._796–798Grant322-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="401" data-file-width="401" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></b>
</th>
<td>3/5 March 473 – 24 June 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 3 months and 19/21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by <a href="/wiki/Gundobad" title="Gundobad">Gundobad</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed by Julius Nepos and made a bishop, subsequent fate unknown<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._514,_777Grant323–324_183-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._514,_777Grant323–324-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png/100px-Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png/150px-Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png/200px-Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></b>
</th>
<td>24 June 474 – 28 August 475<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 2 months and 4 days)</span>
<hr/>August 475 – 9 May 480<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years and 8 months, in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>)</span>
</td>
<td>General; married to a relative of <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a>, the wife of the eastern emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a>. Installed as western emperor by Leo
</td>
<td>Unknown – 9 May 480<hr/>Fled to <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> in the face of an attack by his <i>magister militum</i> <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes</a>. Continued to claim to be emperor in exile. Murdered by his retainers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._777–778Grant325–326_184-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._777–778Grant325–326-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:RomulusAugustus.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="236" data-file-width="250" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RomulusAugustus.jpg/100px-RomulusAugustus.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RomulusAugustus.jpg/150px-RomulusAugustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RomulusAugustus.jpg/200px-RomulusAugustus.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus"><b>Romulus</b> "Augustulus"</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Romulus Augustus</i></span>
</th>
<td>31 October 475 – 4 September 476<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by his father, the <i>magister militum</i> Orestes
</td>
<td>Roughly 465 – after 507/511?<hr/>The last western emperor. Deposed by the Germanic general <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> and retired. Possibly alive as late as 507 or 511; fate unknown<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._949–950Grant332–334_185-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._949–950Grant332–334-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="bust" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1554" data-file-width="1166" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></b> "the Butcher"
</th>
<td>7 February 457 – 18 January 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Low-ranking army officer; chosen by the <i>magister militum</i> <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a> to succeed Marcian
</td>
<td>400/401 – 18 January 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 73)</span><hr/>First emperor to be <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">crowned</a> by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>. Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._663–664ODB1206–1207Grant312–314Croke2004569–572_186-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._663–664ODB1206–1207Grant312–314Croke2004569–572-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_II.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="717" data-file-width="745" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Solidus_of_Leo_II.png/100px-Solidus_of_Leo_II.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Solidus_of_Leo_II.png/150px-Solidus_of_Leo_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Solidus_of_Leo_II.png/200px-Solidus_of_Leo_II.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></b> "the Younger"
</th>
<td>18 January – November 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Grandson of Leo I and son of Zeno; co-emperor since 17 November 473
</td>
<td>467 – November 474<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 7)</span><hr/>Youngest emperor at the time of his death. Died of illness<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._664–665ODB1207–1208Croke2004563–575_187-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._664–665ODB1207–1208Croke2004563–575-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Semissis_of_Zeno.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/100px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/150px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/200px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></b>
</th>
<td>29 January 474 – 9 January 475<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(11 months and 11 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a>, a daughter of Leo I, and father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a>
</td>
<td>425 – 9 April 491<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 65)</span><hr/>Fled to <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a> in the face of a Revolt led by his mother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572_188-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="704" data-file-width="741" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png/100px-Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png/150px-Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png/200px-Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a></b>
</th>
<td>9 January 475 – August 476<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and 7 months)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="571" data-file-width="584" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png/26px-Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png/39px-Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png/52px-Basiliscus_and_Marcus.png 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></b> (475–476)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-2"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Brother of <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a>, the wife of Leo I. Proclaimed emperor by his sister in opposition to Zeno and seized Constantinople
</td>
<td>Unknown – 476/477<hr/>Deposed by Zeno upon his return to Constantinople; imprisoned in a dried-up reservoir and starved to death<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._212–214Grant330–331_189-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._212–214Grant330–331-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Semissis_of_Zeno.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/100px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/150px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Semissis_of_Zeno.png/200px-Semissis_of_Zeno.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></b> <br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>second reign</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>August 476 – 9 April 491<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(14 years and 8 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Retook the throne with the help of general <a href="/wiki/Illus" title="Illus">Illus</a>
</td>
<td>425 – 9 April 491<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 65)</span><hr/>Saw the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">end of the Western Roman Empire</a>. Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572_188-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._1200–1202ODB2223Grant327–329Croke2004572-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_(Anastasius_I)_(cropped).JPG"><img alt="carved portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="395" data-file-width="281" decoding="async" height="141" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/100px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01c_%28Anastasius_I%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></b> "Dicorus"
</th>
<td>11 April 491 – 9 July 518<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(27 years, 2 months and 28 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Government official; chosen by Ariadne, whom he married, to succeed Zeno
</td>
<td>430/431 – 9 July 518<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 88)</span><hr/>Oldest emperor at the time of his death. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._78–80ODB86–87_190-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._78–80ODB86–87-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justin_I_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1094" data-file-width="1134" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_of_Justin_I_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></b> <br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Justinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>9/10 July 518 – 1 August 527<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(9 years and 23 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Soldier; proclaimed emperor by the troops after the death of Anastasius I
</td>
<td>450 – 1 August 527<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 77)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._648–651ODB1082Grierson196245_191-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._648–651ODB1082Grierson196245-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1263" data-file-width="923" decoding="async" height="137" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></b> "the Great"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus</i></span>
</th>
<td>1 April 527 – 14 November 565<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(38 years, 7 months and 13 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Nephew and adoptive son of Justin I
</td>
<td>482 – 14 November 565<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 83)</span><hr/>Temporarily reconquered half of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Rome</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._645–648ODB1083–1084_192-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._II,_pp._645–648ODB1083–1084-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justin_II_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="597" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_of_Justin_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Justinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>14 November 565 – 5 October 578<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years, 10 months and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Vigilantia" title="Vigilantia">Vigilantia</a>, sister of Justinian I
</td>
<td>Unknown – 5 October 578<hr/>Lost most of Italy to the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> by 570. Suffered an attack of dementia in 574, whereafter the government was run by regents. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_pp._754–756ODB1082–1083Grierson196247_193-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_pp._754–756ODB1082–1083Grierson196247-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Tiberios_II_(obverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1925" data-file-width="2010" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Tiberios_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine"><b>Tiberius II</b> Constantine</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Tiberius Constantinus</i></span>
</th>
<td>26 September 578 – 14 August 582<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 10 months and 19 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Adoptive son of Justin II
</td>
<td>Mid-6th century – 14 August 582<hr/>Died after a sudden illness, supposedly after accidentally eating bad food<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1323–1326ODB2083–2084_194-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1323–1326ODB2083–2084-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Maurice_(transitional_issue).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="374" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/100px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/150px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/200px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Mauricius Tiberius</i></span>
</th>
<td>13 August 582 – 27 November 602<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(20 years, 3 months and 14 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="844" data-file-width="880" decoding="async" height="29" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png/30px-Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png/45px-Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png/60px-Solidus_of_Theodosius_%28son_of_Maurice%29.png 2x" width="30"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></b> (590–602)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-3"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a>, a daughter of Tiberius II
</td>
<td>539 – 27 November 602<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 63)</span><hr/>Captured and executed by troops loyal to <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._855–860ODB1318_195-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._855–860ODB1318-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Phocas_(cropped3to4).jpg"><img alt="statue portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="599" data-file-width="449" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg/100px-Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg/150px-Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg/200px-Phocas_%28cropped3to4%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Focas</i></span>
</th>
<td>23 November 602 – 5 October 610<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 10 months and 12 days)</span>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">Centurion</a> in the army; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Maurice
</td>
<td>547 – 5 October 610<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 63)</span><hr/>Deposed and then beheaded on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1030–1032ODB1666_196-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIB,_pp._1030–1032ODB1666-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Heraclius_as_job_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="192" data-file-width="151" decoding="async" height="127" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Heraclius_as_job_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></b><span style="font-size:85%;"><br/>   Ἡράκλειος</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-199"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>5 October 610 – 11 February 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 years, 4 months and 6 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Elder" title="Heraclius the Elder">Heraclius the Elder</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Carthage" title="Exarch of Carthage">exarch of Carthage</a>. Led a revolt against Phocas
</td>
<td>574/575 – 11 February 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 66)</span><hr/>Ended the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a>, but suffered the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">loss of the Levant</a> to the Muslims. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._587ODB916–917Treadgold1997306,_308_200-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._587ODB916–917Treadgold1997306,_308-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="397" data-file-width="399" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg/100px-Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg/150px-Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg/200px-Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Heraclius Constantine</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>Constantine III</b>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br/><i>Heraclius Constantinus</i><br/>Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>11 February – 25 May 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 months and 14 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 22 January 613
</td>
<td>3 May 612 – 25 May 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 29)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB916–917Grierson196248Treadgold1997309_204-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB916–917Grierson196248Treadgold1997309-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_(obverse).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="376" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_%28obverse%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Heraclius</i>, Ἡράκλειος</span>
</th>
<td>25 May – 5 November (?) 641<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 months and 11 days)<hr/><i>with his brother</i> <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)"><b>Tiberius</b>-David</a> (641)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-4"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 4 July 638. Co-ruler with Constantine and then sole emperor under the regency of his mother <a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a>
</td>
<td>626 – unknown<hr/>Deposed, mutilated and exiled, subsequent fate unknown<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._588ODB918Treadgold1990431–33_205-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol._IIIA,_p._588ODB918Treadgold1990431–33-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Constans_II_(transparent).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="385" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="97" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png/100px-Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png/150px-Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png/200px-Solidus_Constans_II_%28transparent%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></b> "the Bearded"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Constantinus</i>, Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>September 641 – 15 July 668<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(26 years and 10 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Heraclius Constantine; proclaimed co-emperor by Heraclonas at age 11
</td>
<td>7 November 630 – 15 July 668<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 37)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Lost Egypt</a> in 641. Murdered in <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Sicily</a> while bathing by supporters of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Mezezius" title="Mezezius">Mezezius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB496–497Grierson1968402_206-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB496–497Grierson1968402-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_IV_mosaic_(cropped)_(2).png"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="595" data-file-width="454" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png/100px-Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png/150px-Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png/200px-Constantine_IV_mosaic_%28cropped%29_%282%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Constantinus</i>, Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>September 668 – 10 July (?) 685<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(16 years and 10 months)<hr/><i>with his brothers</i><br/><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="520" data-file-width="513" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/25px-INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/38px-INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/50px-INC-3023-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_IV._%D0%9E%D0%BA._661%E2%80%94668_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="25"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)"><b>Heraclius</b></a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)"><b>Tiberius</b></a> (659–681)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-5"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Constans II; co-emperor since 13 April 654
</td>
<td>Roughly 650 – 10 July (?) 685<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged about 35)</span><hr/>Defeated the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/First_Arab_Siege_of_Constantinople" title="First Arab Siege of Constantinople">First Arab Siege of Constantinople</a>. Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB500–501Grierson1968402,_512_207-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB500–501Grierson1968402,_512-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Justinian_II_mosaic_(cropped).png"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="617" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></b> "Rhinotmetus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Justinianus</i>, Ἰουστινιανός</span>
</th>
<td>July 685 – 695<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine IV, chosen as successor over Constans' sons
</td>
<td>668/669 – 4 November 711<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 42)</span><hr/>Deposed and mutilated (hence his nickname, "Slit-nosed") by <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Leontios" title="Leontios">Leontius</a> in 695; returned to the throne in 705<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51Grierson1968568_208-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51Grierson1968568-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leontius.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="391" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Solidus_of_Leontius.png/100px-Solidus_of_Leontius.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Solidus_of_Leontius.png/150px-Solidus_of_Leontius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Solidus_of_Leontius.png/200px-Solidus_of_Leontius.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων(τιος)</span>
</th>
<td>695 – 698<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years)</span>
</td>
<td>General; deposed Justinian II
</td>
<td>Unknown – 15 February (?) 706<hr/>Lost Africa &amp; Carthage to the Muslims. Deposed by <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a> in 698 and later executed by Justinian II in 706<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1212–1213_209-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1212–1213-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="371" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png/100px-Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png/150px-Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png/200px-Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></b><span style="font-size:85%;"><br/>Τιβέριος</span>
</th>
<td>698 – 21 August (?) 705<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Leontius
</td>
<td>Unknown – 15 February (?) 706<hr/>Deposed and later executed by Justinian II alongside <a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2084Grierson196251_210-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2084Grierson196251-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Justinian_II_mosaic_(cropped).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="617" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Justinian_II_mosaic_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></b> "Rhinotmetus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Justinianus</i>, Ἰουστινιανός<br/>(<b>second reign</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>21 August (?) 705 – 4 November 711<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 2 months and 14 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_(obverse).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="375" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="28" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/30px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/45px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg/60px-Solidus_of_Justinian_II_and_Tiberius_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" width="30"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)"><b>Tiberius</b></a> (706–711)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-6"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Retook the throne with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>
</td>
<td>668/669 – 4 November 711<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 42)</span><hr/>Killed by supporters of <a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a> after fleeing Constantinople<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51_211-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085Grierson196250–51-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Philippicus.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="361" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="91" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_of_Philippicus.png/100px-Solidus_of_Philippicus.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_of_Philippicus.png/150px-Solidus_of_Philippicus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_of_Philippicus.png/200px-Solidus_of_Philippicus.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Filepicus</i>, Φιλιππικός</span>
</th>
<td>4 November 711 – 3 June 713<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 6 months and 30 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Justinian II
</td>
<td>Unknown – 20 January 714/715<hr/>Deposed and blinded in favor of <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a>, later died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1654Grierson196251–52_212-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1654Grierson196251–52-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="357" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="90" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png/100px-Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png/150px-Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png/200px-Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Artemius Anastasius</i><br/>Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος</span>
</th>
<td>4 June 713 – fall 715<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than 2 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Senior court official, proclaimed emperor after the deposition of Philippicus
</td>
<td>Unknown – 1 June 719<hr/>Abdicated to <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a> after a six-month civil war, becoming a monk. Beheaded by <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> after an attempt to retake the throne<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB87Grierson196252_213-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB87Grierson196252-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="362" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png/100px-Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png/150px-Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png/200px-Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></b><span style="font-size:85%;"><br/>Θεοδόσιος</span>
</th>
<td>Fall 715 – 25 March 717<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(less than 2 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Tax-collector, possibly son of Tiberius III; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Anastasius II
</td>
<td>Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed by <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a>, whereafter he became a monk. His subsequent fate is unknown.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2052_214-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2052-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="727" data-file-width="737" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png/100px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png/150px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png/200px-Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></b> "the Isaurian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>25 March 717 – 18 June 741<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(24 years, 2 months and 24 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; deposed Theodosius III
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 685 – 18 June 741<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 56)</span><hr/>Ended <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim expansion</a> in Anatolia. Died of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Dropsy" title="Dropsy">dropsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1208–1209Treadgold1997356_216-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1208–1209Treadgold1997356-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_V_(transparent_background).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="711" data-file-width="741" decoding="async" height="96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png/100px-Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png/150px-Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png/200px-Solidus_of_Constantine_V_%28transparent_background%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></b> "Copronymus"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>18 June 741 – 14 September 775<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(34 years, 2 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Leo III; co-emperor since 31 March 720
</td>
<td>718 – 14 September 775<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 57)</span><hr/>Last emperor to rule over Rome. Died of a fever<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB501Treadgold1997366PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F18htm_Konstantinos_7]_(#3703)_217-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB501Treadgold1997366PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F18htm_Konstantinos_7]_(#3703)-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="387" data-file-width="395" decoding="async" height="98" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png/100px-Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png/150px-Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png/200px-Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB"><b><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></b> (#)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀρτάβασδος</span>
</th>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">June 741 – 2 November 743<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years and 5 months)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1324" data-file-width="1369" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png/26px-Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png/39px-Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png/52px-Artabasdos-Nikephoros_coin.png 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)"><b>Nikephoros</b></a> (741–743)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Husband of <a href="/wiki/Anna_(wife_of_Artabasdos)" title="Anna (wife of Artabasdos)">Anna</a>, a daughter of Leo III. Revolted against Constantine V and briefly ruled at Constantinople
</td>
<td style="background:#EBEBEB">Unknown lifespan<hr/>Deposed and blinded by Constantine V, relegated to a monastery where he died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB192Treadgold1997356_(n._12,_p._939)Garland200610Schreiner85–86_218-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB192Treadgold1997356_(n._12,_p._939)Garland200610Schreiner85–86-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="397" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png/100px-Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png/150px-Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png/200px-Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></b> "the Khazar"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων</span>
</th>
<td>14 September 775 – 8 September 780<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years, 11 months and 25 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine V; co-emperor since 6 June 751
</td>
<td>25 January 750 – 8 September 780<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 30)</span><hr/>Died of a fever<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1209PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD48F19htm_Leo_4]_(#4243)_219-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1209PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD48F19htm_Leo_4]_(#4243)-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="392" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png/100px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png/150px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png/200px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></b> "the Blind"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>8 September 780 – 19 August 797<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Leo IV; co-emperor since 14 April 776
</td>
<td>14 January 771 – before 805<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged less than 34)</span><hr/>Last emperor to be recognized in the West. Deposed, blinded and exiled by <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB501–502Treadgold1997417–424PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F19htm_Konstantinos_8]_(#3704)_220-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB501–502Treadgold1997417–424PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD43F19htm_Konstantinos_8]_(#3704)-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Irene.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="392" data-file-width="397" decoding="async" height="99" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Solidus_of_Irene.png/100px-Solidus_of_Irene.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Solidus_of_Irene.png/150px-Solidus_of_Irene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Solidus_of_Irene.png/200px-Solidus_of_Irene.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Εἰρήνη</span>
</th>
<td>19 August 797 – 31 October 802<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years, 2 months and 12 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Widow of Leo IV and former regent of Constantine VI. Became co-ruler in 792. Dethroned and blinded her son Constantine in 797, becoming the first female ruler of the empire
</td>
<td>c. 752 – 9 August 803<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 51)</span><hr/>Deposed by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, where she died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009Grierson196255_221-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009Grierson196255-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Madrid_222-0"><a href="#cite_note-Madrid-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="180" data-file-width="144" decoding="async" height="119" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg/95px-Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg/143px-Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></b><br/>"the Logothete"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Νικηφόρος</span>
</th>
<td>31 October 802 – 26 July 811<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(8 years, 8 months and 26 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Court official; proclaimed emperor in opposition to Irene
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 760 – 26 July 811<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 51)</span><hr/>Killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Battle of Pliska</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1476–1477_223-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1476–1477-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="479" data-file-width="510" decoding="async" height="94" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/100px-INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/150px-INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/200px-INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Σταυράκιος</span>
</th>
<td>28 July – 2 October 811<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Nikephoros I; co-emperor since 25 December 803. Proclaimed emperor after the death of his father
</td>
<td>790s – 11 January 812<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(in his late teens)</span><hr/>Wounded at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Pliska</a>; abdicated in favor of Michael I and became a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1945–1946Grierson196255Treadgold1997429_224-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1945–1946Grierson196255Treadgold1997429-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="183" data-file-width="133" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg/95px-Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg 1.5x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe"><b>Michael I</b> Rangabe</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>2 October 811 – 11 July 813<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 9 months and 9 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theophylact_(811-813).png"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1252" data-file-width="1313" decoding="async" height="24" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png/25px-Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png/38px-Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png/50px-Theophylact_%28811-813%29.png 2x" width="25"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></b> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)"><b>Staurakios</b> (<b>II</b>)</a></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-7"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Prokopia" title="Prokopia">Prokopia</a>, a daughter of Nikephoros I
</td>
<td>c. 770 – 11 January 844<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 74)</span><hr/>Abdicated in 813 in favor of <a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> after suffering a defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Versinikia" title="Battle of Versinikia">Battle of Versinikia</a> and retired as a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1362Treadgold1997431–433_225-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1362Treadgold1997431–433-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="343" data-file-width="248" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/95px-Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/143px-Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/190px-Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a></b> "the Armenian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων</span>
</th>
<td>11 July 813 – 25 December 820<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 5 months and 14 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Leo_V_solidus_(reverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="245" data-file-width="245" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg/26px-Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg/39px-Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg/52px-Leo_V_solidus_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)"><b>Constantine</b> Symbatios</a></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-8"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Versinikia" title="Battle of Versinikia">Battle of Versinikia</a>
</td>
<td>c. 775 – 25 December 820<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 45)</span><hr/>Murdered while in church by supporters of <a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1209–1210Treadgold1997431–433,_438_226-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1209–1210Treadgold1997431–433,_438-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Madrid_222-1"><a href="#cite_note-Madrid-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="339" data-file-width="269" decoding="async" height="126" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></b> "the Amorian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>25 December 820 – 2 October 829<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(8 years, 9 months and 7 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General sentenced to execution by Leo V; proclaimed emperor by Leo V's assassins and crowned by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Theodotus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theodotus I of Constantinople">Theodotus I</a> on the same day
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 770 – 2 October 829<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 59)</span><hr/>Saw the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a>. Died of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1363Treadgold1997433–436,_438_229-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1363Treadgold1997433–436,_438-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theophilos_(cropped2).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="351" data-file-width="273" decoding="async" height="129" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg/100px-Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg/150px-Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg/200px-Theophilos_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεόφιλος</span>
</th>
<td>2 October 829 – 20 January 842<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years, 3 months and 18 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="507" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/26px-INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/39px-INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/52px-INC-1528-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 834–835)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-9"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Michael II; co-emperor since 12 May 821
</td>
<td>812/813 – 20 January 842<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 30)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2066_230-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2066-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="238" data-file-width="183" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)"><b>Theodora</b></a> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδώρα</span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">20 January 842 – 15 March 856<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(14 years, 1 month and 24 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_(cropped).png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="702" data-file-width="713" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png/26px-Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png/39px-Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png/52px-Solidus_of_Theodora_II_with_Michael_III_and_Thekla_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></b> (842–856)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-10"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Widow of Theophilos; ruler in her own right during the minority of their son Michael III
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. 815 – c. 867<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 52)</span><hr/>Deposed by Michael III in 856, later died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037–2038Treadgold1997438Garland1999102_231-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037–2038Treadgold1997438Garland1999102-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_iii.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="236" data-file-width="176" decoding="async" height="134" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Michael_iii.jpg/100px-Michael_iii.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Michael_iii.jpg/150px-Michael_iii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Michael_iii.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></b> "the Drunkard"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>20 January 842 – 24 September 867<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(25 years, 8 months and 4 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Theophilos; co-emperor since 16 May 840. Ruled under his mother's regency until 15 March 856
</td>
<td>19 January 840 – 24 September 867<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 27)</span><hr/>The youngest emperor. Murdered by <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> and his supporters<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1364Treadgold1997446–455PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD54F77htm_Michael_11]_(#4991)_232-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1364Treadgold1997446–455PmbZ[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD54F77htm_Michael_11]_(#4991)-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="709" data-file-width="510" decoding="async" height="139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a></b> "the Macedonian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Βασίλειος</span>
</th>
<td>24 September 867 – 29 August 886<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(18 years, 11 months and 5 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_(reverse).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="370" data-file-width="375" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg/26px-Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg/39px-Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg/52px-Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" width="26"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></b> (868–879)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-11"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed co-emperor by Michael III on 26 May 866 and became senior emperor after Michael's murder
</td>
<td>811, 830 or 836 – 29 August 886<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 50, 56 or 75)</span><hr/>Captured <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> in 876 &amp; <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> in 880. Died after a hunting accident<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB260Treadgold1997461,_490Grierson1973473–476_233-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB260Treadgold1997461,_490Grierson1973473–476-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_(head).jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="497" data-file-width="354" decoding="async" height="140" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg/150px-Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg/200px-Emperor_Leo_VI_detail_%28head%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></b> "the Wise"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Λέων</span>
</th>
<td>29 August 886 – 11 May 912<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(25 years, 8 months and 12 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Basil I or illegitimate son of Michael III; crowned co-emperor on 6 January 870
</td>
<td>19 September 866 – 11 May 912<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 45)</span><hr/>Conquered Southern Italy but lost the remnants of Sicily in 902. Died of an <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Intestinal_disease" title="Intestinal disease">intestinal disease</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1210–1211Treadgold1997458–462,_470,_491_234-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1210–1211Treadgold1997458–462,_470,_491-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="279" data-file-width="218" decoding="async" height="128" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg/100px-Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg/150px-Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg/200px-Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Αλέξανδρος</span>
</th>
<td>11 May 912 – 6 June 913<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and 26 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Basil I; co-emperor since September or October 879
</td>
<td>23 November 870 – 6 June 913<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 42)</span><hr/>Died of illness, possibly <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB56–57Treadgold1997471Grierson1973473–476_235-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB56–57Treadgold1997471Grierson1973473–476-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="carved portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="396" data-file-width="297" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII"><b>Constantine VII</b><br/>Porphyrogenitus</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>6 June 913 – 9 November 959<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(46 years, 5 months and 3 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Leo VI; co-emperor since 15 May 908. Successively dominated by regents and co-emperors until 27 January 945, when he deposed Romanos I's sons
</td>
<td>17/18 May 905 – 9 November 959<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 54)</span><hr/>Saw the beginning of renewed expansion in the East against the Arabs. Remembered for his numerous writings. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB502–503Treadgold1997491_236-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB502–503Treadgold1997491-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_(detail).jpg"><img alt="seal" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="561" data-file-width="413" decoding="async" height="136" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg/100px-Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg/150px-Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg/200px-Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos"><b>Romanos I</b> Lekapenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς</span>
</th>
<td>17 December 920 – 20 December 944<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(24 years and 3 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_(reverse).jpg"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1215" data-file-width="1244" decoding="async" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg/27px-Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg/41px-Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg/54px-Romanos_I_%26_Christopher_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" width="27"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos"><b>Christopher</b></a> (921–931),<br/><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos"><b>Stephen</b></a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos"><b>Constantine</b> Lekapenos</a> (924–945)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-12"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Overthrew Constantine VII's regency, married him to his daughter <a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena</a> and was made senior co-emperor. Made several sons co-emperors to curb Constantine VII's authority
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 870 – 15 June 948<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 78)</span><hr/>Deposed by his sons Stephen and Constantine. Died of natural causes in exile as a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1806Schreiner121–128_237-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1806Schreiner121–128-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Romanos_(cropped)_(cropped).JPG"><img alt="carved portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="194" data-file-width="146" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Romanos_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/100px-Romanos_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Romanos_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς</span>
</th>
<td>9 November 959 – 15 March 963<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 4 months and 6 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine VII and grandson of Romanos I; co-emperor since 6 April 945
</td>
<td>938 – 15 March 963<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 24/25)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">Reconquered Crete</a> in 961. Died of exhaustion on a hunting trip<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1806–1807Treadgold1997495–497PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ28988html_Romanos_II]_(#26834)_238-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1806–1807Treadgold1997495–497PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ28988html_Romanos_II]_(#26834)-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_Phokas_(cropped_1).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="205" decoding="async" height="139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg/95px-Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg/143px-Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg/190px-Nikephoros_Phokas_%28cropped_1%29.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas"><b>Nikephoros II</b> Phokas</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Νικηφόρος</span>
</th>
<td>16 August 963 – 11 December 969<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 3 months and 25 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; proclaimed emperor on 2 July 963 against the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bringas" title="Joseph Bringas">Joseph Bringas</a> (regent for the young sons of Romanos II), entered Constantinople on 16 August 963. Married <a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a>, the widow of Romanos II
</td>
<td>c. 912 – 11 December 969<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 57)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia" title="Byzantine conquest of Cilicia">Reconquered</a> Cilicia &amp; <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. Murdered in a conspiracy involving his former supporters (including <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a>) and Theophano<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1478–1479_239-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1478–1479-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="343" data-file-width="283" decoding="async" height="115" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg/95px-John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg/143px-John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg/190px-John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes"><b>John I</b> Tzimiskes</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης</span>
</th>
<td>11 December 969 – 10 January 976<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years and 30 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Nephew of Nikephoros II, took his place as senior co-emperor
</td>
<td>c. 925 – 10 January 976<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 50)</span><hr/>Reconquered Eastern Thrace from the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>. Possibly poisoned by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Lekapenos" title="Basil Lekapenos">Basil Lekapenos</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1045_240-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1045-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Basil_II_crop.png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="157" data-file-width="108" decoding="async" height="145" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Basil_II_crop.png/100px-Basil_II_crop.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Basil_II_crop.png 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></b> "the Bulgar-Slayer"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Βασίλειος</span>
</th>
<td>10 January 976 – 15 December 1025<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(49 years, 11 months and 5 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Romanos II; co-emperor since 22 April 960, briefly reigned as senior emperor in March–August 963. Succeeded as senior emperor upon the death of John I
</td>
<td>958 – 15 December 1025<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 67)</span><hr/>The longest-reigning emperor; best known for his <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">reconquest of Bulgaria</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB261–262Grierson1973589,_599_241-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB261–262Grierson1973589,_599-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_(3).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="140" data-file-width="107" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%283%29.jpg/100px-Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%283%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%283%29.jpg 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></b><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>
</th>
<td>15 December 1025 – 12 November 1028<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 10 months and 28 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Romanos II and brother of Basil II; co-emperor since 30 March 962
</td>
<td>960 – 12 November 1028<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 68)</span><hr/><i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a></i> longest-reigning emperor. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB503Grierson196258_242-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB503Grierson196258-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="242" data-file-width="187" decoding="async" height="123" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png/95px-Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png/143px-Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros"><b>Romanos III</b> Argyros</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς</span>
</th>
<td>12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years, 4 months and 30 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoë Porphyrogenita">Zoë</a>, a daughter of Constantine VIII
</td>
<td>c. 968 – 11 April 1034<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 66)</span><hr/>Temporarily reconquered <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> in 1031. Possibly drowned on Zoë's orders<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB503,_1807Grierson196259_243-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB503,_1807Grierson196259-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="447" data-file-width="380" decoding="async" height="112" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg/95px-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg/143px-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></b> "the Paphlagonian"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>12 April 1034 – 10 December 1041<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 7 months and 28 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Lover of Zoë, made emperor after their marriage following Romanos III's death
</td>
<td>c. 1010 – 10 December 1041<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 31)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1365Treadgold1997491_244-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1365Treadgold1997491-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="445" data-file-width="379" decoding="async" height="112" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/95px-Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/143px-Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg/190px-Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></b> "Kalaphates"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ</span>
</th>
<td>13 December 1041 – 21 April 1042<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Nephew and designated heir of Michael IV, proclaimed emperor by Zoë three days after Michael IV's death
</td>
<td>c. 1015 – unknown<hr/>Deposed in a popular uprising after attempting to sideline Zoë, blinded and forced to become a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1365–1366Treadgold1997491_245-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1365–1366Treadgold1997491-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="382" data-file-width="287" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoë Porphyrogenita"><b>Zoë</b> Porphyrogenita</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ζωή</span>
</th>
<td>21 April – 11 June 1042<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 month and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Daughter of Constantine VIII and widow of Romanos III and Michael IV. Ruled in her own right from Michael V's deposition until her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX</a>.
</td>
<td>c. 978 – 1050<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 72)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2228Treadgold1997590_246-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2228Treadgold1997590-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg"><img alt="Portrait from the Monomachos crown" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="369" data-file-width="283" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/100px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/150px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/200px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita"><b>Theodora</b> Porphyrogenita</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδώρα</span>
</th>
<td>21 April – 11 June 1042<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 month and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Daughter of Constantine VIII and sister of Zoë, proclaimed co-empress during the revolt that deposed Michael V
</td>
<td>c. 980 – 31 August 1056<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 76)</span><hr/>Sidelined after Zoë's marriage to Constantine IX, returned to the throne in 1055<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590_247-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Constantine_IX_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="261" data-file-width="196" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Emperor_Constantine_IX_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos"><b>Constantine IX</b> Monomachos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-famnames_249-0"><a href="#cite_note-famnames-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>11 June 1042 – 11 January 1055<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 years and 7 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of Zoë, crowned the day after their marriage
</td>
<td>c. 1006 – 11 January 1055<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 49)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB504_250-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB504-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg"><img alt="Portrait from the Monomachos crown" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="369" data-file-width="283" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/100px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/150px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg/200px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita"><b>Theodora</b> Porphyrogenita</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεοδώρα<br/>(<b>second reign</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>11 January 1055 – 31 August 1056<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year, 7 months and 20 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Claimed the throne again after Constantine IX's death as the last living member of the Macedonian dynasty
</td>
<td>c. 980 – 31 August 1056<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 76)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590_247-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038Treadgold1997491,_590-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_(Mutinensis_-_color)_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="466" data-file-width="374" decoding="async" height="118" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/95px-132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/143px-132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/190px-132_-_Michael_VI_Bringas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas"><b>Michael VI</b> Bringas</a> "Stratiotikos"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαήλ</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-famnames_249-1"><a href="#cite_note-famnames-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>22 August 1056 – 30 August 1057<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 year and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Proclaimed emperor by Theodora on her deathbed
</td>
<td>980s/990s – c. 1057<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(in his sixties)</span><hr/>Deposed in a revolt, retired to a monastery and died soon afterwards<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1366Treadgold1997597Schreiner149–150_251-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1366Treadgold1997597Schreiner149–150-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="515" data-file-width="491" decoding="async" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/95px-133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/143px-133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/190px-133_-_Isaac_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos"><b>Isaac I</b> Komnenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 2 months and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General, proclaimed emperor on 8 June 1057 in opposition to Michael VI
</td>
<td>c. 1007 – 31 May/1 June 1060<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 53)</span><hr/>Abdicated to Constantine X due to illness and hostile courtiers, became a monk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1011–2Schreiner151–2Grierson1973759–760_252-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1011–2Schreiner151–2Grierson1973759–760-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Constantine_X_portrait.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="310" data-file-width="234" decoding="async" height="132" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Constantine_X_portrait.jpg/100px-Constantine_X_portrait.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Constantine_X_portrait.jpg/150px-Constantine_X_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Constantine_X_portrait.jpg/200px-Constantine_X_portrait.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas"><b>Constantine X</b> Doukas</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας</span>
</th>
<td>23 November 1059 – 23 May 1067<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years and 6 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Designated as emperor by Isaac I Komnenos during his abdication
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1006 – 23 May 1067<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 61)</span><hr/>Lost nearly all Italian territories to the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB504–505Schreiner151–152Grierson1973764_253-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB504–505Schreiner151–152Grierson1973764-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="355" data-file-width="294" decoding="async" height="121" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png/100px-Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png/150px-Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png/200px-Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF"><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa"><b>Eudokia</b> Makrembolitissa</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Εὐδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα</span> (§)
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">23 May – 31 December 1067<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Widow of Constantine X; either regent on behalf of their sons or co-ruler alongside them until her marriage to Romanos IV. Briefly resumed her regency in September 1071
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">c. 1030 – after 1078<hr/>Became a nun in November 1071 and later died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB739–740Treadgold1997608Grierson1973779–780_254-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB739–740Treadgold1997608Grierson1973779–780-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_(Mutinensis_-_color)_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="492" data-file-width="415" decoding="async" height="113" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/95px-136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/143px-136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/190px-136_-_Romanos_IV_Diogenes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="95"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes"><b>Romanos IV</b> Diogenes</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης</span>
</th>
<td>1 January 1068 – 26 August 1071<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 7 months and 25 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes"><b>Leo</b></a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes"><b>Nikephoros</b> Diogenes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1070–71)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-13"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-256"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>z<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Husband of Eudokia. Regent and senior co-emperor together with Constantine X's and Eudokia's children
</td>
<td>c. 1032 – 4 August 1072<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 40)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Captured at Manzikert</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a>. After his release blinded on 29 June 1072 by <a href="/wiki/John_Doukas_(Caesar)" title="John Doukas (Caesar)">John Doukas</a>, later dying of his wounds<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1807Treadgold1997601–604,_608Schreiner156_257-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1807Treadgold1997601–604,_608Schreiner156-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="portrait from the Holy Crown of Hungary" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="235" data-file-width="177" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas"><b>Michael VII</b> Doukas</a> "Parapinakes"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Δούκας</span>
</th>
<td>1 October 1071 – 24/31 March 1078<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 years, 5 months and 23/30 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></b> (1060–1078), <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)"><b>Andronikos</b></a> (1068–1070s) and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)"><b>Constantine</b> Doukas</a> (1074–78; 1st time)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-14"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Constantine X; made co-emperor in 1060 with Eudokia and Romanos IV. Proclaimed sole emperor after Romanos' defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>
</td>
<td>c. 1050 – c. 1090<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 40)</span><hr/>Lost nearly all of Anatolia to the Turks. Forced to become a monk after a popular uprising. Died of natural causes several years later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1366–1367Schreiner157–159Norwich1993361_258-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1366–1367Schreiner157–159Norwich1993361-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_III_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="223" data-file-width="166" decoding="async" height="134" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Nikephoros_III_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates"><b>Nikephoros III</b> Botaneiates</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης</span>
</th>
<td>3 April 1078 – 1 April 1081<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 11 months and 29 days)</span>
</td>
<td>General; revolted against Michael VII on 2 July or 2 October 1077 and entered Constantinople on 27 March or 3 April. Married <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a>, the former wife of Michael VII
</td>
<td>1001/1002 – c. 1081<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 80)</span><hr/>Abdicated after Alexios I captured Constantinople, became a monk and died of natural causes, probably later in the same year<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1479Schreiner158–159Grierson1973798–799,_821Maynard2021_259-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1479Schreiner158–159Grierson1973798–799,_821Maynard2021-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Alexios_I_Komnenos_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="190" data-file-width="133" decoding="async" height="143" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alexios_I_Komnenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Alexios_I_Komnenos_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Alexios_I_Komnenos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos"><b>Alexios I</b> Komnenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(37 years, 4 months and 14 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)"><b>Constantine</b> Doukas</a><br/>(1081–1087; <b>2nd time</b>)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-15"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Nephew of Isaac I, also husband of <a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a>, a grand-niece of Constantine X. General; revolted against Nikephoros III on 14 February 1081. Seized Constantinople on 1 April; crowned on 4 April
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1057 – 15 August 1118<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 61)</span><hr/>Started the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> &amp; the reconquest of Anatolia. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB63Schreiner159–164_260-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB63Schreiner159–164-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:John_II_head.png"><img alt="mosaic" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="576" data-file-width="390" decoding="async" height="148" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_II_head.png/100px-John_II_head.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_II_head.png/150px-John_II_head.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_II_head.png/200px-John_II_head.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos"><b>John II</b> Komnenos</a><br/>"the Good"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>15 August 1118 – 8 April 1143<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(24 years, 7 months and 24 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)"><b>Alexios</b> the Younger</a><br/>(1119–1142)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-16"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Alexios I, co-emperor since about September 1092
</td>
<td>13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 55)</span><hr/>Reconquered most of Anatolia by the time of his death. Died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident, possibly assassinated (perhaps involving <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a> or supporters of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1046–1047Treadgold1997628–637BucossiRodriguez_Suarez201616_261-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1046–1047Treadgold1997628–637BucossiRodriguez_Suarez201616-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Manuel_I_Comnenus_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="318" data-file-width="221" decoding="async" height="144" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Manuel_I_Comnenus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos"><b>Manuel I</b> Komnenos</a><br/>"the Great"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(37 years, 5 months and 16 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Youngest son and allegedly designated heir of John II on his deathbed, crowned in November 1143 after a few months of having to establish his rights
</td>
<td>28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 61)</span><hr/>Last emperor to attempt reconquests in the west. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1289–1290Treadgold1997636,_638–650_262-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1289–1290Treadgold1997636,_638–650-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Alexios_II_Komnenos_(Vat.gr.1851_folio_2v)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="177" data-file-width="140" decoding="async" height="126" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_2v%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_2v%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Alexios_II_Komnenos_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_2v%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos"><b>Alexios II</b> Komnenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>24 September 1180 – c. September 1183<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Manuel I; co-emperor since 1171
</td>
<td>14 September 1169 – c. September 1183<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 14)</span><hr/>Strangled on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I</a>, body thrown in the sea<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB64,_1289Treadgold1997650–653Schreiner176_263-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB64,_1289Treadgold1997650–653Schreiner176-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="768" data-file-width="588" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos"><b>Andronikos I</b> Komnenos</a> "Misophaes"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός</span>
</th>
<td>c. September 1183 – 12 September 1185<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)"><b>John</b> Komnenos</a><br/>(1183–1185)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-17"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_(son_of_Alexios_I)" title="Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)">Isaac Komnenos</a>, a son of Alexios I. Overthrew the regency of Alexios II in April 1182, crowned co-emperor in 1183 and shortly thereafter had Alexios II murdered
</td>
<td>c. 1118/1120 – 12 September 1185<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 64–67)</span><hr/>Overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II</a>, tortured and mutilated in the imperial palace, then slowly dismembered alive by a mob in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB64,_94,_1012Treadgold1997653–656Lascaratos199973_264-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB64,_94,_1012Treadgold1997653–656Lascaratos199973-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mutinensis_265-0"><a href="#cite_note-Mutinensis-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aa<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="757" data-file-width="571" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos"><b>Isaac II</b> Angelos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος</span>
</th>
<td>12 September 1185 – 8 April 1195<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(9 years, 6 months and 27 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Great-grandson of Alexios I. Resisted an order of arrest issued by Andronikos I, after which he was proclaimed emperor by the people of Constantinople. Captured and killed Andronikos I
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1156 – January 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 47)</span><hr/>Suffered the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">loss</a> of Bulgaria. Overthrown and blinded by Alexios III in 1195, reinstalled in 1203<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195_266-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="766" data-file-width="574" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos"><b>Alexios III</b> Angelos</a><br/>  <span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-268"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ab<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<td>8 April 1195 – 17/18 July 1203<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(8 years, 3 months and 10 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Elder brother of Isaac II, overthrew and blinded his brother
</td>
<td>c. 1153 – 1211/1212<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 58)</span><hr/>Fled after brief resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>. Died a natural death after being captured and forced to become a monk by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB64–65Treadgold1997659–664Schreiner183–185_269-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB64–65Treadgold1997659–664Schreiner183–185-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="728" data-file-width="591" decoding="async" height="123" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos"><b>Alexios IV</b> Angelos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος</span>
</th>
<td>19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Isaac II, overthrew Alexios III with the help of the crusaders as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, then named co-emperor alongside his blinded father
</td>
<td>c. 1182/1183 – c. 8 February 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 21)</span><hr/>Deposed and imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V</a>, then strangled in prison<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB65–66Schreiner183–185_270-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB65–66Schreiner183–185-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="757" data-file-width="571" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos"><b>Isaac II</b> Angelos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος<br/>(<b>second reign</b>)</span>
</th>
<td>19 July 1203 – 27 January (?) 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(6 months and 8 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Freed from imprisonment during the Fourth Crusade by courtiers and reinstated as ruler after Alexios III abandoned the defense of Constantinople
</td>
<td>c. 1156 – January 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 47)</span><hr/>Became senile or demented and died of natural causes around the time of Alexios V's coup<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195_266-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1012Treadgold1997654–660Schreiner183–185Macrides1999VI:_p._75,_X:_p._514,_XII:_p._195-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="5"> 
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="743" data-file-width="561" decoding="async" height="132" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas"><b>Alexios V</b> Doukas</a> "Mourtzouphlos"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀλέξιος Δούκας</span>
</th>
<td>27/28 January – 12 April 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 months and 16 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Seized power through a palace coup, son-in-law of Alexios III.
</td>
<td>c. 1139 – c. late November 1204<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 65)</span><hr/>Fled during the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">sack of Constantinople</a>. Blinded by Alexios III, later captured by crusader <a href="/wiki/Thierry_de_Loos" title="Thierry de Loos">Thierry de Loos</a> and thrown from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Column_of_Theodosius" title="Column of Theodosius">Column of Theodosius</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB66Treadgold1997265–266,_665Schreiner185–186_271-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB66Treadgold1997265–266,_665Schreiner185–186-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mutinensis_265-1"><a href="#cite_note-Mutinensis-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aa<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="731" data-file-width="480" decoding="async" height="152" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris"><b>Theodore I</b> Laskaris</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεόδωρος Κομνηνὸς Λάσκαρις</span>
</th>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 1205 – November 1221<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(16 years and 6 months)<hr/><i>with</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)"><b>Nicholas</b> Laskaris</a> (1208–1210)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-18"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a>, a daughter of Alexios III. Organized resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> and proclaimed emperor in 1205 after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1205)" title="Battle of Adrianople (1205)">Battle of Adrianople</a>; crowned by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Michael IV of Constantinople">Michael IV</a> on 6 April 1208.
</td>
<td>c. 1174 – November 1221<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 47)</span><hr/>Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2039–2040Angelov201918Dragon2003275_272-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2039–2040Angelov201918Dragon2003275-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="736" data-file-width="564" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" title="John III Vatatzes"><b>John III</b> Vatatzes</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης</span>
</th>
<td>c. December 1221 – 3 November 1254<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(32 years and 11 months)</span>
</td>
<td>Husband of <a href="/wiki/Irene_Laskarina" title="Irene Laskarina">Irene Laskarina</a>, a daughter of Theodore I
</td>
<td>c. 1192 – 3 November 1254<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 62)</span><hr/>Started Nicaean expansionism. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1047–1048Angelov2019256_273-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1047–1048Angelov2019256-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Theodoros_II_Laskaris_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="543" data-file-width="388" decoding="async" height="140" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Theodoros_II_Laskaris_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris"><b>Theodore II</b> Laskaris</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Θεόδωρος Δούκας Λάσκαρις</span>
</th>
<td>3 November 1254 – 16 August 1258<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 9 months and 13 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of John III and grandson of Theodore I, co-emperor since about 1235
</td>
<td>November 1221 – 16 August 1258<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 36)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2040–2041Treadgold1997731Angelov201961,_258,_325_274-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2040–2041Treadgold1997731Angelov201961,_258,_325-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color)_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="672" data-file-width="478" decoding="async" height="141" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/100px-151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/150px-151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png/200px-151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris"><b>John IV</b> Laskaris</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Δούκας Λάσκαρις</span>
</th>
<td>16 August 1258 – 25 December 1261<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(3 years, 4 months and 9 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son and co-emperor of Theodore II
</td>
<td>25 December 1250 – c. 1305<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 55)</span><hr/>Blinded, deposed and imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> in 1261, died in captivity several decades later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1048–1049Macrides2013303Angelov2019305PLP2663_(#14534)_275-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1048–1049Macrides2013303Angelov2019305PLP2663_(#14534)-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="7%">Portrait
</th>
<th scope="col" width="17%">Name
</th>
<th scope="col" width="26%">Reign
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Succession
</th>
<th scope="col" width="25%">Life details
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="497" data-file-width="333" decoding="async" height="149" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Miniature_of_Michael_VIII_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos"><b>Michael VIII</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(23 years, 11 months and 10 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Great-grandson of Alexios III; became regent for John IV in 1258 and crowned co-emperor in 1259. <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">Regained Constantinople</a> on 25 July 1261, entered the city on 15 August. Became sole ruler after deposing John IV on 25 December
</td>
<td>1224/1225 – 11 December 1282<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 57/58)</span><hr/>Died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1367Treadgold1997745Schreiner196–206PLP3929_(#21528)_276-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1367Treadgold1997745Schreiner196–206PLP3929_(#21528)-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_(cropped).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="416" data-file-width="280" decoding="async" height="149" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Miniature_of_Andronikos_II_%28cropped%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos II</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(45 years, 5 months and 13 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Michael VIII; named co-emperor shortly after 1261, crowned on 8 November 1272
</td>
<td>25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 72)</span><hr/>Deposed by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III</a> in 1328 and became a monk, dying of natural causes four years later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB94–95Angelov2009100PLP3889_(#21436)_277-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB94–95Angelov2009100PLP3889_(#21436)-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="760" data-file-width="476" decoding="async" height="160" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF">  <a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos"><b>Michael IX</b> Palaiologos</a> (§)<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(26 years, 4 months and 21 days)</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281, crowned on 21 May 1294
</td>
<td style="background:#F0FFFF">17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 42/43)</span><hr/>Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son, probably died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1367–8Treadgold1997755Angelov2009100PLP3931_(#21529)_278-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1367–8Treadgold1997755Angelov2009100PLP3931_(#21529)-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="260" data-file-width="195" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos III</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(13 years and 22 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 1308 and 1313. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">Fought with his grandfather</a> Andronikos II for power from April 1321 onwards. Crowned emperor on 2 February 1325, became sole emperor after deposing Andronikos II
</td>
<td>25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 44)</span><hr/>Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Died of sudden illness, possibly <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB95Treadgold1997764LascaratosMarketos1997106–9PLP3891_(#21437)_279-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB95Treadgold1997764LascaratosMarketos1997106–9PLP3891_(#21437)-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_(head_cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1566" data-file-width="1197" decoding="async" height="131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Restored_mosaic_of_John_V_Palaiologos_%28head_cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</p>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos"><b>John V</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td><br/>15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(49 years, 8 months and 1 day)<br/><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal"><div>Details</div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <hr/>
<ul><li>15 June 1341 – 12 August 1376<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(35 years, 1 month and 28 days)</span></li>
<li>1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(10 years, 9 months and 13 days)</span></li>
<li>17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 months and 30 days)</span></li></ul>
</li></ul>
</div></span>
</td>
<td>Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned until 19 November 1341. Dominated by regents until 1354, faced numerous usurpations and civil wars throughout his long reign
</td>
<td>18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 58)</span><hr/>Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effective power for 33. Lost almost all territories outside Constantinople. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1050Schreiner253,_345PLP3912_(#21485)_280-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1050Schreiner253,_345PLP3912_(#21485)-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="224" decoding="async" height="134" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Johannes_VI._Cantacuzenos_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos"><b>John VI</b> Kantakouzenos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός</span>
</th>
<td>8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(7 years, 10 months and 2 days)<hr/><i>with</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png"><img alt="coin" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="657" data-file-width="724" decoding="async" height="25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png/28px-Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png/42px-Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png/56px-Matthew_Kantakouzenos.png 2x" width="28"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos"><b>Matthew</b> Kantakouzenos</a> (1353–1357)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-19"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. Proclaimed by the army on 26 October 1341, became regent and senior co-emperor after a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">lengthy civil war</a> with John V's mother, <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna of Savoy</a>. Entered Constantinople on 8 February, crowned on 21 May 1347
</td>
<td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1295 – 15 June 1383<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged approx. 88)</span><hr/>Deposed by John V in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1352%E2%80%931357" title="Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357">another civil war</a> and retired, becoming a monk. Died of natural causes several decades later<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1050–1051Schreiner252–288PLP2046_(#10973)Feiller1976_281-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1050–1051Schreiner252–288PLP2046_(#10973)Feiller1976-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="790" data-file-width="464" decoding="async" height="170" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos IV</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(2 years, 10 months and 19 days)</span><br/>May 1381 – June 1385<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years, in <a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a>)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of John V and grandson of John VI; named co-emperor and heir in 1352, but imprisoned and partially <a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">blinded</a> after a failed rebellion in May 1373. Rebelled again and successfully <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1373%E2%80%931379" title="Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379">deposed his father</a> in 1376; not formally crowned until 18 October 1377
</td>
<td>11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 37)</span><hr/><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1373%E2%80%931379" title="Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379">Deposed by John V</a> in 1379; fled to <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a> in exile but was restored as co-emperor and heir in May 1381, ruling over <a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">coast of Marmara</a>. Rebelled again in June 1385 but died shortly thereafter<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB95Mladenov2003190Schreiner312–321PLP3893_(#21438)_282-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB95Mladenov2003190Schreiner312–321PLP3893_(#21438)-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="772" data-file-width="540" decoding="async" height="143" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/100px-159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/150px-159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/200px-159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" width="100"/></a></span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Non-contemporary</span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos"><b>John VII</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>14 April – 17 September 1390<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 months and 3 days)</span><br/>late 1403 – 22 September 1408<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(5 years, in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Thessalonica" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>)<hr/><i>with</i> <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos"><b>Andronikos V</b> Palaiologos</a> (1403–1407)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-co-emperor_163-20"><a href="#cite_note-co-emperor-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Son of Andronikos IV, co-emperor since 1377; usurped the throne from John V in 1390. Deposed shortly thereafter but granted <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II</a> in 1403, from where he once more ruled as emperor until his death
</td>
<td>1370 – 22 September 1408<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 38)</span><hr/>Ruled Constantinople as regent in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1394%E2%80%931402)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)">1399–1403</a> during Manuel II's absence. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1052Oikonomides1977331Schreiner340–343PLP3908_(#21480)_283-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1052Oikonomides1977331Schreiner340–343PLP3908_(#21480)-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Manuel_II_Paleologus_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="234" data-file-width="170" decoding="async" height="138" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Manuel_II_Paleologus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</p>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos"><b>Manuel II</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(34 years, 4 months and 5 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 25 September 1373
</td>
<td>27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 74)</span><hr/>Suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in 1422, whereafter the government was run by his son, John VIII. Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1291Schreiner276,_309,_429PLP3923_(#21513)_284-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1291Schreiner276,_309,_429PLP3923_(#21513)-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Palaio.jpg"><img alt="miniature portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2502" data-file-width="1818" decoding="async" height="138" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Palaio.jpg/100px-Palaio.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Palaio.jpg/150px-Palaio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Palaio.jpg/200px-Palaio.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</p>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos"><b>John VIII</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(23 years, 4 months and 10 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Manuel II; co-emperor by 1407 and full emperor since 19 January 1421
</td>
<td>18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 55)</span><hr/> Died of natural causes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1053–1054Schreiner340,_387–411PLP3909_(#21481)_285-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1053–1054Schreiner340,_387–411PLP3909_(#21481)-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_(edit)_(cropped).jpg"><img alt="fresco portrait" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="669" data-file-width="437" decoding="async" height="153" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Konstantinos_XI_Palaiologos_fresco_%28edit%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a></span>
</td>
<th scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos"><b>Constantine XI</b> Palaiologos</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος</span>
</th>
<td>6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(4 years, 4 months and 23 days)</span>
</td>
<td>Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his brother John VIII. Crowned emperor in <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a> on 6 January 1449, entered Constantinople on 12 March.
</td>
<td>8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(aged 48)</span><hr/>The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB505Nicol19922,_35–38,_70PLP3919_(#21500)_286-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB505Nicol19922,_35–38,_70PLP3919_(#21500)-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Subject
</th>
<th>Description
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Roman usurpers (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">list</a>)
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Roman usurpers</a> were individuals or groups of individuals who obtained or tried to obtain power by force and without <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimate</a> legal authority. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Usurpation" title="Usurpation">Usurpation</a> was endemic during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman imperial</a> era, especially from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_third_century" title="Crisis of the third century">crisis of the third century</a> onwards, when political instability became the rule.
<p>A number of individuals proclaimed themselves emperor (or were proclaimed or appointed as emperor), but are not considered as legitimate emperors because they did not oust the ruling emperor, or did not establish control of the whole empire, or were not accepted by the senate or other imperial colleagues.
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Byzantine usurpers (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">list</a>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Holy Roman Emperors (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor#List_of_emperors" title="Holy Roman Emperor">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> was the ruler and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.
<p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> was crowned <i>imperator romanorum</i> ("Emperor of the Romans") by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> in AD 800. In so doing, the Pope rejected the legitimacy of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Empress_Irene" title="Empress Irene">Empress Irene</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB413_287-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB413-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines never recognized the Holy Roman emperors as "Roman emperors" and called them the 'emperor (or king) of the Franks', to them only the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" title="Byzantine Senate">Byzantine Senate</a> (successor to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>) and/or the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Byzantine_military" title="Byzantine military">Byzantine military</a> (successor to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Roman_military" title="Roman military">Roman military</a>) had the right to appoint a new Roman Emperor. Likewise, Western Europeans didn't recognize the legitimacy of the Byzantine emperors and called them the 'emperor of the Greeks' or the 'emperor of Constantinople'. See also: <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Latin Emperors (<a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">Latin Emperor</a> was the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, the historiographical convention for the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> realm, established in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> (1204) and lasting until the city was recovered by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a> in 1261. Its name derives from its <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Catholic" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and Western European ("<a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latin</a>") nature. The empire, whose official name was <i>Imperium Romaniae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "Empire of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romania</a>"), claimed the direct heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, which had most of its lands taken and partitioned by the crusaders. This claim however was disputed by the Byzantine Greek successor states, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>. Out of these three, the Nicaeans succeeded in displacing the Latin emperors in 1261 and restored the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Trapezuntine emperors (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Trapezuntine_emperors" title="Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> were the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>, one of the successor states of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> founded after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, until <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">its fall</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1461. The rulers of Trebizond called themselves <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Grand_Komnenos" title="Grand Komnenos">Megas Komnenos</a></i> and – like their counterparts in the other two Byzantine successor states, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> – initially claimed supremacy as "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans". However, after <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople in 1261, the Komnenian use of the style "Emperor" became a sore point. In September 1282, at Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John II of Trebizond</a> relinquished his claim and accepted the title <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despot</a>. His successors used a variant of the imperial title, "Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia" title="Caucasian Iberia">the Iberians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Perateia" title="Perateia">Transmarine Provinces</a>" until the Empire's end in 1461.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-288"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Emperors of Thessalonica (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica#Rulers" title="Empire of Thessalonica">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The emperors of Thessalonica were the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Empire of Thessalonica</a>, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Historiographic" title="Historiographic">historiographic</a> term to refer to the short-lived state centred on the city of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Thessalonica" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> between 1224 and 1246 (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" title="Sensu stricto">sensu stricto</a></i> until 1242) and ruled by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Komnenodoukas" title="Komnenodoukas">Komnenodoukas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Despots of Epirus (<a href="/wiki/Despot_of_Epirus#List_of_despots_of_Epirus,_1205–1479" title="Despot of Epirus">list</a>)
</td>
<td>The <a href="/wiki/Despot_of_Epirus" title="Despot of Epirus">despot of Epirus</a> was the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, one of the successor states of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>. The name "Despotate of Epirus" is a modern historiographical name and was not used at the time.
<p>Some rulers used the version "<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Despotes" title="Despotes">despot</a> of Romania" (Romania essentially referring to the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, i.e. Byzantium) or "despot of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Rhomaioi" title="Rhomaioi">Romans</a>" (claiming rulership over the Romans, i.e. the Byzantines/Greeks).
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ottoman sultans (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">list</a>)
</td>
<td>Based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">right of conquest</a>, the sultans of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> claimed to be the legitimate Roman Emperors, in succession to the Byzantine emperors who had previously ruled from Constantinople. This claim was recognized by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Islamic_world" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, but was never recognized by the Western Europeans. See <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim to Roman succession</a>
</td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br/>27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br/>235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br/>284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br/>395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br/>395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br/>Byzantine Empire</a><br/>641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> &amp; <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> &amp; <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br/>395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br/>395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epochs_of_Roman_Emperors" title="Template:Epochs of Roman Emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epochs_of_Roman_Emperors" title="Template talk:Epochs of Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epochs_of_Roman_Emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epochs of Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_emperors_by_time_period227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> by time period</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Roman_emperors" title="Family tree of the Roman emperors">Family tree</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> (27 BC–AD 68)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the 4 Emperors</a> (68–69)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> (69–96)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a> (96–192)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the 5 Emperors</a> (192–193)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> (193–235)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_emperor" title="Barracks emperor">Barracks emperors</a> (235–284)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the 6 Emperors</a> (238)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_dynasty" title="Gordian dynasty">Gordian dynasty</a> (238–244)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a> (268–284)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–297)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchies</a> (293–313)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a> (305–363)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a> (364–392)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian dynasty</a> (378–455)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman emperors</a> (395–476)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors</a> (395–1453)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Emperors of Nicaea</a> (1204–1261)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Emperors of Trebizond</a> (1204–1461)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica</a> (1224–1246)</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody>
<tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> (27 BC–AD 68)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the 4 Emperors</a> (68–69)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> (69–96)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a> (96–192)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the 5 Emperors</a> (192–193)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> (193–235)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_emperor" title="Barracks emperor">Barracks emperors</a> (235–284)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the 6 Emperors</a> (238)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_dynasty" title="Gordian dynasty">Gordian dynasty</a> (238–244)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a> (268–284)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–297)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchies</a> (293–313)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a> (305–363)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a> (364–392)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian dynasty</a> (378–455)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman emperors</a> (395–476)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors</a> (395–1453)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Emperors of Nicaea</a> (1204–1261)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Emperors of Trebizond</a> (1204–1461)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica</a> (1224–1246)</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody>

## importantly each element of this iterable can be navigated like the whole tree did
tbody = soup.find_all('tbody')[0]
for tr in tbody.find_all('tr')[1:]: ## the first element (0th in the list) is the columns names, so I have gotten rid of it
    # print(tr)
    # print('_________')
    row = tr.find_all(['td','th'])
    print(row[0].a['href'], row[1].b.get_text(), row[1].small.get_text(), row[2].get_text(), row[3].get_text(), row[4].get_text(), sep='\n')
    print('_________')
## now we're getting somewhere

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[9], line 7
      3 for tr in tbody.find_all('tr')[1:]: ## the first element (0th in the list) is the columns names, so I have gotten rid of it
      4     # print(tr)
      5     # print('_________')
      6     row = tr.find_all(['td','th'])
----> 7     print(row[0].a['href'], row[1].b.get_text(), row[1].small.get_text(), row[2].get_text(), row[3].get_text(), row[4].get_text(), sep='\n')
      8     print('_________')
      9 ## now we're getting somewhere

AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'get_text'

I am going to use a very versatile package called re or regular expressions (regex) to do some advanced string parsing. This regex function, finditer, takes in a pattern and a text and returns all of the times that pattern occurs in the text. These patterns can look very complicated, but, in this case, it is ‘(?<=)’, which means: find all of the places between an end paraenthesis and the rest of the string.

You can read more about regex here and you can play around with your own regex at regex101.

## going back to the full list of tbodys and populate a dictionary with all our data
import re
emp_dict = {}
for tbody in soup.find_all('tbody'):
    for tr in tbody.find_all('tr')[1:]:
        row = tr.find_all(['td','th'])
        if len(row) == 5: ## check if each row is of the correct length
            if not isinstance(row[0].a, type(None)): ## check if each row has an image
                img_url = f"en.wikipedia.org{row[0].a['href']}"

                life_details = re.split('(?<=\))', row[4].get_text()) ## here I am using regex to search for the place between an end parenthesis ')' and the rest of the string
                if len(life_details) > 1: ## checking if there is a parenthesis, if there isn't then the cause of death recorded
                    life_date = life_details[0]
                    cod = life_details[1]
                else:
                    life_date = life_details[0]
                    cod = 'None found.'

                if not isinstance(row[1].small, type(None)): ## checking if there is a full name associated with an emperor
                    full_name = row[1].small.get_text()
                else:
                    full_name = 'None found.'

                emp_dict[row[1].b.get_text()] = (img_url, full_name, row[2].get_text(), row[3].get_text(), life_date, cod)

emp_dict

{'Augustus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg',
  'Caesar Augustus',
  '16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14\xa0\xa0(40\xa0years, 7\xa0months and 3\xa0days)[g]\n',
  'Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. Gradually acquired further power through grants from, and constitutional settlements with, the Roman Senate.\n',
  '23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14(aged 75)',
  'Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman consul on 19\xa0August\xa043\xa0BC.Died of natural causes[53]\n'),
 'Tiberius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Tib%C3%A8re_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_b_(cropped).jpg',
  'Tiberius Caesar Augustus',
  '17 September 14 – 16 March 37(22\xa0years, 5\xa0months and 27\xa0days)\n',
  'Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of Augustus\n',
  '16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37(aged 77)',
  'Died probably of natural causes, allegedly murdered at the instigation of Caligula[54]\n'),
 'Caligula': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caligula_-_MET_-_14.37_(cropped_2).jpg',
  'Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus',
  '18 March 37 – 24 January 41(3\xa0years, 10\xa0months and 6\xa0days)\n',
  'Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, great-grandson of Augustus\n',
  '31 August 12 – 24 January 41(aged 28)',
  'Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetorian Guard and senators[55]\n'),
 'Claudius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(cropped).jpg',
  'Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus',
  '24 January 41 – 13 October 54(13\xa0years, 8\xa0months and 19\xa0days)\n',
  'Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard and accepted by the Senate\n',
  '1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54(aged 63)',
  'Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably poisoned by his wife Agrippina, in favor of her son Nero[56]\n'),
 'Nero': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_(cropped).jpg',
  'Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus',
  '13 October 54 – 9 June 68(13\xa0years, 7\xa0months and 27\xa0days)\n',
  'Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted son of Claudius, great-great-grandson of Augustus\n',
  '15 December 37 – 9 June 68(aged 30)',
  'Committed suicide after being deserted by the Praetorian Guard and sentenced to death by the Senate[57]\n'),
 'Galba': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_emperor_Galba,_Gustav_III%27s_Museum_of_Antiquities,_Stockholm_(20)_(35867773310)_edited_(cropped).jpg',
  'Servius Galba Caesar Augustus',
  '8 June 68 – 15 January 69(7\xa0months and 7\xa0days)\n',
  'Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted against Nero and seized power after his suicide, with support of the Senate and Praetorian Guard\n',
  '24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69(aged 70)',
  'Murdered by soldiers of the Praetorian Guard in a coup led by Otho[58]\n'),
 'Otho': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_(30612822394)_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus',
  '15 January – 16 April 69(3\xa0months and 1\xa0day)\n',
  'Seized power through a coup against Galba\n',
  '28 April 32 – 16 April 69(aged 36)',
  'Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius[59]\n'),
 'Vitellius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunis_Bardo_Buste_8_(cropped).jpg',
  'Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus',
  '19 April – 20 December 69(8\xa0months and 1\xa0day)\n',
  'Governor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed emperor by the Rhine legions on 2 January in opposition to Galba and Otho, later recognized by the Senate\n',
  '24 September 15 – 20/22 December 69(aged 54)',
  "Murdered by Vespasian's troops[60]\n"),
 'Vespasian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naples_Archaeology_Museum_(5914222133)_cropped.jpg',
  'Caesar Vespasianus Augustus',
  '1 July 69 – 23 June 79(9\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 22\xa0days)\n',
  'Seized power with support of the eastern legions, in opposition to Vitellius\n',
  '17 November 9 – 23/24 June 79(aged 69)',
  'Died of natural causes[61]\n'),
 'Titus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_(cropped).jpg',
  'Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus',
  '24 June 79 – 13 September 81(2\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 20\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Vespasian\n',
  '30 December 39 – 13 September 81(aged 41)',
  'Died of natural causes[62]\n'),
 'Domitian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domiziano_da_collezione_albani,_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_(cropped).jpg',
  'Caesar Domitianus Augustus',
  '14 September 81 – 18 September 96(15\xa0years and 4\xa0days)\n',
  'Brother of Titus and son of Vespasian\n',
  '24 October 51 – 18 September 96(aged 44)',
  'Assassinated in a conspiracy of court officials, possibly involving Nerva[63]\n'),
 'Nerva': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nerva.JPG',
  'Nerva Caesar Augustus',
  '18 September 96 – 27 January 98(1\xa0year, 4\xa0months and 9\xa0days)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor after the murder of Domitian\n',
  '8 November 30 – 27 January 98(aged\xa067)',
  'First of the "Five Good Emperors". Died of natural causes[64]\n'),
 'Trajan': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_(cropped).jpg',
  'Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus',
  '28 January 98 – 7/11 August 117(19 years, 6 months and 10/14 days)\n',
  'Adopted son of Nerva\n',
  '18 September 53 – 7/11 August 117(aged\xa063)',
  'First non-Italian emperor. His reign marked the geographical peak of the empire. Died of natural causes[65]\n'),
 'Hadrian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hadrianus_Townley_BM_GR1805.07-03.94_n02_(cropped).jpg',
  'Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus',
  '11 August 117 – 10 July 138(20\xa0years, 10\xa0months and 29\xa0days)\n',
  'Cousin of Trajan, allegedly adopted on his deathbed\n',
  '24 January 76 – 10 July 138(aged\xa062)',
  'Ended Roman expansionism. Destroyed Judea after a massive revolt. Died of natural causes[66]\n'),
 'Antoninus Pius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_259_(cropped_and_edited).jpg',
  'Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius[h]',
  '10 July 138 – 7 March 161(22\xa0years, 7\xa0months and 25\xa0days)\n',
  'Adopted son of Hadrian\n',
  '19 September 86 – 7 March 161(aged\xa074)',
  'Died of natural causes[68]\n'),
 'Marcus Aurelius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Antoninus',
  '7 March 161 – 17 March 180(19\xa0years and 10\xa0days)\n',
  'Son-in-law and adopted son of Antoninus Pius. Reigned jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, the first time multiple emperors shared power.\n',
  '26 April 121 – 17 March 180(aged\xa058)',
  'Last of the "Five Good Emperors"; also one of the most representative Stoic philosophers. Died of natural causes[69]\n'),
 'Lucius Verus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucius_Verus_bust_(crop).png',
  'Lucius Aurelius Verus',
  '7 March 161 – January/February 169(7 years and 11 months)\n',
  'Adopted son of Antoninus Pius, joint emperor with his adoptive brother, Marcus Aurelius\n',
  '15 December 130 – early 169(aged\xa038)',
  'Died of natural causes[70]\n'),
 'Commodus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_(cropped_enhanced).jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus / Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus',
  '27 November 176 – 31 December 192(16\xa0years, 1\xa0month and 4\xa0days)\n',
  "Son of Marcus Aurelius. Proclaimed co-emperor on 27 November 176, at age 15, becoming the first emperor to be elevated during predecessor's lifetime\n",
  '31 August 161 – 31 December 192(aged\xa031)',
  'Strangled to death in a conspiracy involving his praetorian prefect, Laetus, and mistress, Marcia[71]\n'),
 'Pertinax': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Pertinax_at_the_Uffizi_Gallery_(cropped).jpg',
  'Publius Helvius Pertinax',
  '1 January – 28 March 193(2\xa0months and 27\xa0days)\n',
  "City prefect of Rome at Commodus's death, set up as emperor by the praetorian prefect, Laetus, with consent of the Senate\n",
  '1 August 126 – 28 March 193(aged\xa066)',
  'Murdered by mutinous soldiers of the Praetorian Guard[72]\n'),
 'Didius Julianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_(cropped).jpeg',
  'Marcus Didius Severus Julianus',
  '28 March – 1 June 193(2\xa0months and 4\xa0days)\n',
  'Won auction held by the Praetorian Guard for the position of emperor\n',
  '30 January 133 – 1/2 June 193(aged\xa060)',
  'Killed on order of the Senate, at the behest of Septimius Severus[73]\n'),
 'Septimius Severus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_(cropped).jpg',
  'Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax',
  '9 April 193 – 4 February 211(17\xa0years, 9\xa0months and 26\xa0days)\n',
  'Governor of Upper Pannonia, acclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions following the murder of Pertinax\n',
  '11 April 145 – 4 February 211(aged\xa065)',
  'First non-European emperor. Died of natural causes[74]\n'),
 'Caracalla': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Antoninus',
  '4 February 211 – 8 April 217(6\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 4\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor on 28 January 198, at age 10. Succeeded jointly with his brother, Geta, in 211\n',
  '4 April 188 – 8 April 217(aged\xa029)',
  'First child emperor. Granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. Murdered by a soldier at the instigation of Macrinus[75]\n'),
 'Geta': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geta_(cropped).jpg',
  'Publius Septimius Geta',
  '4 February 211 – 19/26 December 211(10 months and 15/22 days)\n',
  'Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor in October 209, succeeded jointly with his older brother, Caracalla\n',
  '7 March 189 – 19/26 December 211(aged\xa022)',
  'Murdered on order of his brother, Caracalla[76]\n'),
 'Macrinus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg',
  'Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus',
  '11 April 217 – 8 June 218(1\xa0year, 1\xa0month and 28\xa0days)\n',
  "Praetorian prefect of Caracalla, accepted as emperor by the army and Senate after having arranged his predecessor's death in fear of his own life\n",
  'c. 165 – June 218(aged approx. 53)',
  'First non-senator to become emperor, and first emperor not to visit Rome after acceding. Executed during a revolt of the troops in favor of Elagabalus.[77]\n'),
 'Diadumenian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macrino,_aureo_per_diadoumeniano_cesare,_217-18,_01.JPG',
  'Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus',
  'Late May – June 218(less than a month)\n',
  'Son of Macrinus, named co-emperor by his father after the eruption of a rebellion in favor of Elagabalus\n',
  '14 September 208 – June 218(aged\xa09)',
  'Caught in flight and executed in favor of Elagabalus[78]\n'),
 'Elagabalus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_(2)_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Antoninus',
  '16 May 218 – 12 March 222(3\xa0years, 9\xa0months and 24\xa0days)\n',
  'Cousin and alleged illegitimate son of Caracalla, acclaimed as emperor by rebellious legions in opposition to Macrinus at the instigation of his grandmother, Julia Maesa\n',
  '203/204 – 11/12 March 222(aged\xa018)',
  'Murdered by the Praetorian Guard alongside his mother, probably at the instigation of Julia Maesa[79]\n'),
 'Severus Alexander': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander',
  '13 March 222 – 21 March 235(13\xa0years and 8\xa0days)\n',
  'Cousin and adopted heir of Elagabalus\n',
  '1 October 208 – 21 March 235(aged\xa026)',
  'Lynched by mutinous troops, alongside his mother[80]\n'),
 'Maximinus I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_(cropped).jpg',
  'Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus',
  'c. March 235 – c. June 238[k](3 years and 3 months)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor by Germanic legions after the murder of Severus Alexander\n',
  'c. 172–180 – c. June 238(aged approx. 58–66)',
  'First commoner to become emperor. Murdered by his men during the siege of Aquileia[86]\n'),
 'Gordian I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CapitoliniGordianoI.jpg',
  'Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus',
  'c. April – c. May 238[k](22 days)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor alongside his son, Gordian II, while serving as governor of Africa, in a revolt against Maximinus, and recognized by the Senate\n',
  'c. 158 (?)',
  ' – c. May 238(aged approx. 80)'),
 'Gordian II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GordianusIIsest.jpg',
  'Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus',
  'c. April – c. May 238[k](22 days)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor alongside his father Gordian I, during revolt in Africa against Maximinus\n',
  'c. 192 –  c. May 238(aged approx. 46)',
  'The shortest-reigning emperor on record. Killed outside Carthage in battle against an army loyal to Maximinus I[88]\n'),
 'Pupienus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus',
  'c. May – c. August 238[k](99 days)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor jointly with Balbinus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus\n',
  'c. 164 – c. August 238(aged approx. 74)',
  'Tortured and murdered by the Praetorian Guard[89]\n'),
 'Balbinus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_balbino,_238_(cropped_enhanced).jpg',
  'Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus',
  'c. May – c. August 238[k](99 days)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor jointly with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus\n',
  'c. 178 – c. August 238(aged approx. 60)',
  'Tortured and murdered by the Praetorian Guard[90]\n'),
 'Gordian III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Antonius Gordianus',
  'c. August 238 – c. February 244(c. 5 years and 6 months)\n',
  'Grandson of Gordian I, appointed as heir by Pupienus and Balbinus, upon whose deaths he succeeded as emperor\n',
  '20 January 225 – c. February 244(aged 19)',
  'Died during campaign against Persia, possibly in a murder plot instigated by Philip I[91]\n'),
 'Philip I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_emperor_Philippus_Arabus_-_Hermitage_Museum_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Julius Philippus',
  'c. February 244 – September/October 249(c. 5 years and 7/8 months)\n',
  'Praetorian prefect under Gordian III, seized power after his death\n',
  'c. 204 – September/October 249(aged approx. 45)',
  'Killed at the Battle of Verona, against Decius[92]\n'),
 'Philip II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_Junior_crop.png',
  'Marcus Julius Severus Philippus',
  'July/August 247 – September/October 249(c. 2 years and 2 months)\n',
  'Son of Philip I, appointed co-emperor\n',
  'c. 237 – September/October 249(aged approx. 12)',
  'Murdered by the Praetorian Guard[93]\n'),
 'Decius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Traianus_Decius_(Mary_Harrsch)_enhanced_(cropped).jpg',
  'Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius',
  'September/October 249 – June 251(c. 1 year and 8/9 months)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor by the troops in Moesia, then defeated and killed Philip I in battle\n',
  'c. 190/200 – June 251(aged approx. 50/60)',
  'Killed at the Battle of Abrittus, against the Goths[94]\n'),
 'Herennius Etruscus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Herennius_Etruscus_(obverse).jpg',
  'Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius',
  'May/June – June 251(less than a month)\n',
  'Son of Decius, appointed co-emperor\n',
  'Unknown – June 251Killed at the Battle of Abrittus alongside his father[95]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Trebonianus Gallus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antakya_Trebonianus_Gallus_cropped.jpg',
  'Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus',
  'June 251 – c. August 253(c. 3 years and 2 months)\n',
  'Senator and general, proclaimed emperor after the deaths of Decius and Herennius Etruscus\n',
  'c. 206 – c. August 253(aged 47)',
  'Murdered by his own troops in favor of Aemilian[96]\n'),
 'Hostilian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Hostilianus_(obverse).jpg',
  'Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus',
  'c. June – c. July 251(c. 1 month)\n',
  'Younger son of Decius, named caesar by his father and proclaimed co-emperor by Trebonianus Gallus\n',
  'Unknown – c. July 251Died of plague or murdered by Trebonianus Gallus[97]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Volusianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volusian_crop.png',
  'Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus',
  'c. August 251 – c. August 253(3 years)\n',
  'Son of Gallus, appointed co-emperor\n',
  'c. 230 – c. August 253(aged approx. 23)',
  'Murdered by the soldiers, alongside his father[98]\n'),
 'Aemilianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aemilian1.jpg',
  'Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus',
  'c. July – c. September 253(c. 2 months)\n',
  'Commander in Moesia, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers after defeating barbarians, in opposition to Gallus\n',
  'c. 207 – c. September 253(aged approx. 46)',
  'Murdered by his own troops in favor of Valerian[99]\n'),
 'Silbannacus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silbannacus_coin_(transparent_background).png',
  'Mar. Silbannacus',
  'c. September/October 253(very briefly)\n',
  'Obscure figure known only from coinage, appears to have briefly ruled in Rome between Aemilianus and Valerian\n',
  'Nothing known[24]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Valerian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg',
  'Publius Licinius Valerianus',
  'c. September 253 – c. June 260(c. 6 years and 9 months)\n',
  'Army commander in Raetia and Noricum, proclaimed emperor by the legions in opposition to Aemilian\n',
  'c. 200 –  after 262 (?)',
  'Captured at Edessa by the Persian king Shapur I, died in captivity possibly forced to swallow molten gold[103]\n'),
 'Gallienus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg',
  'Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus',
  'c. September 253 – c. September 268(15 years)\n',
  "Son of Valerian, appointed joint emperor. Sole emperor after Valerian's capture and subsequent death\n",
  '218 – c. September 268(aged 50)',
  'Faced multiple revolts & barbarian invasions. Murdered in a conspiracy of army officers, involving his successors Claudius II and Aurelian[104]\n'),
 'Saloninus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saloninus_coin_(transparent_background).png',
  'Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus',
  'Autumn 260(c. 1 month)\n',
  'Son of Gallienus, proclaimed caesar by his father and proclaimed emperor by the praetorian prefect Silvanus while besieged by Postumus\n',
  'Unknown – Late 260Murdered by troops loyal to Postumus[107]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Claudius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClaudiusGothicusSC265569.jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Claudius',
  'c. September 268 – c. April 270(c. 1 year and 7 months)\n',
  "Army commander in Illyria, proclaimed emperor after Gallienus's death\n",
  '10 May 214 – c. April 270(aged approx. 55)',
  'Died of plague[108]\n'),
 'Quintillus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Quintillus_(obverse).jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus',
  'c. April – May/June 270(17–77 days)\n',
  'Brother of Claudius II, proclaimed emperor after his death\n',
  'Unknown – 270Committed suicide or killed at the behest of Aurelian[109]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Aurelian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1859-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA._270-275_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',
  'Lucius Domitius Aurelianus',
  'c. May 270 – c. October 275(c. 5 years and 5 months)\n',
  "Supreme commander of the Roman cavalry, proclaimed emperor by Danube legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus\n",
  '9 September 214 – c. October 275(aged 61)',
  'Reunified the Roman Empire. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard[110]\n'),
 'Tacitus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Claudius Tacitus',
  'c. December 275 – c. June 276(c. 7 months)\n',
  "Alleged princeps senatus, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Campania after Aurelian's death\n",
  'c. 200 (?)',
  ' – c. June 276(aged approx. 76)'),
 'Florianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_(obverse).jpg',
  'Marcus Annius Florianus',
  'c. June – September 276(80–88 days)\n',
  'Brother or, more likely, half-brother of Tacitus\n',
  'Unknown – September/October 276Murdered by his own troops in favor of Probus[112]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Probus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_(cropped_enhanced).jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Probus',
  'c. June 276 – c. September 282(c. 6 years and 3 months)\n',
  'General; proclaimed emperor by the eastern legions, in opposition to Florianus\n',
  '19 August 232 – c. September 282(aged 50)',
  'Murdered by his own troops in favor of Carus[113]\n'),
 'Carus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carusinc2955obverse.png',
  'Marcus Aurelius Carus',
  'c. September 282 – c. July 283(c. 10 months)\n',
  "Praetorian prefect under Probus, seized power before or after Probus's murder\n",
  'c. 224 (?)',
  ' – c. July 283(aged approx. 60)'),
 'Carinus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_(cropped).JPG',
  'Marcus Aurelius Carinus',
  'Spring 283 – August/September 285(2 years)\n',
  'Son of Carus, appointed joint emperor shortly before his death. Succeeded jointly with Numerian\n',
  'c. 250 – August/September 285(aged approx. 35)',
  'Probably died in battle against Diocletian, likely betrayed by his own soldiers[115]\n'),
 'Numerian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Numerian251206cng_(obverse).jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Numerianus',
  'c. July/August 283 – November 284(1 year and 3/4 months)\n',
  'Son of Carus, succeeded jointly with Carinus\n',
  'c. 253 – November 284(aged approx. 31)',
  'Died while marching to Europe, probably of disease, possibly assassinated[116]\n'),
 'Diocletian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_minore_romana,_testa_di_statua_togata_di_diocleziano_(cropped).jpg',
  'Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus',
  '20 November 284 – 1 May 305(20\xa0years, 5\xa0months and 11\xa0days)\n',
  "Commander of the imperial bodyguard, acclaimed by the army after death of Numerian, and proceeded to defeat Numerian's brother, Carinus, in battle\n",
  '22 December c. 243 – 3 December c. 311(aged approx.\xa068)',
  'Began the last great persecution of Christianity. First emperor to voluntarily abdicate. Died in unclear circumstances, possibly suicide[117]\n'),
 'Maximian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSR_-_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27empreur_Maximien_Hercule_-_Inv_34_b_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus',
  '1 April 286 – 1 May 305(19\xa0years and 1\xa0month; West)Late 306 – 11 November 308(2 years; Italy)\n',
  'Elevated by Diocletian, ruled the western provinces\n',
  'c. 250 – c. July 310(aged approx.\xa060)',
  'Abdicated with Diocletian, later trying to regain power with, and then from, Maxentius, before being probably killed on orders of Constantine\xa0I[118]\n'),
 'Galerius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romuliana_Galerius_head_(cropped).jpg',
  'Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus',
  '1 May 305 – May 311(6 years; East)\n',
  "Elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as eastern augustus upon Diocletian's abdication\n",
  'c. 258 – May 311(aged approx.\xa053)',
  'Died of natural causes[119]\n'),
 'Constantius I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius',
  '1 May 305 – 25 July 306(1\xa0year, 2\xa0months and 24\xa0days; West)\n',
  "Maximian's relation by marriage, elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as western augustus upon Maximian's abdication\n",
  '31 March c. 250 – 25 July 306(aged approx. 56)',
  'Died of natural causes[120]\n'),
 'Severus II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg',
  'Flavius Valerius Severus',
  'August 306 – March/April 307(c. 8 months; West)\n',
  "Elevated to caesar in 305 by Maximian, promoted to western augustus by Galerius upon Constantius\xa0I's death\n",
  'Unknown – September 307Surrendered to Maximian and Maxentius, later murdered or forced to commit suicide[121]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Maxentius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Maxentius,_Dresden_(cropped).jpg',
  'Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius',
  '28 October 306 – 28 October 312(6 years; Italy)\n',
  'Son of Maximian and son-in-law of Galerius, seized power in Italy with support of the Praetorian Guard and his father after being passed over in the succession. Not recognized by the other emperors\n',
  'c. 283 – 28 October 312(aged approx. 29)',
  'Died at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, against Constantine\xa0I[122]\n'),
 'Licinius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Licinius,_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_(cropped).jpg',
  'Valerius Licinianus Licinius',
  '11 November 308 – 19 September 324(15\xa0years, 10\xa0months and 8\xa0days; East)\n',
  'Elevated by Galerius to replace Severus, in opposition to Maxentius. Defeated Maximinus Daza in a civil war to become sole emperor of the East in 313\n',
  'c. 265 – early 325(aged approx. 60)',
  'Defeated, deposed and put to death by Constantine\xa0I[123]\n'),
 'Maximinus II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_(obverse).jpg',
  'Galerius Valerius Maximinus',
  '310 – c. July 313(3 years; East)\n',
  'Nephew of Galerius, elevated to caesar by Diocletian in 305, and acclaimed as augustus by his troops in 310\n',
  '20 November c. 270 – c. July 313(aged approx. 42)',
  'Defeated in civil war against Licinius, died shortly afterwards[124]\n'),
 'Valerius Valens': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valerius_Valens_coin_(transparent_background).png',
  'Aurelius Valerius Valens',
  'October 316 – c. January 317(c. 2–3 months; West)\n',
  'Frontier commander in Dacia, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine\xa0I\n',
  'Unknown – 317Executed in the lead-up to a peace settlement between Licinius and Constantine[126]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Martinian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martinian_coin_(transparent_background).png',
  'Mar. Martinianus',
  'July – 19 September 324(2 months; West)\n',
  'A senior bureaucrat, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine\xa0I\n',
  'Unknown – 325Deposed by Constantine and banished to Cappadocia, later executed[127]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Constantine I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_(cropped).jpg',
  'Flavius Valerius Constantinus',
  '25 July 306 – 22 May 337(30\xa0years, 9\xa0months and 27\xa0days)\n',
  "Son of Constantius I, acclaimed by his father's troops. Accepted as caesar by Galerius in 306, promoted to augustus in 307 by Maximian, refused demotion to caesar in 309\n",
  '27 February 272/273 – 22 May 337(aged 64/65)',
  'First Christian emperor and founder of Constantinople. Sole ruler of the Empire after defeating Maxentius in 312 and Licinius in 324. Died of natural causes[128]\n'),
 'Constantine II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campidoglio,_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_(cropped).jpg',
  'Flavius Claudius Constantinus',
  '9 September 337 – April 340(2 years and 7 months)\n',
  'Son of Constantine I\n',
  '7 August 316 – April 340(aged 23)',
  'Ruled the praetorian prefecture of Gaul. Killed in an ambush during a war against his brother, Constans I[129]\n'),
 'Constans I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constant_head.jpg',
  'Flavius Julius Constans',
  '9 September 337 – January 350(12 years and 4 months)\n',
  'Son of Constantine I\n',
  '322/323 – January/February 350(aged\xa027)',
  "Ruled Italy, Illyricum and Africa initially, then the western empire after Constantine II's death. Overthrown and killed by Magnentius[130]\n"),
 'Constantius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_triumph_of_Constantius_II_(head).png',
  'Flavius Julius Constantius',
  '9 September 337 – 3 November 361(24\xa0years, 1\xa0month and 25\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Constantine I\n',
  '7 August 317 – 3 November 361(aged 44)',
  'Ruled the east initially, then the whole empire after the death of Magnentius. Died of a fever[131]\n'),
 'Magnentius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnentius_coin_(transparent_background).png',
  'Magnus Magnentius',
  '18 January 350 – 10 August 353(3\xa0years, 6\xa0months and 23\xa0days)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor by the troops, in opposition to Constans I\n',
  'c. 303 – 10 August 353(aged approx. 50)',
  'Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Mons Seleucus[132]\n'),
 'Nepotianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Nepotian.png',
  'Julius Nepotianus',
  '3 June – 30 June 350(27\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Eutropia, a daughter of Constantius\xa0I. Proclaimed emperor in Rome in opposition to Magnentius\n',
  'Unknown – 30 June 350Captured and executed by supporters of Magnentius[133]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Vetranio': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vetranio_coin_(transparent_background).png',
  'None found.',
  '1 March – 25 December 350(9\xa0months and 24\xa0days)\n',
  'General of Constans in Illyricum, acclaimed by the Illyrian legions at the expense of Magnentius\n',
  "Unknown – c. 356Abdicated in Constantius II's favor, retired, and died 6 years later[135]\n",
  'None found.'),
 'Julian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1525-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',
  'Flavius Claudius Julianus',
  '3 November 361 – 26 June 363(1\xa0year, 7\xa0months and 24\xa0days)\n',
  'Acclaimed by the Gallic army in early 360, became sole emperor after the death of his cousin, Constantius\xa0II\n',
  '331 – 26 June 363(aged 32)',
  'Last non-Christian emperor. Mortally wounded during a campaign against Persia[136]\n'),
 'Jovian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jovian_solidus.png',
  'Jovianus',
  '27 June 363 – 17 February 364(7\xa0months and 21\xa0days)\n',
  "Commander of imperial household guard; proclaimed emperor by the army after Julian's death\n",
  '330/331 – 17 February 364(aged 33)',
  'Possibly died of inhaling toxic fumes or indigestion[138]\n'),
 'Valentinian I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_(cropped).jpg',
  'Valentinianus',
  '25/26 February 364 – 17 November 375(11\xa0years, 8\xa0months and 23\xa0days)\n',
  "General; proclaimed emperor by the army after Jovian's death\n",
  '321 – 17 November 375(aged 54)',
  'Last emperor to cross the Rhine into Germania. Died of a stroke while yelling at envoys[140]\n'),
 'Valens': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',
  'None found.',
  '28 March 364 – 9 August 378(14\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 12\xa0days)\n',
  'Brother of Valentinian I, made eastern emperor by his brother (Valentinian retaining the west)\n',
  'c. 328 – 9 August 378(aged nearly 50)',
  'Killed at the Battle of Adrianople[141]\n'),
 'Procopius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',
  'None found.',
  '28 September 365 – 27 May 366(7\xa0months and 29\xa0days)\n',
  'Maternal cousin and intended heir of Julian; revolted against Valens and captured Constantinople, where the people proclaimed him emperor\n',
  '326 – 27/28 May 366(aged 40)',
  'Deposed, captured and executed by Valens[142]\n'),
 'Gratian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg',
  'Gratianus',
  '17 November 375 – 25 August 383(7\xa0years, 9\xa0months and 8\xa0days)\n',
  "Son of Valentinian I; proclaimed western co-emperor on 24 August 367, at age 8. Emperor in his own right after Valentinian's death\n",
  '18 April 359 – 25 August 383(aged 24)',
  'Killed by Andragathius, an officer of Magnus Maximus[143]\n'),
 'Magnus Maximus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnus_Maximus_coin_(transparent).png',
  'None found.',
  'Spring 383 – 28 August 388(5 years)with Victor (383/387–388)[r]\n',
  'General, related to Theodosius I; proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Briefly recognized by Theodosius I and Valentinian II\n',
  'Unknown – 28 August 388Defeated by Theodosius I at the Battle of Save, executed after surrendering[144]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Valentinian II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_(cropped_enhanced).JPG',
  'Valentinianus',
  '28 August 388 – 15 March 392(3\xa0years, 6\xa0months and 16\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed co-emperor on 22 November 375, at age 4. Sole western ruler after the defeat of Magnus Maximus in 388\n',
  '371 – 15 March 392(aged 20)',
  'Dominated by regents and co-emperors his entire reign. Probably suicide, possibly killed by Arbogast[145]\n'),
 'Eugenius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eugenius_coin_(transparent).png',
  'None found.',
  '22 August 392 – 6 September 394(2\xa0years and 15\xa0days)\n',
  'Teacher of Latin grammar and rhetoric, secretary of Valentinian II. Proclaimed emperor by Arbogast\n',
  'Unknown – 6 September 394Defeated by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Frigidus and executed[146]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Theodosius I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Theodosius_I_(cropped).jpg',
  'None found.',
  '19 January 379 – 17 January 395(15\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 29\xa0days)\n',
  "Retired general; proclaimed eastern emperor by Gratian. Ruler of the entire empire after Valentinian II's death\n",
  '11 January 346/347 – 17 January 395(aged 48/49)',
  'Last emperor to rule over the two halves of the Empire. Died of natural causes[147]\n'),
 'Arcadius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_(cropped).JPG',
  'None found.',
  '17 January 395 – 1 May 408(13\xa0years, 3\xa0months and 14\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 16 January 383. Emperor in the east\n',
  '377 – 1 May 408(aged 31)',
  'Died of natural causes[148]\n'),
 'Honorius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diptych_of_Honorius_(head).jpg',
  'None found.',
  '17 January 395 – 15 August 423(28\xa0years, 6\xa0months and 29\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 23 January 393. Emperor in the west\n',
  '9 September 384 – 15 August 423(aged 38)',
  'Reigned under several successive regencies. Died of edema[149]\n'),
 'Constantine III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg',
  'Heraclius Constantinus\xa0\xa0Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος[t]',
  '11 February – 25 May 641(3\xa0months and 14\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 22 January 613\n',
  '3 May 612 – 25 May 641(aged 29)',
  'Died of tuberculosis[182]\n'),
 'Theodosius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg',
  'None found.',
  '1 May 408 – 28 July 450(42\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 27\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Arcadius; co-emperor since 10 January 402. Emperor in the east\n',
  '10 April 401 – 28 July 450(aged 49)',
  'Died of a fall from his horse[151]\n'),
 'Priscus Attalus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_(obverse).png',
  'None found.',
  'Late 409 – summer 410(less than a year)\n',
  'A leading member of the Senate, proclaimed emperor by Alaric after the Sack of Rome. Emperor in the west\n',
  'Unknown lifespanDeposed by Alaric after reconciling with Honorius. Tried to claim the throne again 414–415 but was defeated and forced into exile; fate unknown[152]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Constantius III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantius_III_diptych_(detail).jpg',
  'None found.',
  '8 February – 2 September 421(6\xa0months and 25\xa0days)\n',
  'Prominent general under Honorius and husband of Galla Placidia, a daughter of Theodosius I. Made co-emperor by Honorius. Emperor in the west\n',
  'Unknown – 2 September 421De facto ruler since 411; helped Honorius defeat numerous usurpers & foreign enemies. Died of illness[153]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Johannes': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Joannes.png',
  'None found.',
  '20 November 423 – c. May 425(c. 1 year and a half)\n',
  'Senior civil servant, seized power in Rome and the west after Theodosius II delayed in nominating a successor of Honorius\n',
  'Unknown – c. May 425Captured by the forces of Theodosius II, brought to Constantinople and executed[154]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Valentinian III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Valentinian_III,_Louvre_(head).jpg',
  'Placidius Valentinianus',
  '23 October 425 – 16 March 455(29\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 21\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Constantius III, grandson of Theodosius I and great-grandson of Valentinian I, installed as emperor of the west by Theodosius II\n',
  '2 July 419 – 16 March 455(aged 35)',
  'Faced the invasion of the Huns. Murdered by Optelas and Thraustelas, retainers of Aetius[155]\n'),
 'Marcian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Marcian.png',
  'Marcianus',
  '25 August 450 – 27 January 457(6\xa0years, 5\xa0months and 2\xa0days)\n',
  'Soldier and official, proclaimed emperor after marrying Pulcheria, a daughter of Arcadius. Emperor in the east\n',
  '391/392 – 27 January 457(aged 65)',
  'Died after a prolonged period of illness[156]\n'),
 'Petronius Maximus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png',
  'None found.',
  '17 March – 31 May 455(2\xa0months and 14\xa0days)\n',
  'General and civil official, murdered Valentinian III and married his widow, Licinia Eudoxia\n',
  'Unknown – 31 May 455Killed by a mob while fleeing during the Vandalic sack of Rome[157]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Avitus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Avitus_Arles_(obverse).jpg',
  'Eparchius Avitus',
  '9 July 455 – 17 October 456(1\xa0year, 3\xa0months and 8\xa0days)\n',
  'General; proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths and Gallo-Romans after the death of Petronius Maximus\n',
  'Unknown – 456/457Defeated and deposed by the magister militum Ricimer, consecrated as a bishop. Died soon thereafter of either natural causes, strangulation, or being starved to death[158]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Majorian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Majorian_Arles_(obverse).jpg',
  'Julius Valerius Maiorianus',
  '28 December 457 – 2 August 461(3\xa0years, 7\xa0months and 5\xa0days)\n',
  'General; proclaimed emperor by the army and backed by Ricimer\n',
  'Unknown – 7 August 461Reconquered Southern Gaul & most of Hispania. Deposed and executed by Ricimer[159]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Severus III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg',
  'Libius Severus',
  '19 November 461 – 14 November 465(3\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 26\xa0days)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer\n',
  'Unknown – 14 November 465Died of natural causes[160]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Anthemius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Anthemius.png',
  'Procopius Anthemius',
  '12 April 467 – 11 July 472(5\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 29\xa0days)\n',
  'General; husband of Marcia Euphemia, a daughter of Marcian. Proclaimed western emperor by the eastern emperor Leo I\n',
  'Unknown – 11 July 472The last effective emperor of the West. Murdered by Gundobad after a civil war with Ricimer[161]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Olybrius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tremissis_Olybrius_(obverse).jpg',
  'Anicius Olybrius',
  'c. April – 2 November 472 (c. 7 months)\n',
  'Husband of Placidia, a daughter of Valentinian III. Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer\n',
  'Unknown –  2 November 472Died of dropsy[162]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Glycerius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_(obverse).jpg',
  'None found.',
  '3/5 March 473 – 24 June 474(1 year, 3 months and 11/19 days)\n',
  'General; proclaimed emperor by Gundobad\n',
  'Unknown lifespanDeposed by Julius Nepos and made a bishop, subsequent fate unknown[163]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Julius Nepos': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png',
  'None found.',
  '24 June 474 – 28 August 475(1\xa0year, 2\xa0months and 4\xa0days)\n',
  'General; married to a relative of Verina, the wife of the eastern emperor Leo I. Installed as western emperor by Leo\n',
  'Unknown – 9 May 480Fled to Dalmatia in the face of an attack by his magister militum Orestes. Continued to claim to be emperor in exile. Murdered by his retainers[164]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Romulus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomulusAugustus.jpg',
  'Romulus Augustus',
  '31 October 475 – 4 September 476(10\xa0months and 4\xa0days)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor by his father, the magister militum Orestes\n',
  'Roughly 465 – after 507/511?The last western emperor. Deposed by the Germanic general Odoacer and retired. Possibly alive as late as 507 or 511; fate unknown[165]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Leo I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_(cropped).jpg',
  'None found.',
  '7 February 457 – 18 January 474(16\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 11\xa0days)\n',
  'Low-ranking army officer; chosen by the magister militum Aspar to succeed Marcian\n',
  '400 – 18 January 474(aged 73)',
  'First emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Died of dysentery[166]\n'),
 'Leo II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_II.png',
  'None found.',
  '18 January – November 474(11 months)\n',
  'Grandson of Leo I and son of Zeno; co-emperor since 17 November 473\n',
  '467 – November 474(aged 7)',
  'Youngest emperor at the time of his death. Died of illness[167]\n'),
 'Zeno': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semissis_of_Zeno.png',
  'None found.',
  '29 January 474 – 9 April 491(17\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 11\xa0days)\n',
  'Husband of Ariadne, a daughter of Leo I, and father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the Senate\n',
  '425/430 – 9 April 491(aged 60/65)',
  'Died of dysentery or epilepsy[168]\n'),
 'Basiliscus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png',
  'None found.',
  '9 January 475 – August 476(1 year and 7 months)with Marcus (475–476)[r]\n',
  'Brother of Verina, the wife of Leo I. Proclaimed emperor by his sister in opposition to Zeno and seized Constantinople\n',
  'Unknown – 476/477Deposed by Zeno upon his return to Constantinople; imprisoned in a dried-up resorvoir and starved to death[169]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Anastasius I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_diptych_Flavius_Anastasius_(Anastasius_I).png',
  'None found.',
  '11 April 491 – 9 July 518(27\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 28\xa0days)\n',
  'Government official; chosen by Ariadne, whom he married, to succeed Zeno\n',
  '430/431 – 9 July 518(aged 88)',
  'Oldest emperor at the time of his death. Died of natural causes[170]\n'),
 'Justin I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justin_I_obverse.jpg',
  'Iustinus',
  '9/10 July 518 – 1 August 527(9\xa0years and 23\xa0days)\n',
  'Soldier; proclaimed emperor by the troops after the death of Anastasius I\n',
  '450 – 1 August 527(aged 77)',
  'Died of natural causes[171]\n'),
 'Justinian I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_(cropped).jpg',
  'Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus',
  '1 April 527 – 14 November 565(38\xa0years, 7\xa0months and 13\xa0days)\n',
  'Nephew and adoptive son of Justin I\n',
  '481/482 – 14 November 565(aged 83)',
  'Temporarily reconquered half of the Western Roman Empire, including Rome. Died of natural causes[172]\n'),
 'Justin II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justin_II_(obverse).jpg',
  'Iustinus',
  '14 November 565 – 5 October 578(12\xa0years, 10\xa0months and 21\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Vigilantia, sister of Justinian I\n',
  'Unknown – 5 October 578Lost most of Italy to the Lombards by 570. Suffered an attack of dementia in 574, whereafter the government was run by regents. Died of natural causes[173]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Tiberius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiberios_II_(obverse).jpg',
  'Tiberius Constantinus',
  '26 September 578 – 14 August 582(3\xa0years, 10\xa0months and 19\xa0days)\n',
  'Adoptive son of Justin II\n',
  'Mid-6th century – 14 August 582Died after a sudden illness, supposedly after accidentally eating bad food[174]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Maurice': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Maurice_(transitional_issue).png',
  'Mauricius Tiberius',
  '13 August 582 – 27 November 602(20\xa0years, 3\xa0months and 14\xa0days)with Theodosius (590–602)[r]\n',
  'Husband of Constantina, a daughter of Tiberius II Constantine\n',
  '539 – 27 November 602(aged 63)',
  'Captured and executed by troops loyal to Phocas[175]\n'),
 'Phocas': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Phocas.jpg',
  'Focas',
  '23 November 602 – 5 October 610(7\xa0years, 10\xa0months and 12\xa0days)\n',
  'Centurion in the army; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Maurice\n',
  '547 – 5 October 610(aged 63)',
  'Deposed and then beheaded on the orders of Heraclius[176]\n'),
 'Heraclius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heraclius_solidus.jpg',
  '\xa0\xa0\xa0Ἡράκλειος',
  '5 October 610 – 11 February 641(30\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 6\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Carthage. Led a revolt against Phocas\n',
  '574/575 – 11 February 641(aged 66)',
  'Ended the Persian Wars, but suffered the loss of the Levant to the Muslims. Died of natural causes[179]\n'),
 'Heraclonas': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_(obverse).png',
  'Heraclius, Ἡράκλειος',
  '11 February – 5 November (?) 641(8\xa0months and 25\xa0days)with Tiberius, son of Heraclius (641)[r]\n',
  'Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 4 July 638. Co-ruler with Constantine and then sole emperor under the regency of his mother Martina\n',
  '626 – unknownDeposed, mutilated and exiled, subsequent fate unknown[183]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Constans II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Constans_II_(transparent).png',
  'Constantinus, Κωνσταντῖνος',
  'September 641 – 15 July 668(26 years and 10 months)\n',
  'Son of Heraclius Constantine; proclaimed co-emperor by Heraclonas at age 11\n',
  '7 November 630 – 15 July 668(aged 37)',
  'Lost Egypt in 641. Murdered in Sicily while bathing by supporters of Mezezius[184]\n'),
 'Constantine IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_IV_mosaic_(cropped)_(2).png',
  'Constantinus, Κωνσταντῖνος',
  'September 668 – 10 July (?) 685(16 years and 10 months)with Heraclius and Tiberius, sons of Constans II (659–681)[r]\n',
  'Son of Constans II; co-emperor since 13 April 654\n',
  'Roughly 650 – 10 July (?)',
  ' 685(aged about 35)'),
 'Justinian II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justinian_II,_2nd_reign_(transparent).png',
  'Iustinianus, Ἰουστινιανός(second reign)',
  '21 August (?) 705 – 4 November 711(6\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 14\xa0days)with Tiberius, son of Justinian II (706–711)[r]\n',
  'Retook the throne with the aid of the Khazars\n',
  '668/669 – 4 November 711(aged 42)',
  'Killed by supporters of Philippicus after fleeing Constantinople[189]\n'),
 'Leontius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leontius.png',
  'Λέων(τιος)',
  '695 – 698(3 years)\n',
  'General; deposed Justinian II\n',
  'Unknown – 15 February (?)',
  ' 706Lost Africa & Carthage to the Muslims. Deposed by Tiberius III in 698 and later executed by Justinian\xa0II in 706[187]\n'),
 'Tiberius III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png',
  'Τιβέριος',
  '698 – 705(7 years)\n',
  'General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Leontius\n',
  'Unknown – 15 February (?)',
  ' 706Deposed and later executed by Justinian\xa0II alongside Leontius[188]\n'),
 'Philippicus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Philippicus.png',
  'Filepicus, Φιλιππικός',
  '4 November 711 – 3 June 713(1\xa0year, 6\xa0months and 30\xa0days)\n',
  'General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Justinian II\n',
  'Unknown – 20 January 714/715Deposed and blinded in favor of Anastasius II, later died of natural causes[190]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Anastasius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png',
  'Artemius AnastasiusἈρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος',
  '4 June 713 – fall 715(less than 2 years)\n',
  'Senior court official, proclaimed emperor after the deposition of Philippicus\n',
  'Unknown – 1 June 719Abdicated to Theodosius III after a six-month civil war, becoming a monk. Beheaded by Leo III after an attempt to retake the throne[191]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Theodosius III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png',
  'Θεοδόσιος',
  'Fall 715 – 25 March 717(less than 2 years)\n',
  'Tax-collector, possibly son of Tiberius III; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Anastasius II\n',
  'Unknown lifespanDeposed by Leo III, whereafter he became a monk. His subsequent fate is unknown.[192]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Leo III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png',
  'Λέων',
  '25 March 717 – 18 June 741(24\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 24\xa0days)\n',
  'General; deposed Theodosius III\n',
  'c. 685 – 18 June 741(aged approx. 56)',
  'Ended Muslim expansion in Anatolia. Died of dropsy[193]\n'),
 'Constantine V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_V_(transparent_background).png',
  'Κωνσταντῖνος',
  '18 June 741 – 14 September 775(34\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 27\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Leo III; co-emperor since 31 March 720\n',
  '718 – 14 September 775(aged 57)',
  'Last emperor to rule over Rome. Died of a fever[194]\n'),
 'Artabasdos': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png',
  'Ἀρτάβασδος',
  'June 741/2 – 2 November 743(1/2 years and 5 months)with Nikephoros, son of Artabasdos (741/2–743)\n',
  'Husband of Anna, a daughter of Leo III. Revolted against Constantine V and briefly ruled at Constantinople\n',
  'Unknown lifespanDeposed and blinded by Constantine V, relegated to a monastery where he died of natural causes[195]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Leo IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png',
  'Λέων',
  '14 September 775 – 8 September 780(4\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 25\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Constantine V; co-emperor since 6 June 751\n',
  '25 January 750 – 8 September 780(aged 30)',
  'Died of a fever[196]\n'),
 'Constantine VI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png',
  'Κωνσταντῖνος',
  '8 September 780 – 19 August 797(16\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 11\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Leo IV; co-emperor since 14 April 776\n',
  '14 January 771 – before 805(aged less than 34)',
  'Last emperor to be recognized in the West. Deposed and blinded by Irene, died in exile[197]\n'),
 'Irene': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Irene.png',
  'Εἰρήνη',
  '19 August 797 – 31 October 802(5\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 12\xa0days)\n',
  'Widow of Leo IV and former regent of Constantine VI. Dethroned and blinded her son Constantine in 797, becoming the first female ruler of the empire\n',
  'c. 752 – 9 August 803(aged approx. 51)',
  'Deposed by Nikephoros I and exiled to Lesbos, where she died of natural causes[198]\n'),
 'Nikephoros I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg',
  'Νικηφόρος',
  '31 October 802 – 26 July 811(8\xa0years, 8\xa0months and 26\xa0days)\n',
  'Court official; proclaimed emperor in opposition to Irene\n',
  'c. 760 – 26 July 811(aged approx. 51)',
  'Killed at the Battle of Pliska[199]\n'),
 'Staurakios': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',
  'Σταυράκιος',
  '28 July – 2 October 811(2\xa0months and 4\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Nikephoros I; co-emperor since 25 December 803. Proclaimed emperor after the death of his father\n',
  '790s – 11 January 812(in his late teens)',
  'Wounded at Pliska; abdicated in favor of Michael I and became a monk[200]\n'),
 'Michael I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg',
  'Μιχαὴλ',
  '2 October 811 – 11 July 813(1\xa0year, 9\xa0months and 9\xa0days)with Theophylact and Staurakios, sons of Michael I (811–813)[r]\n',
  'Husband of Prokopia, a daughter of Nikephoros I\n',
  'c. 770 – 11 January 844(aged approx. 74)',
  'Abdicated in 813 in favor of Leo V after suffering a defeat at the Battle of Versinikia and retired as a monk[201]\n'),
 'Leo V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg',
  'Λέων',
  '11 July 813 – 25 December 820(7\xa0years, 5\xa0months and 14\xa0days)with Constantine (813–820)[r]\n',
  'General; proclaimed emperor after the Battle of Versinikia\n',
  'c. 775  – 25 December 820(aged approx. 45)',
  'Murdered while in church by supporters of Michael II[202]\n'),
 'Michael II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_(cropped).jpg',
  'Μιχαὴλ',
  '25 December 820 – 2 October 829(8\xa0years, 9\xa0months and 7\xa0days)\n',
  "General sentenced to execution by Leo\xa0V; proclaimed emperor by Leo\xa0V's assassins and crowned by Patriarch Theodotus I on the same day\n",
  'c. 770 – 2 October 829(aged approx. 59)',
  'Saw the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily. Died of kidney failure[204]\n'),
 'Theophilos': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theophilos_(cropped2).jpg',
  'Θεόφιλος',
  '2 October 829 – 20 January 842(12\xa0years, 3\xa0months and 18\xa0days)with Constantine (c. 834–835)[r]\n',
  'Son of Michael II; co-emperor since 12 May 821\n',
  '812/813 – 20 January 842(aged 30)',
  'Died of dysentery[205]\n'),
 'Theodora': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg',
  'Θεοδώρα(second reign)',
  '11 January 1055 – 31 August 1056(1\xa0year, 7\xa0months and 20\xa0days)\n',
  "Claimed the throne again after Constantine IX's death as the last living member of the Macedonian dynasty\n",
  'c. 980 – 31 August 1056(aged approx. 76)',
  'Died of natural causes[222]\n'),
 'Michael III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_iii.jpg',
  'Μιχαὴλ',
  '20 January 842 – 24 September 867(25\xa0years, 8\xa0months and 4\xa0days)\n',
  "Son of Theophilos; co-emperor since 16 May 840. Ruled under his mother's regency until 15 March 856\n",
  '19 January 840 – 24 September 867(aged 27)',
  'The youngest emperor. Murdered by Basil I and his supporters[207]\n'),
 'Basil I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_(cropped).png',
  'Βασίλειος',
  '24 September 867 – 29 August 886(18\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 5\xa0days)with Constantine (868–879)[r]\n',
  "General; proclaimed co-emperor by Michael III on 26 May 866 and became senior emperor after Michael's murder\n",
  '811, 830 or 836 – 29 August 886(aged approx. 50, 56 or 75)',
  'Died after a hunting accident[208]\n'),
 'Leo VI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_showing_Leo_VI_the_Wise_(cropped).jpg',
  'Λέων',
  '29 August 886 – 11 May 912(25\xa0years, 8\xa0months and 12\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Basil I or illegitimate son of Michael III; crowned co-emperor on 6 January 870\n',
  '19 September 866 – 11 May 912(aged 45)',
  'Conquered Southern Italy but lost the remnants of Sicily in 902. Died of an intestinal disease[209]\n'),
 'Alexander': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg',
  'Αλέξανδρος',
  '11 May 912 – 6 June 913(1\xa0year and 26\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Basil I; co-emperor since September or October 879\n',
  '23 November 870 – 6 June 913(aged 42)',
  'Died of illness, possibly testicular cancer[210]\n'),
 'Constantine VII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_(cropped).jpg',
  'Κωνσταντῖνος',
  '6 June 913 – 9 November 959(46\xa0years, 5\xa0months and 3\xa0days)\n',
  "Son of Leo VI; co-emperor since 15 May 908. Successively dominated by regents and co-emperors until 27 January 945, when he deposed Romanos I's sons\n",
  '17/18 May 905 – 9 November 959(aged 54)',
  'Saw the beginning of renewed expansion in the East against the Arabs. Remembered for his numerous writings. Died of natural causes[211]\n'),
 'Romanos I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_(detail).jpg',
  'Ῥωμανὸς',
  '17 December 920 – 20 December 944(24\xa0years and 3\xa0days)with Christopher (921–931), Stephen and Constantine Lekapenos (924–945)[r]\n',
  "Overthrew Constantine VII's regency, married him to his daughter Helena and was made senior co-emperor. Made several sons co-emperors to curb Constantine VII's authority\n",
  'c. 870 – 15 June 948(aged approx. 78)',
  'Deposed by his sons Stephen and Constantine. Died of natural causes in exile as a monk[212]\n'),
 'Romanos II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romanos_(cropped)_(cropped).JPG',
  'Ῥωμανὸς',
  '9 November 959 – 15 March 963(3\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 6\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Constantine VII and grandson of Romanos I; co-emperor since 6 April 945\n',
  '938 – 15 March 963(aged 24/25)',
  'Reconquered Crete in 961. Died of exhaustion on a hunting trip[213]\n'),
 'Nikephoros II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikephoros_Phokas_(cropped_1).jpg',
  'Νικηφόρος',
  '16 August 963 – 11 December 969(6\xa0years, 3\xa0months and 25\xa0days)\n',
  'General; proclaimed emperor on 2 July 963 against the unpopular Joseph Bringas (regent for the young sons of Romanos II), entered Constantinople on 16 August 963. Married Theophano, the widow of Romanos II\n',
  'c. 912 – 11 December 969(aged approx. 57)',
  'Reconquered Cilicia & Antioch. Murdered in a conspiracy involving his former supporters (including John I Tzimiskes)'),
 'John I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg',
  'Ἰωάννης',
  '11 December 969 – 10 January 976(6\xa0years and 30\xa0days)\n',
  'Nephew of Nikephoros II, took his place as senior co-emperor\n',
  'c. 925 – 10 January 976(aged approx. 50)',
  'Reconquered Eastern Thrace from the First Bulgarian Empire. Possibly poisoned by Basil Lekapenos[215]\n'),
 'Basil II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basil_II_crop.png',
  'Βασίλειος',
  '10 January 976 – 15 December 1025(49\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 5\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Romanos II; co-emperor since 22 April 960. Succeeded as senior emperor upon the death of John I\n',
  '958 – 15 December 1025(aged 67)',
  'The longest-reigning emperor; best known for his reconquest of Bulgaria. Died of natural causes[216]\n'),
 'Constantine VIII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_(3).jpg',
  'Κωνσταντῖνος',
  '15 December 1025 – 12 November 1028(2\xa0years, 10\xa0months and 28\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Romanos II and brother of Basil II; co-emperor since 30 March 962\n',
  '960/961 – 12 November 1028(aged 68)',
  'Died of natural causes[217]\n'),
 'Romanos III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png',
  'Ῥωμανὸς',
  '12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034(5\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 30\xa0days)\n',
  'Husband of Zoë, a daughter of Constantine VIII\n',
  'c. 968 – 11 April 1034(aged approx. 66)',
  "Temporarily reconquered Edessa in 1031. Possibly drowned on Zoë's orders[218]\n"),
 'Michael IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_(cropped).jpg',
  'Μιχαὴλ',
  '12 April 1034 – 10 December 1041(7\xa0years, 7\xa0months and 28\xa0days)\n',
  "Lover of Zoë, made emperor after their marriage following Romanos III's death\n",
  'c. 1010 – 10 December 1041(aged approx. 31)',
  'Died of epilepsy[219]\n'),
 'Michael V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg',
  'Μιχαὴλ',
  '13 December 1041 – 21 April 1042(4\xa0months and 8\xa0days)\n',
  "Nephew and designated heir of Michael\xa0IV, proclaimed emperor by Zoë three days after Michael IV's death\n",
  'c. 1015 – unknownDeposed in a popular uprising after attempting to sideline Zoë, blinded and forced to become a monk[220]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Zoë': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_(cropped).jpg',
  'Ζωή',
  '21 April – 12 June 1042(1\xa0month and 22\xa0days)\n',
  "Daughter of Constantine VIII and widow of Romanos III and Michael IV. Ruled in her own right from Michael V's deposition until her marriage to Constantine IX.\n",
  'c. 978 – 1050(aged approx. 72)',
  'Died of natural causes[221]\n'),
 'Constantine IX': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Constantine_IX_(cropped).jpg',
  'Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος',
  '12 June 1042 – 11 January 1055(12\xa0years, 6\xa0months and 30\xa0days)\n',
  'Husband of Zoë, made emperor the day after their marriage\n',
  'c. 1006 – 11 January 1055(aged approx. 49)',
  'Died of natural causes[224]\n'),
 'Michael VI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetarteron_of_Michael_VI_(reverse).png',
  'Μιχαήλ',
  '22 August 1056 – 30 August 1057(1\xa0year and 8\xa0days)\n',
  'Proclaimed emperor by Theodora on her deathbed\n',
  '980s/990s – c. 1057(in his sixties)',
  'Deposed in a revolt, retired to a monastery and died soon afterwards[225]\n'),
 'Isaac I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-3060-r_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_I_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._1057%E2%80%941059_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',
  'Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός',
  '1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059(2\xa0years, 2\xa0months and 21\xa0days)\n',
  'General, revolted against Michael VI\n',
  'c. 1007 – 31 May/1 June 1060(aged approx. 53)',
  'Abdicated to Constantine X due to illness and hostile courtiers, became a monk[226]\n'),
 'Constantine X': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_X_portrait.jpg',
  'Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας',
  '23 November 1059 – 23 May 1067(7\xa0years and 6\xa0months)\n',
  'Designated as emperor by Isaac I Komnenos during his abdication\n',
  'c. 1006 – 23 May 1067(aged approx. 61)',
  'Lost nearly all Italian territories to the Normans. Died of natural causes[227]\n'),
 'Eudokia': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png',
  'Εὐδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα',
  '23 May – 31 December 1067(7\xa0months and 8\xa0days)\n',
  'Widow of Constantine X; ruler in her own right on behalf of their sons until her marriage to Romanos IV. Briefly resumed her regency in 1071\n',
  'c. 1030 – after 1078Became a nun in November 1071 and later died of natural causes[228]\n',
  'None found.'),
 'Romanos IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romanus_IV_coin_crop.png',
  'Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης',
  '1 January 1068 – 26 August 1071(3\xa0years, 7\xa0months and 25\xa0days)with Leo (1069–1071) and Nikephoros Diogenes (1070–1071)[r][x]\n',
  "Husband of Eudokia. Regent and senior co-emperor together with Constantine X's and Eudokia's children\n",
  'c. 1032 – 4 August 1072(aged approx. 40)',
  'Imprisoned by the Seljuk Turks following the disastrous Battle of Manzikert. After his release, he was captured and forced to become a monk. But was then blinded on 29 June 1072, later dying of his wounds[230]\n'),
 'Michael VII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_(cropped).jpg',
  'Μιχαὴλ Δούκας',
  '1 October 1071 – 24/31 March 1078(6 years, 5 months and 23/30 days)with Konstantios (1060–1078), Andronikos (1068–1070s) and Constantine Doukas (1074–1078; 1st time)[r]\n',
  "Son of Constantine X; co-emperor with Eudokia and Romanos IV. Proclaimed sole emperor after Romanos' defeat at the Battle of Manzikert\n",
  'c. 1050 – c. 1090(aged approx. 40)',
  'Lost nearly all of Anatolia to the Turks. Forced to become a monk after a popular uprising. Died of natural causes several years later[231]\n'),
 'Nikephoros III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikephoros_III_(cropped).jpg',
  'Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης',
  '3 April 1078 – 1 April 1081(2\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 29\xa0days)\n',
  'General; revolted against Michael VII on 2 July or 2 October 1077 and entered Constantinople on 27 March or 3 April. Married Maria of Alania, the former wife of Michael VII\n',
  '1001/1002 – c. 1081(aged approx. 80)',
  'Abdicated after Alexios I captured Constantinople, became a monk and died of natural causes, probably later in the same year[232]\n'),
 'Alexios I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexios_I_Komnenos_(cropped).jpg',
  'Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός',
  '1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118(37\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 14\xa0days)with Constantine Doukas(1081–1087; 2nd time)[r]\n',
  'Nephew of Isaac I, also husband of Irene Doukaina, a grand-niece of Constantine\xa0X. General; revolted against Nikephoros\xa0III on 14 February 1081. Seized Constantinople on 1 April; crowned on 4 April\n',
  'c. 1057 – 15 August 1118(aged approx. 61)',
  'Started the Crusades & the reconquest of Anatolia. Died of natural causes[233]\n'),
 'John II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_II_head.png',
  'Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός',
  '15 August 1118 – 8 April 1143(24\xa0years, 7\xa0months and 24\xa0days)with Alexios Komnenos, son of John II(1119–1142)[r]\n',
  'Son of Alexios I, co-emperor since about September 1092\n',
  '13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143(aged 55)',
  'Reconquered most of Anatolia by the time of his death. Died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident, possibly assassinated (perhaps involving Raymond of Poitiers or supporters of Manuel\xa0I)'),
 'Manuel I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_I_Comnenus_(cropped).jpg',
  'Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός',
  '8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180(37\xa0years, 5\xa0months and 16\xa0days)\n',
  'Youngest son and allegedly designated heir of John II on his deathbed, crowned in November 1143 after a few months of having to establish his rights\n',
  '28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180(aged 61)',
  'Last emperor to attempt reconquests in the west. Died of natural causes[235]\n'),
 'Alexios II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:142_-_Alexios_II_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός',
  '24 September 1180 – c. September 1183(3 years)\n',
  'Son of Manuel I; co-emperor since 1171\n',
  '14 September 1169 – c. September 1183(aged 14)',
  'Strangled on the orders of Andronikos I, body thrown in the sea[236]\n'),
 'Andronikos I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός',
  'c. September 1183 – 12 September 1185(2 years)with John Komnenos, son of Andronikos I(1183–1185)[r]\n',
  'Son of Isaac Komnenos, a son of Alexios\xa0I. Overthrew the regency of Alexios II in April 1182, crowned co-emperor in 1183 and shortly thereafter had Alexios II murdered\n',
  'c. 1118/1120 – 12 September 1185(aged 64–67)',
  'Overthrown by Isaac II, tortured and mutilated in the imperial palace, then slowly dismembered alive by a mob in the Hippodrome[237]\n'),
 'Isaac II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος(second reign)',
  '19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204(6\xa0months and 8\xa0days)\n',
  'Freed from imprisonment during the Fourth Crusade by courtiers and reinstated as ruler after Alexios III abandoned the defense of Constantinople\n',
  'c. 1156 – 28/29 January 1204(aged 47)',
  'Became senile or demented and died of natural causes[238]\n'),
 'Alexios III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός',
  '8 April 1195 – 17/18 July 1203(8\xa0years, 3\xa0months and 10\xa0days)\n',
  'Elder brother of Isaac II, overthrew and blinded his brother\n',
  'c. 1156 – 1211/1212(aged approx. 58)',
  'Fled after brief resistance against the Fourth Crusade. Died a natural death after being captured and forced to become a monk by Theodore I[240]\n'),
 'Alexios IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος',
  '19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204(6\xa0months and 8\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Isaac II, made co-emperor after the populace of Constantinople were convinced by the crusaders to accept him alongside his father\n',
  'c. 1182/1183 – c. 8 February 1204(aged approx. 21)',
  'Deposed and imprisoned by Alexios V, then strangled in prison[241]\n'),
 'Alexios V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἀλέξιος Δούκας',
  '27/28 January – 12 April 1204(2\xa0months and 16\xa0days)\n',
  'Seized power through a palace coup\n',
  'c. 1139 – c. late November 1204(aged approx. 65)',
  'Blinded by Alexios III, later captured by crusader Thierry de Loos, tried by the Latin Empire and thrown from the Column of Theodosius[242]\n'),
 'Theodore I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Θεόδωρος Κομνηνὸς Λάσκαρις',
  'c. August 1205 – November 1221(16 years and 3 months)with Nicholas Laskaris (1208–1210)[r]\n',
  'Husband of Anna Komnene Angelina, a daughter of Alexios III. Organized resistance against the Latin Empire in Nicaea and proclaimed emperor in 1205 after the Battle of Adrianople; crowned by Patriarch Michael IV on 6 April 1208.\n',
  'c. 1174 – November 1221(aged approx. 47)',
  'Died of natural causes[243]\n'),
 'John III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἰωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης',
  'c. December 1221 – 3 November 1254(32 years and 11 months)\n',
  'Husband of Irene Laskarina, a daughter of Theodore I\n',
  'c. 1192 – 3 November 1254(aged approx. 62)',
  'Started Nicaean expansionism. Died of natural causes[244]\n'),
 'Theodore II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:150_-_Theodore_II_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Θεόδωρος Δούκας Λάσκαρις',
  '3 November 1254 – 16 August 1258(3\xa0years, 9\xa0months and 13\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of John III and grandson of Theodore\xa0I\n',
  'November 1221 – 16 August 1258(aged 36)',
  'Died of epilepsy[245]\n'),
 'John IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἰωάννης Δούκας Λάσκαρις',
  '16 August 1258 – 25 December 1261(3\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 9\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Theodore II\n',
  '25 December 1250 – c. 1305(aged approx. 55)',
  'Blinded, deposed and imprisoned by Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261, died in captivity several decades later[246]\n'),
 'Michael VIII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:152_-_Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος',
  '1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282(23\xa0years, 11\xa0months and 10\xa0days)\n',
  'Great-grandson of Alexios III; became regent for John IV in 1258 and crowned co-emperor in 1259. Regained Constantinople on 25 July 1261, entered the city on 15 August. Became sole ruler after deposing John IV on 25 December\n',
  '1224/1225 – 11 December 1282(aged 57/58)',
  'Died of dysentery[247]\n'),
 'Andronikos II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:153_-_Andronikos_II_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος',
  '11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328(45\xa0years, 5\xa0months and 13\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Michael VIII; co-emperor since 8 November 1272\n',
  '25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332(aged 72)',
  'Deposed by his grandson Andronikos\xa0III in 1328 and became a monk, dying of natural causes four years later[248]\n'),
 'Michael IX': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος',
  '21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320(26\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 21\xa0days)\n',
  'Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294\n',
  '17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320(aged 42/43)',
  'Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son[249]\n'),
 'Andronikos III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:155_-_Andronikos_III_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος',
  '24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341(13\xa0years and 22\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 1308 and 1313. Fought with his grandfather Andronikos\xa0II for power from April 1321 onwards. Crowned emperor on 2 February 1325, became sole emperor after deposing Andronikos II\n',
  '25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341(aged 44)',
  'Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Died of sudden illness, possibly malaria[250]\n'),
 'John V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:157_-_John_V_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος',
  '15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391(49\xa0years, 8\xa0months and 1\xa0day)\n',
  'Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned until 19 November 1341. Dominated by regents until 1354, faced numerous usurpations and civil wars throughout his long reign\n',
  '18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391(aged 58)',
  'Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effective power for 17. Lost almost all territories outside Constantinople. Died of natural causes[251]\n'),
 'John VI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:156_-_John_VI_Kantakouzenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός',
  '8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354(7\xa0years, 10\xa0months and 2\xa0days)with Matthew Kantakouzenos (1353–1357)[r]\n',
  "Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. Proclaimed by the army on 26 October 1341, became regent and senior co-emperor after a lengthy civil war with John\xa0V's mother, Anna of Savoy. Entered Constantinople on 8 February, crowned on 21 May 1347\n",
  'c. 1295 – 15 June 1383(aged approx. 88)',
  'Deposed by John\xa0V in another civil war and retired, becoming a monk. Died of natural causes several decades later[252]\n'),
 'Andronikos IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος',
  '12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379(2\xa0years, 10\xa0months and 19\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of John V and grandson of John\xa0VI; co-emperor since 1352. Rebelled and deposed his father in 1376, not formally crowned until 18 October 1377\n',
  '11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385(aged 37)',
  'Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata in exile but restored as co-emperor and heir in 1381. Rebelled again in 1385 but died shortly thereafter[253]\n'),
 'John VII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος',
  '14 April – 17 September 1390(5\xa0months and 3\xa0days, in Constantinople)1403 – 22 September 1408(5 years, in Thessalonica)with Andronikos V Palaiologos (1403–1407)[r]\n',
  'Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from John\xa0V in 1390. Deposed shortly thereafter but granted Thessalonica by Manuel II in 1403, from where he once more ruled as emperor until his death\n',
  '1370 – 22 September 1408(aged 38)',
  'Died of natural causes[254]\n'),
 'Manuel II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:160_-_Manuel_II_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος',
  '16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425(34\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 5\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 25 September 1373\n',
  '27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425(aged 74)',
  'Suffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the government was run by his son, John\xa0VIII. Died of natural causes[255]\n'),
 'John VIII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161_-_John_VIII_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος',
  '21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448(23\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 10\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408 and full emperor since 19 January 1421\n',
  '18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448(aged 55)',
  'First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II. Died of natural causes[256]\n'),
 'Constantine XI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',
  'Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος',
  '6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453(4\xa0years, 4\xa0months and 23\xa0days)\n',
  'Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his brother John\xa0VIII. Crowned emperor in Mystras on 6 January 1449, entered Constantinople on 12 March.\n',
  '8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453(aged 48)',
  'The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the fall of Constantinople.[257]\n')}

import pickle

with open('emp_dict.pickle', 'wb') as handle:
    pickle.dump(emp_dict, handle, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)

Using pandas
A dictionary is useful, but with more and more data, you’ll find that a dictionary is to simple of a data structure for most webscraped data. A pandas dataframe is much more scalable and makes tabular data much easier to work with. That being said, one is NEVER supposed to fill a dataframe with a loop, as we filled the dictionary above. Instead, we can use the dictionary we created above and turn it into a dataframe. This way we can keep both forms of the data in case we need dictionary representation later.

import pandas as pd ## you will almost always see pandas imported like this, the 'pd' alias is a very useful shorthand
## Let's see what happens when we input the dictionary directly
pd.DataFrame(emp_dict)
## it's close but not quite what we wanted

	Augustus	Tiberius	Caligula	Claudius	Nero	Galba	Otho	Vitellius	Vespasian	Titus	...	Andronikos II	Michael IX	Andronikos III	John V	John VI	Andronikos IV	John VII	Manuel II	John VIII	Constantine XI
0	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Be...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Tib%C3%A...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caligula_-_MET_-_14...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(crop...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Mun...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_emperor_Galba...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Mus%C3%A9e_...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunis_Bardo_Buste_8...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naples_Archaeology_...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_...	...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:153_-_Andronikos_II...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:154_-_Michael_IX_Pa...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:155_-_Andronikos_II...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:157_-_John_V_Palaio...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:156_-_John_VI_Kanta...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Pala...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:160_-_Manuel_II_Pal...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161_-_John_VIII_Pal...	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:162_-_Constantine_X...
1	Caesar Augustus	Tiberius Caesar Augustus	Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus	Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus	Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus	Servius Galba Caesar Augustus	Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus	Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus	Caesar Vespasianus Augustus	Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus	...	Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος	Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος	Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος	Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος	Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζ...	Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος	Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος	Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος	Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος	Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος
2	16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14 (40 years,...	17 September 14 – 16 March 37(22 years, 5 mont...	18 March 37 – 24 January 41(3 years, 10 months...	24 January 41 – 13 October 54(13 years, 8 mont...	13 October 54 – 9 June 68(13 years, 7 months a...	8 June 68 – 15 January 69(7 months and 7 days)\n	15 January – 16 April 69(3 months and 1 day)\n	19 April – 20 December 69(8 months and 1 day)\n	1 July 69 – 23 June 79(9 years, 11 months and ...	24 June 79 – 13 September 81(2 years, 2 months...	...	11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328(45 years, 5 mon...	21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320(26 years, 4 mont...	24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341(13 years and 22 day...	15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391(49 years, 8 mo...	8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354(7 years, 10...	12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379(2 years, 10 month...	14 April – 17 September 1390(5 months and 3 da...	16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425(34 years, 4 mo...	21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448(23 years, 4 mon...	6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453(4 years, 4 months...
3	Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. ...	Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of ...	Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, grea...	Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, pr...	Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted s...	Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted a...	Seized power through a coup against Galba\n	Governor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed empe...	Seized power with support of the eastern legio...	Son of Vespasian\n	...	Son of Michael VIII; co-emperor since 8 Novemb...	Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-em...	Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 13...	Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned un...	Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother....	Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe...	Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from ...	Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe...	Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408...	Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his ...
4	23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14(aged 75)	16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37(aged 77)	31 August 12 – 24 January 41(aged 28)	1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54(aged 63)	15 December 37 – 9 June 68(aged 30)	24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69(aged 70)	28 April 32 – 16 April 69(aged 36)	24 September 15 – 20/22 December 69(aged 54)	17 November 9 – 23/24 June 79(aged 69)	30 December 39 – 13 September 81(aged 41)	...	25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332(aged 72)	17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320(aged 42/43)	25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341(aged 44)	18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391(aged 58)	c. 1295 – 15 June 1383(aged approx. 88)	11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385(aged 37)	1370 – 22 September 1408(aged 38)	27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425(aged 74)	18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448(aged 55)	8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453(aged 48)
5	Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman co...	Died probably of natural causes, allegedly mur...	Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetor...	Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably ...	Committed suicide after being deserted by the ...	Murdered by soldiers of the Praetorian Guard i...	Committed suicide after losing the Battle of B...	Murdered by Vespasian's troops[60]\n	Died of natural causes[61]\n	Died of natural causes[62]\n	...	Deposed by his grandson Andronikos III in 1328...	Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental ...	Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Di...	Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effecti...	Deposed by John V in another civil war and ret...	Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata i...	Died of natural causes[254]\n	Suffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the gove...	First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II....	The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the ...

6 rows × 180 columns

## pandas is programmed to look for numerical indices, which dictionaries (because they're an unordered data type) do not have
## we can coerse it though to accept string values as the index with the 'from_dict' method and the 'orient' keyword argument
## the 'reset_index' method will then turn our index into a column and give us an index for the rows
emp_df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(emp_dict, orient='index').reset_index()
emp_df = emp_df.rename(columns={'index':'name',0:'img',1:'full_name',2:'reign',3:'succession',4:'life_dates',5:'cause_of_death'}) ## last, this is one way to rename columns
emp_df

	name	img	full_name	reign	succession	life_dates	cause_of_death
0	Augustus	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Be...	Caesar Augustus	16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14 (40 years,...	Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. ...	23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14(aged 75)	Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman co...
1	Tiberius	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Tib%C3%A...	Tiberius Caesar Augustus	17 September 14 – 16 March 37(22 years, 5 mont...	Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of ...	16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37(aged 77)	Died probably of natural causes, allegedly mur...
2	Caligula	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caligula_-_MET_-_14...	Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus	18 March 37 – 24 January 41(3 years, 10 months...	Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, grea...	31 August 12 – 24 January 41(aged 28)	Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetor...
3	Claudius	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(crop...	Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus	24 January 41 – 13 October 54(13 years, 8 mont...	Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, pr...	1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54(aged 63)	Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably ...
4	Nero	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Mun...	Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus	13 October 54 – 9 June 68(13 years, 7 months a...	Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted s...	15 December 37 – 9 June 68(aged 30)	Committed suicide after being deserted by the ...
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
175	Andronikos IV	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV...	Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος	12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379(2 years, 10 month...	Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe...	11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385(aged 37)	Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata i...
176	John VII	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Pala...	Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος	14 April – 17 September 1390(5 months and 3 da...	Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from ...	1370 – 22 September 1408(aged 38)	Died of natural causes[254]\n
177	Manuel II	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:160_-_Manuel_II_Pal...	Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος	16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425(34 years, 4 mo...	Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe...	27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425(aged 74)	Suffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the gove...
178	John VIII	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161_-_John_VIII_Pal...	Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος	21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448(23 years, 4 mon...	Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408...	18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448(aged 55)	First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II....
179	Constantine XI	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:162_-_Constantine_X...	Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος	6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453(4 years, 4 months...	Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his ...	8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453(aged 48)	The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the ...

180 rows × 7 columns

Yay! 🎉 🥳 Our data has been scraped! 🥳 🎉 … but what can we do with it 🤔

Let’s try to plot all of the ages of the emperors, as we have that data in the life_dates column

## we have a slight problem though...
## Take Trajan's row for instance
string = emp_df.loc[emp_df['name'] == 'Trajan'].life_dates.iloc[0] ## gets a contents of the life_dates cell in the Trajan row
print(string)
print(str.encode(string))
## what is \xc2\xa0??

18 September 53 – 7/11 August 117(aged 63)
b'18 September 53 \xe2\x80\x93 7/11 August 117(aged\xc2\xa063)'

It might not seem like it, but the difference between the two lines above will be very significant in cleaning our data to be used in visualizations.

These collections of letters and numbers preceeded by a backslash are byte representations of characters at the index position of the characters themselves. In fact these representations are slightly different characters than they might seem and we will have to normalize them in order to interact with them. To put a long story short, these characters come from a different text encoding (ISO-8895-1) than what Python expects (utf-8), so we must convert these non-standard characters into their standard output. We can use a package called unidecode, which also comes with most distributions of Python.

#!pip install unidecode
import unidecode
print(string)
print(unidecode.unidecode(string))
print(str.encode(unidecode.unidecode(string)))

18 September 53 – 7/11 August 117(aged 63)
18 September 53 - 7/11 August 117(aged 63)
b'18 September 53 - 7/11 August 117(aged 63)'

def getAges(life_dates):
    ld = unidecode.unidecode(life_dates)
    age = re.search('(?<=aged )([0-9]+)|(?<=aged approx. )([0-9]+)', ld) ## more regex to extract the age
    if age:
        return int(age.group(0))
    else:
        return None ## there are some emperors for whom we have no dates for

getAges(string)

## apply takes in a function and applies it to all of the members of a column
emp_df['age'] = emp_df['life_dates'].apply(getAges)
emp_df['age']

    75.0
    77.0
    28.0
    63.0
    30.0
       ... 
  37.0
  38.0
  74.0
  55.0
  48.0
Name: age, Length: 180, dtype: float64

import plotly.express as px
fig = px.scatter(x=emp_df['name'], y=emp_df['age'])
fig.show()

Reviewing what we learned#

The basics of the requests library
Navigating HTML using BeautifulSoup
How to construct a dictionary for our data
Turning that dictionary into a pandas dataframe
Cleaning our data for a specific purpose with .apply

As a challenge, try to do what I did for the ages of the emperors, but with the length that they reigned for. This is a much more difficult question and can be done in a couple different ways. You will likely have to use the datetime package in Python. If you have trouble or just want to show off how you did it, feel free to reach out and let me know at peter.nadel@tufts.edu