{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "GUtIl_XoylxI" }, "source": [ "# Static Webscraping with BeautifulSoup\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "EEQtdsEWylxK" }, "source": [ "In this notebook, I will walk you through the basics of webscraping. As we will see, webscraping, or programmitically extracting data (usually text) from a webpage, is a very common and useful part of a wide variety of natural language processing tasks. Often times, webscraping will be the first step in your NLP pipeline and so the results we get from webscraping have the potential to affect all of the subsequent steps of your pipeline. Too, smart webscraping can save you a lot of time upfront that you would have had to spend on optimization later on in the process.\n", "\n", "## Our task in this notebook\n", "I will take the Wikipedia page of the [list of all Roman Emperors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors) and recreate the tables in it in Python. This is a very common task in NLP. A lot of the time, we need to cross reference a source we are interested in with a secondary source like Wikipedia. I will show you the basics in this notebook." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "qMsgp67qylxL" }, "source": [ "## Goals\n", "* Access a static webpage in Python using the requests library\n", "* Navigate through raw html code to find the data we are interested in\n", "* Arrange that data into a useful format\n", "* Clean the data to fit whatever we want to do with it" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/", "height": 521 }, "id": "1fA8DY3oylxL", "outputId": "be78662a-7e09-455c-820c-fbf498fcd0cf" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ], "text/html": [ "\n", " \n", " " ] }, "metadata": {}, "execution_count": 1 } ], "source": [ "## we want to scrape all of the tables from this wikipedia article and make our own tables of the same same data\n", "from IPython.display import IFrame\n", "IFrame('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors#Principate_(27_BC_–_AD_284)', width=1000, height=500)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "LyhLNKzMylxM" }, "source": [ "## `requests`\n", "`requests` is an incredibly useful Python package that comes pre-installed on most distributions of Python. If you need to interact with the web from a .py file or notebook, you will be using requests in some form. Let's take a look at how it works." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "id": "oygmBXRNylxN" }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "## note: although requests is very common, if this cell returns a ModuleNotFound error, uncomment the line below to install it\n", "# !python3 -m pip install requests\n", "import requests" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "PDTg4T_EylxN", "outputId": "2c660fb0-2476-4d05-ba64-5a728cef9cd4" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ "requests.models.Response" ] }, "metadata": {}, "execution_count": 3 } ], "source": [ "## using the .get method we can access any webpage\n", "r = requests.get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors')\n", "\n", "## let's see what r is\n", "type(r)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "scAEOE-JylxN", "outputId": "2c56d506-b30c-4929-e728-a8ccd69e6adf" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ "str" ] }, "metadata": {}, "execution_count": 4 } ], "source": [ "## a Response object can give us all of the information we need\n", "## we can call .text to see the raw html of a webpage\n", "html = r.text\n", "type(html)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "PCLGDWt1ylxO" }, "source": [ "## `BeautifulSoup`\n", "Now that we have our HTML output, we need to parse it as a structured form of text. Above we see that our html object is a string, meaning we can only use the attributes and methods of strings on it. While we could create a parser from scratch that lets us take advantage of the structured nature of the HTML code, as with many tasks in Python, we don't need to because one already exists for us. There are many packages that parse HTML, but we'll be using the most popular, [Beautiful Soup](https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/)." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "rcdkv8COylxO" }, "source": [ "*A note on copyright*\n", "
\n", "Just because you can access and scrape a website doesn't always mean you should. Most websites are public and they have to be to share the information they seek to, but that does not mean that it is free. Most data on the internet can be used without a problem. These sources are generally proteted under certain licences like the MIT or Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0. Generally, if a site does not have one of these licenses, you should stay away. Stealing data this way can be dangerous and can break the terms of service of many sites." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "id": "naj-lUxrylxP" }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "## bs4 is in most distributions of Python, but if this cell does not work try:\n", "## !python3 -m pip install bs4\n", "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "b1pmcYRhylxP", "outputId": "d16ef29d-21f4-4ea4-b617-7fd532cfb2f8" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ "bs4.BeautifulSoup" ] }, "metadata": {}, "execution_count": 6 } ], "source": [ "## the BeautifulSoup parser takes in any string and attempts to parse it as HTML (or XML)\n", "soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text, features='html')\n", "type(soup)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "4z2Yh7i8ylxP", "outputId": "7f6cdcff-aacb-4f81-97df-c19d0ce10e2c" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "List of Roman emperors - Wikipedia\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "
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List of Roman emperors

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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\"statue
A famous statue of Augustus (r. 27 BC – AD 14), the first Roman emperor
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The Roman emperors were the rulers of the Roman Empire from the granting of the name and title Augustus to Octavian by the Roman Senate in 27 BC onward.[1][2] Augustus maintained a facade of Republican rule, rejecting monarchical titles but calling himself princeps senatus (first man of the Senate) and princeps civitatis (first citizen of the state). The title of Augustus was conferred on his successors to the imperial position, and emperors gradually grew more monarchical and authoritarian.[3]\n", "

The style of government instituted by Augustus is called the Principate and continued until the late third or early fourth century.[4] The modern word \"emperor\" derives from the title imperator, that was granted by an army to a successful general; during the initial phase of the empire, the title was generally used only by the princeps.[5] For example, Augustus's official name was Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus.[6] The territory under command of the emperor had developed under the period of the Roman Republic as it invaded and occupied much of Europe and portions of North Africa and the Middle East. Under the republic, the Senate and People of Rome authorized provincial governors, who answered only to them, to rule regions of the empire.[7] The chief magistrates of the republic were two consuls elected each year; consuls continued to be elected in the imperial period, but their authority was subservient to that of the emperor, who also controlled and determined their election.[8] Often, the emperors themselves, or close family, were selected as consul.[9]\n", "

After the Crisis of the Third Century, Diocletian increased the authority of the emperor and adopted the title \"dominus noster\" (our lord). The rise of powerful barbarian tribes along the borders of the empire, the challenge they posed to the defense of far-flung borders as well as an unstable imperial succession led Diocletian to divide the administration of the Empire geographically with a co-augustus in 286. In 330, Constantine the Great, the emperor who accepted Christianity, established a second capital in Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. Historians consider the Dominate period of the empire to have begun with either Diocletian or Constantine, depending on the author.[10] For most of the period from 286 to 480, there was more than one recognized senior emperor, with the division usually based on geographic regions. This division was consistently in place after the death of Theodosius I in 395, which historians have dated as the division between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. However, formally the Empire remained a single polity, with separate co-emperors in the separate courts.[11]\n", "

The fall of the Western Roman Empire is dated either from the de facto date of 476, when Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the Germanic Herulians led by Odoacer, or the de jure date of 480, on the death of Julius Nepos, when Eastern emperor Zeno ended recognition of a separate Western court.[12][13] Historians typically refer to the empire in the centuries that followed as the \"Byzantine Empire\", orientated toward Hellenic culture and governed by the Byzantine emperors.[a] Given that \"Byzantine\" is a later historiographical designation and the inhabitants and emperors of the empire continually maintained Roman identity, this designation is not used universally and continues to be a subject of specialist debate.[b] Under Justinian I, in the sixth century, a large portion of the western empire was retaken, including Italy, Africa, and part of Spain.[17] Over the course of the centuries thereafter, most of the imperial territories were lost, which eventually restricted the empire to Anatolia and the Balkans.[c] The line of emperors continued until the death of Constantine XI Palaiologos at the fall of Constantinople in 1453, when the remaining territories were conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Sultan Mehmed II.[23][d] In the aftermath of the conquest, Mehmed II proclaimed himself kayser-i Rûm (\"Caesar of Rome\"),[e] thus claiming to be the new emperor,[29] a claim maintained by succeeding sultans.[30] Competing claims of succession to the Roman Empire have also been forwarded by various other states and empires, and by numerous later pretenders.[31]\n", "

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Legitimacy[edit]

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See also: Roman emperor and Roman usurper
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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG
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While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars.[32] From the rise of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, in 27 BC to the sack of Rome in AD 455, there were over a hundred usurpations or attempted usurpations (an average of one usurpation or attempt about every four years). From the murder of Commodus in 192 until the fifth century, there was scarcely a single decade without succession conflicts and civil war. Very few emperors died of natural causes, with regicide in practical terms having become the expected end of a Roman emperor by late antiquity.[33] The distinction between a usurper and a legitimate emperor is a blurry one, given that a large number of emperors commonly considered legitimate began their rule as usurpers, revolting against the previous legitimate emperor.[34]\n", "

True legitimizing structures and theories were weak, or wholly absent, in the Roman Empire,[33] and there were no true objective legal criteria for being acclaimed emperor beyond acceptance by the Roman army.[35] Dynastic succession was not legally formalized, but also not uncommon, with powerful rulers sometimes succeeding in passing power on to their children or other relatives. While dynastic ties could bring someone to the throne, they were not a guarantee that their rule would not be challenged.[36] With the exception of Titus (r. 79–81; son of Vespasian), no son of an emperor who ruled after the death of their father died a natural death until Constantine I in 337. Control of Rome itself and approval of the Roman Senate held some importance as legitimising factors, but was mostly symbolic. Emperors who began their careers as usurpers had often been deemed public enemies by the senate before they managed to take the city. Emperors did not need to be acclaimed or crowned in Rome itself, as demonstrated in the Year of the Four Emperors (69), when claimants were crowned by armies in the Roman provinces, and the senate's role in legitimising emperors had almost faded into insignificance by the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284). By the end of the third century, Rome's importance was mainly ideological, with several emperors and usurpers even beginning to place their court in other cities in the empire, closer to the imperial frontier.[37]\n", "

Common methods used by emperors to assert claims of legitimacy, such as proclamation by the army, blood connections (sometimes fictitious) to past emperors, wearing imperial regalia, distributing one's own coins or statues and claims to pre-eminent virtue through propaganda, were pursued just as well by many usurpers as they were by legitimate emperors.[38] There were no constitutional or legal distinctions that differentiated legitimate emperors and usurpers. In ancient Roman texts, the differences between emperors and \"tyrants\" (the term typically used for usurpers) is often a moral one (with the tyrants ascribed wicked behaviour) rather than a legal one. Typically, the actual distinction was whether the claimant had been victorious or not. In the Historia Augusta, an ancient Roman collection of imperial biographies, the usurper Pescennius Niger (193–194) is expressly noted to only be a tyrant because he was defeated by Septimius Severus (r. 193–211).[39] This is also followed in modern historiography, where, in the absence of constitutional criteria separating them, the main factor that distinguishes usurpers from legitimate Roman emperors is their degree of success. What makes a figure who began as a usurper into a legitimate emperor is typically either that they managed to gain the recognition from a more senior, legitimate, emperor, or that they managed to defeat a more senior, legitimate emperor and seize power from them by force.[36]\n", "

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List inclusion criteria[edit]

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Given that a concept of constitutional legitimacy was irrelevant in the Roman Empire, and emperors were only 'legitimate' in so far as they were able to be accepted in the wider empire,[40] this list of emperors operates on a collection of inclusion criteria:\n", "

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  • Imperial claimants whose power across the empire became, or from the beginning was, absolute and who ruled undisputed are treated as legitimate emperors.[41] From 284 onward, when imperial power was usually divided among two colleagues in the east and west,[42] control over the respective half is sufficient even if a claimant was not recognized in the other half, such as was the case for several of the last few emperors in the west.[43]
    • \n", "
  • Imperial claimants who were proclaimed emperors by another, legitimate, senior emperor, or who were recognized by a legitimate senior emperor, are treated as legitimate emperors.[35][44] Many emperors ruled alongside one or various joint-emperors. However, and specially from the 4th century onwards, most of these were children who never ruled in their own right. Scholars of the later Empire always omit these rulers,[45][26] but the same is not always applied during the early Empire.[46] For the purposes of consistency, later senior emperors' tenures as co-emperors are not counted as part of their reign. The list also gives all co-emperors their own entry only up to the 4th century.
    • \n", "
  • Imperial claimants who achieved the recognition of the Roman Senate, especially in times of uncertainty and civil war, are, due to the senate's nominal role as an elective body, treated as legitimate emperors.[34][47] In later times, especially when emperors ruled from other cities, this criterion defaults to the possession and control of Rome itself. In the later eastern empire, possession of the capital of Constantinople was an essential element of imperial legitimacy.[48]
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In the case of non-dynastic emperors after or in the middle of the rule of a dynasty, it is customary among historians to group them together with the rulers of said dynasty,[49] an approach that is followed in this list. Dynastic breaks with non-dynastic rulers are indicated with thickened horizontal lines.\n", "

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Principate (27 BC – AD 284)[edit]

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Main article: Principate
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Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – AD 68)[edit]

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Main article: Julio-Claudian dynasty
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Julio-Claudian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", " Name[f]\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Augustus
Caesar Augustus\n", "		16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14
  (40 years, 7 months and 3 days)[g]\n", "		Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. Gradually acquired further power through grants from, and constitutional settlements with, the Roman Senate.\n", "23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14
(aged 75)
Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman consul on 19 August 43 BC.
Died of natural causes[53]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Tiberius
Tiberius Caesar Augustus\n", "		17 September 14 – 16 March 37
(22 years, 5 months and 27 days)\n", "		Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of Augustus\n", "16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37
(aged 77)
Died probably of natural causes, allegedly murdered at the instigation of Caligula[54]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Caligula
Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\n", "		18 March 37 – 24 January 41
(3 years, 10 months and 6 days)\n", "		Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, great-grandson of Augustus\n", "31 August 12 – 24 January 41
(aged 28)
Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetorian Guard and senators[55]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\n", "		24 January 41 – 13 October 54
(13 years, 8 months and 19 days)\n", "		Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard and accepted by the Senate\n", "1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54
(aged 63)
Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably poisoned by his wife Agrippina, in favor of her son Nero[56]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\n", "		13 October 54 – 9 June 68
(13 years, 7 months and 27 days)\n", "		Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted son of Claudius, great-great-grandson of Augustus\n", "15 December 37 – 9 June 68
(aged 30)
Committed suicide after being deserted by the Praetorian Guard and sentenced to death by the Senate[57]\n", "
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Year of the Four Emperors (68–69)[edit]

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Main article: Year of the Four Emperors
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Year of the Four Emperors\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Galba
Servius Galba Caesar Augustus\n", "		8 June 68 – 15 January 69
(7 months and 7 days)\n", "		Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted against Nero and seized power after his suicide, with support of the Senate and Praetorian Guard\n", "24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69
(aged 70)
Murdered by soldiers of the Praetorian Guard in a coup led by Otho[58]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Otho
Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus\n", "		15 January – 16 April 69
(3 months and 1 day)\n", "		Seized power through a coup against Galba\n", "28 April 32 – 16 April 69
(aged 36)
Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius[59]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Vitellius
Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus\n", "		19 April – 20 December 69
(8 months and 1 day)\n", "		Governor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed emperor by the Rhine legions on 2 January in opposition to Galba and Otho, later recognized by the Senate\n", "24 September 15 – 20/22 December 69
(aged 54)
Murdered by Vespasian's troops[60]\n", "
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Flavian dynasty (69–96)[edit]

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Main article: Flavian dynasty
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Flavian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Vespasian
Caesar Vespasianus Augustus\n", "		1 July 69 – 23 June 79
(9 years, 11 months and 22 days)\n", "		Seized power with support of the eastern legions, in opposition to Vitellius\n", "17 November 9 – 23/24 June 79
(aged 69)
Died of natural causes[61]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Titus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus\n", "		24 June 79 – 13 September 81
(2 years, 2 months and 20 days)\n", "		Son of Vespasian\n", "30 December 39 – 13 September 81
(aged 41)
Died of natural causes[62]\n", "
\"statue\"\n", "Domitian
Caesar Domitianus Augustus\n", "		14 September 81 – 18 September 96
(15 years and 4 days)\n", "		Brother of Titus and son of Vespasian\n", "24 October 51 – 18 September 96
(aged 44)
Assassinated in a conspiracy of court officials, possibly involving Nerva[63]\n", "
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Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96–192)[edit]

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Main article: Nerva–Antonine dynasty
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Nerva–Antonine dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Nerva
Nerva Caesar Augustus\n", "		18 September 96 – 27 January 98
(1 year, 4 months and 9 days)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor after the murder of Domitian\n", "8 November 30 – 27 January 98
(aged 67)
First of the \"Five Good Emperors\". Died of natural causes[64]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Trajan
Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus\n", "		28 January 98 – 7/11 August 117
(19 years, 6 months and 10/14 days)\n", "		Adopted son of Nerva\n", "18 September 53 – 7/11 August 117
(aged 63)
First non-Italian emperor. His reign marked the geographical peak of the empire. Died of natural causes[65]\n", "
\"statue\"\n", "Hadrian
Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus\n", "		11 August 117 – 10 July 138
(20 years, 10 months and 29 days)\n", "		Cousin of Trajan, allegedly adopted on his deathbed\n", "24 January 76 – 10 July 138
(aged 62)
Ended Roman expansionism. Destroyed Judea after a massive revolt. Died of natural causes[66]\n", "
\"statue\"\n", "Antoninus Pius
Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius[h]\n", "		10 July 138 – 7 March 161
(22 years, 7 months and 25 days)\n", "		Adopted son of Hadrian\n", "19 September 86 – 7 March 161
(aged 74)
Died of natural causes[68]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus\n", "		7 March 161 – 17 March 180
(19 years and 10 days)\n", "		Son-in-law and adopted son of Antoninus Pius. Reigned jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, the first time multiple emperors shared power.\n", "26 April 121 – 17 March 180
(aged 58)
Last of the \"Five Good Emperors\"; also one of the most representative Stoic philosophers. Died of natural causes[69]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Lucius Verus
Lucius Aurelius Verus\n", "		7 March 161 – January/February 169
(7 years and 11 months)\n", "		Adopted son of Antoninus Pius, joint emperor with his adoptive brother, Marcus Aurelius\n", "15 December 130 – early 169
(aged 38)
Died of natural causes[70]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Commodus
Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus / Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus\n", "		27 November 176 – 31 December 192
(16 years, 1 month and 4 days)\n", "		Son of Marcus Aurelius. Proclaimed co-emperor on 27 November 176, at age 15, becoming the first emperor to be elevated during predecessor's lifetime\n", "31 August 161 – 31 December 192
(aged 31)
Strangled to death in a conspiracy involving his praetorian prefect, Laetus, and mistress, Marcia[71]\n", "
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Year of the Five Emperors (193)[edit]

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Main article: Year of the Five Emperors
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Note: The other claimants during the Year of the Five Emperors were Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus, generally regarded as usurpers.
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Year of the Five Emperors\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Pertinax
Publius Helvius Pertinax\n", "		1 January – 28 March 193
(2 months and 27 days)\n", "		City prefect of Rome at Commodus's death, set up as emperor by the praetorian prefect, Laetus, with consent of the Senate\n", "1 August 126 – 28 March 193
(aged 66)
Murdered by mutinous soldiers of the Praetorian Guard[72]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Didius Julianus
Marcus Didius Severus Julianus\n", "		28 March – 1 June 193
(2 months and 4 days)\n", "		Won auction held by the Praetorian Guard for the position of emperor\n", "30 January 133 – 1/2 June 193
(aged 60)
Killed on order of the Senate, at the behest of Septimius Severus[73]\n", "
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Severan dynasty (193–235)[edit]

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Main article: Severan dynasty
\n", "
  (§) – Varying ascribed status[i]
\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "
Severan dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Septimius Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax\n", "		9 April 193 – 4 February 211
(17 years, 9 months and 26 days)\n", "		Governor of Upper Pannonia, acclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions following the murder of Pertinax\n", "11 April 145 – 4 February 211
(aged 65)
First non-European emperor. Died of natural causes[74]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Caracalla
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus\n", "		4 February 211 – 8 April 217
(6 years, 2 months and 4 days)\n", "		Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor on 28 January 198, at age 10. Succeeded jointly with his brother, Geta, in 211\n", "4 April 188 – 8 April 217
(aged 29)
First child emperor. Granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. Murdered by a soldier at the instigation of Macrinus[75]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Geta
Publius Septimius Geta\n", "		4 February 211 – 19/26 December 211
(10 months and 15/22 days)\n", "		Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor in October 209, succeeded jointly with his older brother, Caracalla\n", "7 March 189 – 19/26 December 211
(aged 22)
Murdered on order of his brother, Caracalla[76]\n", "
\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Macrinus
Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus\n", "		11 April 217 – 8 June 218
(1 year, 1 month and 28 days)\n", "		Praetorian prefect of Caracalla, accepted as emperor by the army and Senate after having arranged his predecessor's death in fear of his own life\n", "c. 165 – June 218
(aged approx. 53)
First non-senator to become emperor, and first emperor not to visit Rome after acceding. Executed during a revolt of the troops in favor of Elagabalus.[77]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Diadumenian
Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus\n", "		Late May – June 218
(less than a month)\n", "		Son of Macrinus, named co-emperor by his father after the eruption of a rebellion in favor of Elagabalus\n", "14 September 208 – June 218
(aged 9)
Caught in flight and executed in favor of Elagabalus[78]\n", "
\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Elagabalus
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus\n", "		16 May 218 – 12 March 222
(3 years, 9 months and 24 days)\n", "		Cousin and alleged illegitimate son of Caracalla, acclaimed as emperor by rebellious legions in opposition to Macrinus at the instigation of his grandmother, Julia Maesa\n", "203/204 – 11/12 March 222
(aged 18)
Murdered by the Praetorian Guard alongside his mother, probably at the instigation of Julia Maesa[79]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Severus Alexander
Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander\n", "		13 March 222 – 21 March 235
(13 years and 8 days)\n", "		Cousin and adopted heir of Elagabalus\n", "1 October 208 – 21 March 235
(aged 26)
Lynched by mutinous troops, alongside his mother[80]\n", "
\n", "

Crisis of the Third Century (235–284)[edit]

\n", "
Main articles: Crisis of the Third Century, Year of the Six Emperors, and Gordian dynasty
\n", "
  (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy[j]
\n", "
  (§) – Varying ascribed status[i]
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Crisis of the Third Century\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Maximinus I \"Thrax\"
Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus\n", "		c. March 235 – c. June 238[k]
(3 years and 3 months)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor by Germanic legions after the murder of Severus Alexander\n", "c. 172–180 – c. June 238
(aged approx. 58–66)
First commoner to become emperor. Murdered by his men during the siege of Aquileia[86]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Gordian I
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus\n", "		c. April – c. May 238[k]
(22 days)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor alongside his son, Gordian II, while serving as governor of Africa, in a revolt against Maximinus, and recognized by the Senate\n", "c. 158 (?) – c. May 238
(aged approx. 80)
Oldest emperor at the time of his elevation. Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of his son[87]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Gordian II
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus\n", "		c. April – c. May 238[k]
(22 days)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor alongside his father Gordian I, during revolt in Africa against Maximinus\n", "c. 192 – c. May 238
(aged approx. 46)
The shortest-reigning emperor on record. Killed outside Carthage in battle against an army loyal to Maximinus I[88]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Pupienus
Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus\n", "		c. May – c. August 238[k]
(99 days)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor jointly with Balbinus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus\n", "c. 164 – c. August 238
(aged approx. 74)
Tortured and murdered by the Praetorian Guard[89]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Balbinus
Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus\n", "		c. May – c. August 238[k]
(99 days)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor jointly with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus\n", "c. 178 – c. August 238
(aged approx. 60)
Tortured and murdered by the Praetorian Guard[90]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Gordian III
Marcus Antonius Gordianus\n", "		c. August 238 – c. February 244
(c. 5 years and 6 months)\n", "		Grandson of Gordian I, appointed as heir by Pupienus and Balbinus, upon whose deaths he succeeded as emperor\n", "20 January 225 – c. February 244
(aged 19)
Died during campaign against Persia, possibly in a murder plot instigated by Philip I[91]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Philip I \"the Arab\"
Marcus Julius Philippus\n", "		c. February 244 – September/October 249
(c. 5 years and 7/8 months)\n", "		Praetorian prefect under Gordian III, seized power after his death\n", "c. 204 – September/October 249
(aged approx. 45)
Killed at the Battle of Verona, against Decius[92]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Philip II \"the Younger\" (§)
Marcus Julius Severus Philippus\n", "		July/August 247 – September/October 249
(c. 2 years and 2 months)\n", "		Son of Philip I, appointed co-emperor\n", "c. 237 – September/October 249
(aged approx. 12)
Murdered by the Praetorian Guard[93]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Decius
Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius\n", "		September/October 249 – June 251
(c. 1 year and 8/9 months)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor by the troops in Moesia, then defeated and killed Philip I in battle\n", "c. 190/200 – June 251
(aged approx. 50/60)
Killed at the Battle of Abrittus, against the Goths[94]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Herennius Etruscus (§)
Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius\n", "		May/June – June 251
(less than a month)\n", "		Son of Decius, appointed co-emperor\n", "Unknown – June 251
Killed at the Battle of Abrittus alongside his father[95]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Trebonianus Gallus
Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus\n", "		June 251 – c. August 253
(c. 3 years and 2 months)\n", "		Senator and general, proclaimed emperor after the deaths of Decius and Herennius Etruscus\n", "c. 206 – c. August 253
(aged 47)
Murdered by his own troops in favor of Aemilian[96]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Hostilian (§)
Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus\n", "		c. June – c. July 251
(c. 1 month)\n", "		Younger son of Decius, named caesar by his father and proclaimed co-emperor by Trebonianus Gallus\n", "Unknown – c. July 251
Died of plague or murdered by Trebonianus Gallus[97]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Volusianus (§)
Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus\n", "		c. August 251 – c. August 253
(3 years)\n", "		Son of Gallus, appointed co-emperor\n", "c. 230 – c. August 253
(aged approx. 23)
Murdered by the soldiers, alongside his father[98]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Aemilianus
Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus\n", "		c. July – c. September 253
(c. 2 months)\n", "		Commander in Moesia, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers after defeating barbarians, in opposition to Gallus\n", "c. 207 – c. September 253
(aged approx. 46)
Murdered by his own troops in favor of Valerian[99]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Silbannacus[l] (#)
Mar. Silbannacus\n", "		c. September/October 253
(very briefly)\n", "		Obscure figure known only from coinage, appears to have briefly ruled in Rome between Aemilianus and Valerian\n", "Nothing known[24]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Valerian
Publius Licinius Valerianus\n", "		c. September 253 – c. June 260
(c. 6 years and 9 months)\n", "		Army commander in Raetia and Noricum, proclaimed emperor by the legions in opposition to Aemilian\n", "c. 200 – after 262 (?)
Captured at Edessa by the Persian king Shapur I, died in captivity possibly forced to swallow molten gold[103]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Gallienus
Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus\n", "		c. September 253 – c. September 268
(15 years)\n", "		Son of Valerian, appointed joint emperor. Sole emperor after Valerian's capture and subsequent death\n", "218 – c. September 268
(aged 50)
Faced multiple revolts & barbarian invasions. Murdered in a conspiracy of army officers, involving his successors Claudius II and Aurelian[104]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Saloninus[m] (§)
Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus\n", "		Autumn 260
(c. 1 month)\n", "		Son of Gallienus, proclaimed caesar by his father and proclaimed emperor by the praetorian prefect Silvanus while besieged by Postumus\n", "Unknown – Late 260
Murdered by troops loyal to Postumus[107]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Claudius II \"Gothicus\"
Marcus Aurelius Claudius\n", "		c. September 268 – c. April 270
(c. 1 year and 7 months)\n", "		Army commander in Illyria, proclaimed emperor after Gallienus's death\n", "10 May 214 – c. April 270
(aged approx. 55)
Died of plague[108]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Quintillus
Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus\n", "		c. April – May/June 270
(17–77 days)\n", "		Brother of Claudius II, proclaimed emperor after his death\n", "Unknown – 270
Committed suicide or killed at the behest of Aurelian[109]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Aurelian
Lucius Domitius Aurelianus\n", "		c. May 270 – c. October 275
(c. 5 years and 5 months)\n", "		Supreme commander of the Roman cavalry, proclaimed emperor by Danube legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus\n", "9 September 214 – c. October 275
(aged 61)
Reunified the Roman Empire. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard[110]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Tacitus
Marcus Claudius Tacitus\n", "		c. December 275 – c. June 276
(c. 7 months)\n", "		Alleged princeps senatus, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Campania after Aurelian's death\n", "c. 200 (?) – c. June 276
(aged approx. 76)
Died of illness or possibly murdered[111]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Florianus
Marcus Annius Florianus\n", "		c. June – September 276
(80–88 days)\n", "		Brother or, more likely, half-brother of Tacitus\n", "Unknown – September/October 276
Murdered by his own troops in favor of Probus[112]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Probus
Marcus Aurelius Probus\n", "		c. June 276 – c. September 282
(c. 6 years and 3 months)\n", "		General; proclaimed emperor by the eastern legions, in opposition to Florianus\n", "19 August 232 – c. September 282
(aged 50)
Murdered by his own troops in favor of Carus[113]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Carus
Marcus Aurelius Carus\n", "		c. September 282 – c. July 283
(c. 10 months)\n", "		Praetorian prefect under Probus, seized power before or after Probus's murder\n", "c. 224 (?) – c. July 283
(aged approx. 60)
Died in Persia, either of illness, assassination, or by being hit by lightning[114]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Carinus
Marcus Aurelius Carinus\n", "		Spring 283 – August/September 285
(2 years)\n", "		Son of Carus, appointed joint emperor shortly before his death. Succeeded jointly with Numerian\n", "c. 250 – August/September 285
(aged approx. 35)
Probably died in battle against Diocletian, likely betrayed by his own soldiers[115]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Numerian
Marcus Aurelius Numerianus\n", "		c. July/August 283 – November 284
(1 year and 3/4 months)\n", "		Son of Carus, succeeded jointly with Carinus\n", "c. 253 – November 284
(aged approx. 31)
Died while marching to Europe, probably of disease, possibly assassinated[116]\n", "
\n", "

Dominate (284–610)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Dominate
\n", "

Tetrarchy (284–324)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Tetrarchy
\n", "
  (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy[j]
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Tetrarchy\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Diocletian
Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus\n", "		20 November 284 – 1 May 305
(20 years, 5 months and 11 days)\n", "		Commander of the imperial bodyguard, acclaimed by the army after death of Numerian, and proceeded to defeat Numerian's brother, Carinus, in battle\n", "22 December c. 243 – 3 December c. 311
(aged approx. 68)
Began the last great persecution of Christianity. First emperor to voluntarily abdicate. Died in unclear circumstances, possibly suicide[117]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Maximian \"Herculius\"
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus\n", "		1 April 286 – 1 May 305
(19 years and 1 month; West)
Late 306 – 11 November 308
(2 years; Italy)\n", "		Elevated by Diocletian, ruled the western provinces\n", "c. 250 – c. July 310
(aged approx. 60)
Abdicated with Diocletian, later trying to regain power with, and then from, Maxentius, before being probably killed on orders of Constantine I[118]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Galerius
Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus\n", "		1 May 305 – May 311
(6 years; East)\n", "		Elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as eastern augustus upon Diocletian's abdication\n", "c. 258 – May 311
(aged approx. 53)
Died of natural causes[119]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Constantius I \"Chlorus\"
Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius\n", "		1 May 305 – 25 July 306
(1 year, 2 months and 24 days; West)\n", "		Maximian's relation by marriage, elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as western augustus upon Maximian's abdication\n", "31 March c. 250 – 25 July 306
(aged approx. 56)
Died of natural causes[120]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Severus II
Flavius Valerius Severus\n", "		August 306 – March/April 307
(c. 8 months; West)\n", "		Elevated to caesar in 305 by Maximian, promoted to western augustus by Galerius upon Constantius I's death\n", "Unknown – September 307
Surrendered to Maximian and Maxentius, later murdered or forced to commit suicide[121]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Maxentius (#)
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius\n", "		28 October 306 – 28 October 312
(6 years; Italy)\n", "		Son of Maximian and son-in-law of Galerius, seized power in Italy with support of the Praetorian Guard and his father after being passed over in the succession. Not recognized by the other emperors\n", "c. 283 – 28 October 312
(aged approx. 29)
Died at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, against Constantine I[122]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Licinius
Valerius Licinianus Licinius\n", "		11 November 308 – 19 September 324
(15 years, 10 months and 8 days; East)\n", "		Elevated by Galerius to replace Severus, in opposition to Maxentius. Defeated Maximinus Daza in a civil war to become sole emperor of the East in 313\n", "c. 265 – early 325
(aged approx. 60)
Defeated, deposed and put to death by Constantine I[123]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Maximinus II \"Daza\"
Galerius Valerius Maximinus\n", "		310 – c. July 313
(3 years; East)\n", "		Nephew of Galerius, elevated to caesar by Diocletian in 305, and acclaimed as augustus by his troops in 310\n", "20 November c. 270 – c. July 313
(aged approx. 42)
Defeated in civil war against Licinius, died shortly afterwards[124]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Valerius Valens[n] (#)
Aurelius Valerius Valens\n", "		October 316 – c. January 317
(c. 2–3 months; West)\n", "		Frontier commander in Dacia, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I\n", "Unknown – 317
Executed in the lead-up to a peace settlement between Licinius and Constantine[126]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Martinian[n] (#)
Mar. Martinianus\n", "		July – 19 September 324
(2 months; West)\n", "		A senior bureaucrat, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I\n", "Unknown – 325
Deposed by Constantine and banished to Cappadocia, later executed[127]\n", "
\n", "

Constantinian dynasty (306–363)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Constantinian dynasty
\n", "
  (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy[j]
\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "
Constantinian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Constantine I
\"the Great\"
Flavius Valerius Constantinus\n", "		25 July 306 – 22 May 337
(30 years, 9 months and 27 days)\n", "		Son of Constantius I, acclaimed by his father's troops. Accepted as caesar by Galerius in 306, promoted to augustus in 307 by Maximian, refused demotion to caesar in 309\n", "27 February 272/273 – 22 May 337
(aged 64/65)
First Christian emperor and founder of Constantinople. Sole ruler of the Empire after defeating Maxentius in 312 and Licinius in 324. Died of natural causes[128]\n", "
\"statue\"\n", "Constantine II
Flavius Claudius Constantinus\n", "		9 September 337 – April 340
(2 years and 7 months)\n", "		Son of Constantine I\n", "7 August 316 – April 340
(aged 23)
Ruled the praetorian prefecture of Gaul. Killed in an ambush during a war against his brother, Constans I[129]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Constans I
Flavius Julius Constans\n", "		9 September 337 – January 350
(12 years and 4 months)\n", "		Son of Constantine I\n", "322/323 – January/February 350
(aged 27)
Ruled Italy, Illyricum and Africa initially, then the western empire after Constantine II's death. Overthrown and killed by Magnentius[130]\n", "
\"engrave\n", "Constantius II
Flavius Julius Constantius\n", "		9 September 337 – 3 November 361
(24 years, 1 month and 25 days)\n", "		Son of Constantine I\n", "7 August 317 – 3 November 361
(aged 44)
Ruled the east initially, then the whole empire after the death of Magnentius. Died of a fever[131]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Magnentius (#)
Magnus Magnentius\n", "		18 January 350 – 10 August 353
(3 years, 6 months and 23 days)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor by the troops, in opposition to Constans I\n", "c. 303 – 10 August 353
(aged approx. 50)
Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Mons Seleucus[132]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Nepotianus (#)
Julius Nepotianus\n", "		3 June – 30 June 350
(27 days)\n", "		Son of Eutropia, a daughter of Constantius I. Proclaimed emperor in Rome in opposition to Magnentius\n", "Unknown – 30 June 350
Captured and executed by supporters of Magnentius[133]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Vetranio[o] (#)\n", "1 March – 25 December 350
(9 months and 24 days)\n", "		General of Constans in Illyricum, acclaimed by the Illyrian legions at the expense of Magnentius\n", "Unknown – c. 356
Abdicated in Constantius II's favor, retired, and died 6 years later[135]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Julian \"the Apostate\"
Flavius Claudius Julianus\n", "		3 November 361 – 26 June 363
(1 year, 7 months and 24 days)\n", "		Acclaimed by the Gallic army in early 360, became sole emperor after the death of his cousin, Constantius II\n", "331 – 26 June 363
(aged 32)
Last non-Christian emperor. Mortally wounded during a campaign against Persia[136]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Jovian
Jovianus[p]\n", "		27 June 363 – 17 February 364
(7 months and 21 days)\n", "		Commander of imperial household guard; proclaimed emperor by the army after Julian's death\n", "330/331 – 17 February 364
(aged 33)
Possibly died of inhaling toxic fumes or indigestion[138]\n", "
\n", "

Valentinianic dynasty (364–392)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Valentinianic dynasty
\n", "
  (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy[j]
\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "
Valentinianic dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", " Name[q]\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Valentinian I \"the Great\"
Valentinianus\n", "		25/26 February 364 – 17 November 375
(11 years, 8 months and 23 days)\n", "		General; proclaimed emperor by the army after Jovian's death\n", "321 – 17 November 375
(aged 54)
Last emperor to cross the Rhine into Germania. Died of a stroke while yelling at envoys[140]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Valens\n", "28 March 364 – 9 August 378
(14 years, 4 months and 12 days)\n", "		Brother of Valentinian I, made eastern emperor by his brother (Valentinian retaining the west)\n", "c. 328 – 9 August 378
(aged nearly 50)
Killed at the Battle of Adrianople[141]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Procopius (#)\n", "28 September 365 – 27 May 366
(7 months and 29 days)\n", "		Maternal cousin and intended heir of Julian; revolted against Valens and captured Constantinople, where the people proclaimed him emperor\n", "326 – 27/28 May 366
(aged 40)
Deposed, captured and executed by Valens[142]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Gratian
Gratianus\n", "		17 November 375 – 25 August 383
(7 years, 9 months and 8 days)\n", "		Son of Valentinian I; proclaimed western co-emperor on 24 August 367, at age 8. Emperor in his own right after Valentinian's death\n", "18 April 359 – 25 August 383
(aged 24)
Killed by Andragathius, an officer of Magnus Maximus[143]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Magnus Maximus (#)\n", "Spring 383 – 28 August 388
(5 years)
with Victor (383/387–388)[r]\n", "		General, related to Theodosius I; proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Briefly recognized by Theodosius I and Valentinian II\n", "Unknown – 28 August 388
Defeated by Theodosius I at the Battle of Save, executed after surrendering[144]\n", "
\n", "
\"statue\"\n", "Valentinian II
Valentinianus\n", "		28 August 388 – 15 March 392
(3 years, 6 months and 16 days)\n", "		Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed co-emperor on 22 November 375, at age 4. Sole western ruler after the defeat of Magnus Maximus in 388\n", "371 – 15 March 392
(aged 20)
Dominated by regents and co-emperors his entire reign. Probably suicide, possibly killed by Arbogast[145]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Eugenius (#)\n", "22 August 392 – 6 September 394
(2 years and 15 days)\n", "		Teacher of Latin grammar and rhetoric, secretary of Valentinian II. Proclaimed emperor by Arbogast\n", "Unknown – 6 September 394
Defeated by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Frigidus and executed[146]\n", "
\n", "

Theodosian dynasty (379–457)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Theodosian dynasty
\n", "
  (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy[j]
\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "
Theodosian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Theodosius I
\"the Great\"\n", "		19 January 379 – 17 January 395
(15 years, 11 months and 29 days)\n", "		Retired general; proclaimed eastern emperor by Gratian. Ruler of the entire empire after Valentinian II's death\n", "11 January 346/347 – 17 January 395
(aged 48/49)
Last emperor to rule over the two halves of the Empire. Died of natural causes[147]\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Arcadius\n", "17 January 395 – 1 May 408
(13 years, 3 months and 14 days)\n", "		Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 16 January 383. Emperor in the east\n", "377 – 1 May 408
(aged 31)
Died of natural causes[148]\n", "
\"carved\n", "Honorius\n", "17 January 395 – 15 August 423
(28 years, 6 months and 29 days)\n", "		Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 23 January 393. Emperor in the west\n", "9 September 384 – 15 August 423
(aged 38)
Reigned under several successive regencies. Died of edema[149]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Constantine III (#)
Claudius Constantinus\n", "		407 – 411
(4 years)
with Constans (409–411)[r]\n", "		Common soldier, proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Recognized by Honorius in 409. Emperor in the west\n", "Unknown – 411 (before 18 September)
Surrendered to Constantius, a general of Honorius, and abdicated. Sent to Italy but murdered on the way[150]\n", "
\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Theodosius II\n", "1 May 408 – 28 July 450
(42 years, 2 months and 27 days)\n", "		Son of Arcadius; co-emperor since 10 January 402. Emperor in the east\n", "10 April 401 – 28 July 450
(aged 49)
Died of a fall from his horse[151]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Priscus Attalus (#)\n", "Late 409 – summer 410
(less than a year)\n", "		A leading member of the Senate, proclaimed emperor by Alaric after the Sack of Rome. Emperor in the west\n", "Unknown lifespan
Deposed by Alaric after reconciling with Honorius. Tried to claim the throne again 414–415 but was defeated and forced into exile; fate unknown[152]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Constantius III\n", "8 February – 2 September 421
(6 months and 25 days)\n", "		Prominent general under Honorius and husband of Galla Placidia, a daughter of Theodosius I. Made co-emperor by Honorius. Emperor in the west\n", "Unknown – 2 September 421
De facto ruler since 411; helped Honorius defeat numerous usurpers & foreign enemies. Died of illness[153]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Johannes (#)\n", "20 November 423 – c. May 425
(c. 1 year and a half)\n", "		Senior civil servant, seized power in Rome and the west after Theodosius II delayed in nominating a successor of Honorius\n", "Unknown – c. May 425
Captured by the forces of Theodosius II, brought to Constantinople and executed[154]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Valentinian III
Placidius Valentinianus\n", "		23 October 425 – 16 March 455
(29 years, 4 months and 21 days)\n", "		Son of Constantius III, grandson of Theodosius I and great-grandson of Valentinian I, installed as emperor of the west by Theodosius II\n", "2 July 419 – 16 March 455
(aged 35)
Faced the invasion of the Huns. Murdered by Optelas and Thraustelas, retainers of Aetius[155]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Marcian
Marcianus\n", "		25 August 450 – 27 January 457
(6 years, 5 months and 2 days)\n", "		Soldier and official, proclaimed emperor after marrying Pulcheria, a daughter of Arcadius. Emperor in the east\n", "391/392 – 27 January 457
(aged 65)
Died after a prolonged period of illness[156]\n", "
\n", "

Last emperors in the west (455–476)[edit]

\n", "
See also: Fall of the Western Roman Empire
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Puppet emperors\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Petronius Maximus\n", "17 March – 31 May 455
(2 months and 14 days)\n", "		General and civil official, murdered Valentinian III and married his widow, Licinia Eudoxia\n", "Unknown – 31 May 455
Killed by a mob while fleeing during the Vandalic sack of Rome[157]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Avitus
Eparchius Avitus\n", "		9 July 455 – 17 October 456
(1 year, 3 months and 8 days)\n", "		General; proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths and Gallo-Romans after the death of Petronius Maximus\n", "Unknown – 456/457
Defeated and deposed by the magister militum Ricimer, consecrated as a bishop. Died soon thereafter of either natural causes, strangulation, or being starved to death[158]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Majorian
Julius Valerius Maiorianus\n", "		28 December 457 – 2 August 461
(3 years, 7 months and 5 days)\n", "		General; proclaimed emperor by the army and backed by Ricimer\n", "Unknown – 7 August 461
Reconquered Southern Gaul & most of Hispania. Deposed and executed by Ricimer[159]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Severus III
Libius Severus\n", "		19 November 461 – 14 November 465
(3 years, 11 months and 26 days)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer\n", "Unknown – 14 November 465
Died of natural causes[160]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Anthemius
Procopius Anthemius\n", "		12 April 467 – 11 July 472
(5 years, 2 months and 29 days)\n", "		General; husband of Marcia Euphemia, a daughter of Marcian. Proclaimed western emperor by the eastern emperor Leo I\n", "Unknown – 11 July 472
The last effective emperor of the West. Murdered by Gundobad after a civil war with Ricimer[161]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Olybrius
Anicius Olybrius\n", "		c. April – 2 November 472
(c. 7 months)\n", "		Husband of Placidia, a daughter of Valentinian III. Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer\n", "Unknown – 2 November 472
Died of dropsy[162]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Glycerius\n", "3/5 March 473 – 24 June 474
(1 year, 3 months and 11/19 days)\n", "		General; proclaimed emperor by Gundobad\n", "Unknown lifespan
Deposed by Julius Nepos and made a bishop, subsequent fate unknown[163]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Julius Nepos\n", "24 June 474 – 28 August 475
(1 year, 2 months and 4 days)\n", "		General; married to a relative of Verina, the wife of the eastern emperor Leo I. Installed as western emperor by Leo\n", "Unknown – 9 May 480
Fled to Dalmatia in the face of an attack by his magister militum Orestes. Continued to claim to be emperor in exile. Murdered by his retainers[164]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Romulus \"Augustulus\"
Romulus Augustus\n", "		31 October 475 – 4 September 476
(10 months and 4 days)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor by his father, the magister militum Orestes\n", "Roughly 465 – after 507/511?
The last western emperor. Deposed by the Germanic general Odoacer and retired. Possibly alive as late as 507 or 511; fate unknown[165]\n", "
\n", "

Leonid dynasty (east, 457–518)[edit]

\n", "
Main articles: Leonid dynasty and Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty
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Leonid dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"bust\"\n", "Leo I \"the Butcher\"\n", "7 February 457 – 18 January 474
(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)\n", "		Low-ranking army officer; chosen by the magister militum Aspar to succeed Marcian\n", "400 – 18 January 474
(aged 73)
First emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Died of dysentery[166]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Leo II\n", "18 January – November 474
(11 months)\n", "		Grandson of Leo I and son of Zeno; co-emperor since 17 November 473\n", "467 – November 474
(aged 7)
Youngest emperor at the time of his death. Died of illness[167]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Zeno\n", "29 January 474 – 9 April 491
(17 years, 2 months and 11 days)\n", "		Husband of Ariadne, a daughter of Leo I, and father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the Senate\n", "425/430 – 9 April 491
(aged 60/65)
Died of dysentery or epilepsy[168]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Basiliscus\n", "9 January 475 – August 476
(1 year and 7 months)
with Marcus (475–476)[r]\n", "		Brother of Verina, the wife of Leo I. Proclaimed emperor by his sister in opposition to Zeno and seized Constantinople\n", "Unknown – 476/477
Deposed by Zeno upon his return to Constantinople; imprisoned in a dried-up resorvoir and starved to death[169]\n", "
\"carved\n", "Anastasius I \"Dicorus\"\n", "11 April 491 – 9 July 518
(27 years, 2 months and 28 days)\n", "		Government official; chosen by Ariadne, whom he married, to succeed Zeno\n", "430/431 – 9 July 518
(aged 88)
Oldest emperor at the time of his death. Died of natural causes[170]\n", "
\n", "

Justinian dynasty (east, 518–602)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "
Justinian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Justin I
Iustinus\n", "		9/10 July 518 – 1 August 527
(9 years and 23 days)\n", "		Soldier; proclaimed emperor by the troops after the death of Anastasius I\n", "450 – 1 August 527
(aged 77)
Died of natural causes[171]\n", "
\"mosaic\"\n", "Justinian I \"the Great\"
Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus\n", "		1 April 527 – 14 November 565
(38 years, 7 months and 13 days)\n", "		Nephew and adoptive son of Justin I\n", "481/482 – 14 November 565
(aged 83)
Temporarily reconquered half of the Western Roman Empire, including Rome. Died of natural causes[172]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Justin II
Iustinus\n", "		14 November 565 – 5 October 578
(12 years, 10 months and 21 days)\n", "		Son of Vigilantia, sister of Justinian I\n", "Unknown – 5 October 578
Lost most of Italy to the Lombards by 570. Suffered an attack of dementia in 574, whereafter the government was run by regents. Died of natural causes[173]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Tiberius II Constantine
Tiberius Constantinus\n", "		26 September 578 – 14 August 582
(3 years, 10 months and 19 days)\n", "		Adoptive son of Justin II\n", "Mid-6th century – 14 August 582
Died after a sudden illness, supposedly after accidentally eating bad food[174]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Maurice
Mauricius Tiberius\n", "		13 August 582 – 27 November 602
(20 years, 3 months and 14 days)
with Theodosius (590–602)[r]\n", "		Husband of Constantina, a daughter of Tiberius II Constantine\n", "539 – 27 November 602
(aged 63)
Captured and executed by troops loyal to Phocas[175]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Phocas
Focas\n", "		23 November 602 – 5 October 610
(7 years, 10 months and 12 days)\n", "		Centurion in the army; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Maurice\n", "547 – 5 October 610
(aged 63)
Deposed and then beheaded on the orders of Heraclius[176]\n", "
\n", "

Later eastern emperors (610–1453)[edit]

\n", "

Heraclian dynasty (610–695)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty
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Heraclian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Heraclius
   Ἡράκλειος[s]\n", "		5 October 610 – 11 February 641
(30 years, 4 months and 6 days)\n", "		Son of Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Carthage. Led a revolt against Phocas\n", "574/575 – 11 February 641
(aged 66)
Ended the Persian Wars, but suffered the loss of the Levant to the Muslims. Died of natural causes[179]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Constantine III Heraclius
Heraclius Constantinus
  Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος[t]\n", "		11 February – 25 May 641
(3 months and 14 days)\n", "		Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 22 January 613\n", "3 May 612 – 25 May 641
(aged 29)
Died of tuberculosis[182]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Heraclonas
Heraclius, Ἡράκλειος\n", "		11 February – 5 November (?) 641
(8 months and 25 days)
with Tiberius, son of Heraclius (641)[r]\n", "		Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 4 July 638. Co-ruler with Constantine and then sole emperor under the regency of his mother Martina\n", "626 – unknown
Deposed, mutilated and exiled, subsequent fate unknown[183]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Constans II \"the Bearded\"
Constantinus, Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "		September 641 – 15 July 668
(26 years and 10 months)\n", "		Son of Heraclius Constantine; proclaimed co-emperor by Heraclonas at age 11\n", "7 November 630 – 15 July 668
(aged 37)
Lost Egypt in 641. Murdered in Sicily while bathing by supporters of Mezezius[184]\n", "
\"mosaic\"\n", "Constantine IV
Constantinus, Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "		September 668 – 10 July (?) 685
(16 years and 10 months)
with Heraclius and Tiberius, sons of Constans II (659–681)[r]\n", "		Son of Constans II; co-emperor since 13 April 654\n", "Roughly 650 – 10 July (?) 685
(aged about 35)
Defeated the First Arab Siege of Constantinople. Died of dysentery[185]\n", "
\"mosaic\"\n", "Justinian II \"Rhinotmetus\"
Iustinianus, Ἰουστινιανός\n", "		July 685 – 695
(10 years)\n", "		Son of Constantine IV\n", "668/669 – 4 November 711
(aged 42)
Deposed and mutilated (hence his nickname, \"Slit-nosed\") by Leontius in 695; returned to the throne in 705[186]\n", "
\n", "

Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Twenty Years' Anarchy
\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "
Twenty Years' Anarchy\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Leontius
Λέων(τιος)\n", "		695 – 698
(3 years)\n", "		General; deposed Justinian II\n", "Unknown – 15 February (?) 706
Lost Africa & Carthage to the Muslims. Deposed by Tiberius III in 698 and later executed by Justinian II in 706[187]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Tiberius III
Τιβέριος\n", "		698 – 705
(7 years)\n", "		General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Leontius\n", "Unknown – 15 February (?) 706
Deposed and later executed by Justinian II alongside Leontius[188]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Justinian II \"Rhinotmetus\"
Iustinianus, Ἰουστινιανός
(second reign)\n", "		21 August (?) 705 – 4 November 711
(6 years, 2 months and 14 days)
with Tiberius, son of Justinian II (706–711)[r]\n", "		Retook the throne with the aid of the Khazars\n", "668/669 – 4 November 711
(aged 42)
Killed by supporters of Philippicus after fleeing Constantinople[189]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Philippicus
Filepicus, Φιλιππικός\n", "		4 November 711 – 3 June 713
(1 year, 6 months and 30 days)\n", "		General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Justinian II\n", "Unknown – 20 January 714/715
Deposed and blinded in favor of Anastasius II, later died of natural causes[190]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Anastasius II
Artemius Anastasius
Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος\n", "		4 June 713 – fall 715
(less than 2 years)\n", "		Senior court official, proclaimed emperor after the deposition of Philippicus\n", "Unknown – 1 June 719
Abdicated to Theodosius III after a six-month civil war, becoming a monk. Beheaded by Leo III after an attempt to retake the throne[191]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Theodosius III
Θεοδόσιος\n", "		Fall 715 – 25 March 717
(less than 2 years)\n", "		Tax-collector, possibly son of Tiberius III; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Anastasius II\n", "Unknown lifespan
Deposed by Leo III, whereafter he became a monk. His subsequent fate is unknown.[192]\n", "
\n", "

Isaurian dynasty (717–802)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty
\n", "
  (#) – Ambiguous legitimacy[j]
\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "
Isaurian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Leo III \"the Isaurian\"
Λέων[u]\n", "		25 March 717 – 18 June 741
(24 years, 2 months and 24 days)\n", "		General; deposed Theodosius III\n", "c. 685 – 18 June 741
(aged approx. 56)
Ended Muslim expansion in Anatolia. Died of dropsy[193]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Constantine V \"Copronymus\"
Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "		18 June 741 – 14 September 775
(34 years, 2 months and 27 days)\n", "		Son of Leo III; co-emperor since 31 March 720\n", "718 – 14 September 775
(aged 57)
Last emperor to rule over Rome. Died of a fever[194]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Artabasdos (#)
Ἀρτάβασδος\n", "		June 741/2 – 2 November 743
(1/2 years and 5 months)
with Nikephoros, son of Artabasdos (741/2–743)\n", "		Husband of Anna, a daughter of Leo III. Revolted against Constantine V and briefly ruled at Constantinople\n", "Unknown lifespan
Deposed and blinded by Constantine V, relegated to a monastery where he died of natural causes[195]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Leo IV \"the Khazar\"
Λέων\n", "		14 September 775 – 8 September 780
(4 years, 11 months and 25 days)\n", "		Son of Constantine V; co-emperor since 6 June 751\n", "25 January 750 – 8 September 780
(aged 30)
Died of a fever[196]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Constantine VI
Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "		8 September 780 – 19 August 797
(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)\n", "		Son of Leo IV; co-emperor since 14 April 776\n", "14 January 771 – before 805
(aged less than 34)
Last emperor to be recognized in the West. Deposed and blinded by Irene, died in exile[197]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Irene
Εἰρήνη\n", "		19 August 797 – 31 October 802
(5 years, 2 months and 12 days)\n", "		Widow of Leo IV and former regent of Constantine VI. Dethroned and blinded her son Constantine in 797, becoming the first female ruler of the empire\n", "c. 752 – 9 August 803
(aged approx. 51)
Deposed by Nikephoros I and exiled to Lesbos, where she died of natural causes[198]\n", "
\n", "

Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty
\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "
Nikephorian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Nikephoros I
\"the Logothete\"
Νικηφόρος\n", "		31 October 802 – 26 July 811
(8 years, 8 months and 26 days)\n", "		Court official; proclaimed emperor in opposition to Irene\n", "c. 760 – 26 July 811
(aged approx. 51)
Killed at the Battle of Pliska[199]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Staurakios
Σταυράκιος\n", "		28 July – 2 October 811
(2 months and 4 days)\n", "		Son of Nikephoros I; co-emperor since 25 December 803. Proclaimed emperor after the death of his father\n", "790s – 11 January 812
(in his late teens)
Wounded at Pliska; abdicated in favor of Michael I and became a monk[200]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Michael I Rangabe
Μιχαὴλ\n", "		2 October 811 – 11 July 813
(1 year, 9 months and 9 days)
with Theophylact and Staurakios, sons of Michael I (811–813)[r]\n", "		Husband of Prokopia, a daughter of Nikephoros I\n", "c. 770 – 11 January 844
(aged approx. 74)
Abdicated in 813 in favor of Leo V after suffering a defeat at the Battle of Versinikia and retired as a monk[201]\n", "
\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Leo V \"the Armenian\"
Λέων\n", "		11 July 813 – 25 December 820
(7 years, 5 months and 14 days)
with Constantine (813–820)[r]\n", "		General; proclaimed emperor after the Battle of Versinikia\n", "c. 775 – 25 December 820
(aged approx. 45)
Murdered while in church by supporters of Michael II[202]\n", "
\n", "

Amorian dynasty (820–867)[edit]

\n", "
Main article: Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty
\n", "
  (§) – Varying ascribed status[v]
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Amorian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Michael II \"the Amorian\"
Μιχαὴλ\n", "		25 December 820 – 2 October 829
(8 years, 9 months and 7 days)\n", "		General sentenced to execution by Leo V; proclaimed emperor by Leo V's assassins and crowned by Patriarch Theodotus I on the same day\n", "c. 770 – 2 October 829
(aged approx. 59)
Saw the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily. Died of kidney failure[204]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Theophilos
Θεόφιλος\n", "		2 October 829 – 20 January 842
(12 years, 3 months and 18 days)
with Constantine (c. 834–835)[r]\n", "		Son of Michael II; co-emperor since 12 May 821\n", "812/813 – 20 January 842
(aged 30)
Died of dysentery[205]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Theodora (§)
Θεοδώρα\n", "		20 January 842 – 15 March 856
(14 years, 1 month and 24 days)
with Thekla (842–856)[r]\n", "		Widow of Theophilos; ruler in her own right during the minority of their son Michael III\n", "c. 815 – c. 867
(aged approx. 52)
Deposed by Michael III in 856, later died of natural causes[206]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Michael III \"the Drunkard\"
Μιχαὴλ\n", "		20 January 842 – 24 September 867
(25 years, 8 months and 4 days)\n", "		Son of Theophilos; co-emperor since 16 May 840. Ruled under his mother's regency until 15 March 856\n", "19 January 840 – 24 September 867
(aged 27)
The youngest emperor. Murdered by Basil I and his supporters[207]\n", "
\n", "

Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)[edit]

\n", "
Main articles: Macedonian dynasty, Lekapenos, and Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty
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Macedonian dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Basil I \"the Macedonian\"
Βασίλειος\n", "		24 September 867 – 29 August 886
(18 years, 11 months and 5 days)
with Constantine (868–879)[r]\n", "		General; proclaimed co-emperor by Michael III on 26 May 866 and became senior emperor after Michael's murder\n", "811, 830 or 836 – 29 August 886
(aged approx. 50, 56 or 75)
Died after a hunting accident[208]\n", "
\"mosaic\"\n", "Leo VI \"the Wise\"
Λέων\n", "		29 August 886 – 11 May 912
(25 years, 8 months and 12 days)\n", "		Son of Basil I or illegitimate son of Michael III; crowned co-emperor on 6 January 870\n", "19 September 866 – 11 May 912
(aged 45)
Conquered Southern Italy but lost the remnants of Sicily in 902. Died of an intestinal disease[209]\n", "
\"mosaic\"\n", "Alexander
Αλέξανδρος\n", "		11 May 912 – 6 June 913
(1 year and 26 days)\n", "		Son of Basil I; co-emperor since September or October 879\n", "23 November 870 – 6 June 913
(aged 42)
Died of illness, possibly testicular cancer[210]\n", "
\"carved\n", "Constantine VII
Porphyrogenitus
Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "		6 June 913 – 9 November 959
(46 years, 5 months and 3 days)\n", "		Son of Leo VI; co-emperor since 15 May 908. Successively dominated by regents and co-emperors until 27 January 945, when he deposed Romanos I's sons\n", "17/18 May 905 – 9 November 959
(aged 54)
Saw the beginning of renewed expansion in the East against the Arabs. Remembered for his numerous writings. Died of natural causes[211]\n", "
\"seal\"\n", "Romanos I Lekapenos
Ῥωμανὸς\n", "		17 December 920 – 20 December 944
(24 years and 3 days)
with Christopher (921–931), Stephen and Constantine Lekapenos (924–945)[r]\n", "		Overthrew Constantine VII's regency, married him to his daughter Helena and was made senior co-emperor. Made several sons co-emperors to curb Constantine VII's authority\n", "c. 870 – 15 June 948
(aged approx. 78)
Deposed by his sons Stephen and Constantine. Died of natural causes in exile as a monk[212]\n", "
\"carved\n", "Romanos II
Ῥωμανὸς\n", "		9 November 959 – 15 March 963
(3 years, 4 months and 6 days)\n", "		Son of Constantine VII and grandson of Romanos I; co-emperor since 6 April 945\n", "938 – 15 March 963
(aged 24/25)
Reconquered Crete in 961. Died of exhaustion on a hunting trip[213]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Nikephoros II Phokas
Νικηφόρος\n", "		16 August 963 – 11 December 969
(6 years, 3 months and 25 days)\n", "		General; proclaimed emperor on 2 July 963 against the unpopular Joseph Bringas (regent for the young sons of Romanos II), entered Constantinople on 16 August 963. Married Theophano, the widow of Romanos II\n", "c. 912 – 11 December 969
(aged approx. 57)
Reconquered Cilicia & Antioch. Murdered in a conspiracy involving his former supporters (including John I Tzimiskes) and Theophano[214]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "John I Tzimiskes
Ἰωάννης\n", "		11 December 969 – 10 January 976
(6 years and 30 days)\n", "		Nephew of Nikephoros II, took his place as senior co-emperor\n", "c. 925 – 10 January 976
(aged approx. 50)
Reconquered Eastern Thrace from the First Bulgarian Empire. Possibly poisoned by Basil Lekapenos[215]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Basil II \"the Bulgar-Slayer\"
Βασίλειος\n", "		10 January 976 – 15 December 1025
(49 years, 11 months and 5 days)\n", "		Son of Romanos II; co-emperor since 22 April 960. Succeeded as senior emperor upon the death of John I\n", "958 – 15 December 1025
(aged 67)
The longest-reigning emperor; best known for his reconquest of Bulgaria. Died of natural causes[216]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Constantine VIII
Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "		15 December 1025 – 12 November 1028
(2 years, 10 months and 28 days)\n", "		Son of Romanos II and brother of Basil II; co-emperor since 30 March 962\n", "960/961 – 12 November 1028
(aged 68)
Died of natural causes[217]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Romanos III Argyros
Ῥωμανὸς\n", "		12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034
(5 years, 4 months and 30 days)\n", "		Husband of Zoë, a daughter of Constantine VIII\n", "c. 968 – 11 April 1034
(aged approx. 66)
Temporarily reconquered Edessa in 1031. Possibly drowned on Zoë's orders[218]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Michael IV \"the Paphlagonian\"
Μιχαὴλ\n", "		12 April 1034 – 10 December 1041
(7 years, 7 months and 28 days)\n", "		Lover of Zoë, made emperor after their marriage following Romanos III's death\n", "c. 1010 – 10 December 1041
(aged approx. 31)
Died of epilepsy[219]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Michael V \"Kalaphates\"
Μιχαὴλ\n", "		13 December 1041 – 21 April 1042
(4 months and 8 days)\n", "		Nephew and designated heir of Michael IV, proclaimed emperor by Zoë three days after Michael IV's death\n", "c. 1015 – unknown
Deposed in a popular uprising after attempting to sideline Zoë, blinded and forced to become a monk[220]\n", "
\"mosaic\"\n", "Zoë Porphyrogenita
Ζωή\n", "		21 April – 12 June 1042
(1 month and 22 days)\n", "		Daughter of Constantine VIII and widow of Romanos III and Michael IV. Ruled in her own right from Michael V's deposition until her marriage to Constantine IX.\n", "c. 978 – 1050
(aged approx. 72)
Died of natural causes[221]\n", "
\"Portrait\n", "Theodora Porphyrogenita
Θεοδώρα\n", "		21 April – 12 June 1042
(1 month and 22 days)\n", "		Daughter of Constantine VIII and sister of Zoë, proclaimed co-empress during the revolt that deposed Michael V\n", "c. 980 – 31 August 1056
(aged approx. 76)
Sidelined after Zoë's marriage to Constantine IX, returned to the throne in 1055[222]\n", "
\"mosaic\"\n", "Constantine IX Monomachos
Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος[w]\n", "		12 June 1042 – 11 January 1055
(12 years, 6 months and 30 days)\n", "		Husband of Zoë, made emperor the day after their marriage\n", "c. 1006 – 11 January 1055
(aged approx. 49)
Died of natural causes[224]\n", "
\"Portrait\n", "Theodora Porphyrogenita
Θεοδώρα
(second reign)\n", "		11 January 1055 – 31 August 1056
(1 year, 7 months and 20 days)\n", "		Claimed the throne again after Constantine IX's death as the last living member of the Macedonian dynasty\n", "c. 980 – 31 August 1056
(aged approx. 76)
Died of natural causes[222]\n", "
\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Michael VI Bringas \"Stratiotikos\"
Μιχαήλ[w]\n", "		22 August 1056 – 30 August 1057
(1 year and 8 days)\n", "		Proclaimed emperor by Theodora on her deathbed\n", "980s/990s – c. 1057
(in his sixties)
Deposed in a revolt, retired to a monastery and died soon afterwards[225]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Isaac I Komnenos
Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός\n", "		1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059
(2 years, 2 months and 21 days)\n", "		General, revolted against Michael VI\n", "c. 1007 – 31 May/1 June 1060
(aged approx. 53)
Abdicated to Constantine X due to illness and hostile courtiers, became a monk[226]\n", "
\n", "

Doukas dynasty (1059–1078)[edit]

\n", "
Main articles: Doukas and Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty
\n", "
  (§) – Varying ascribed status[v]
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Doukas dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Constantine X Doukas
Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας\n", "		23 November 1059 – 23 May 1067
(7 years and 6 months)\n", "		Designated as emperor by Isaac I Komnenos during his abdication\n", "c. 1006 – 23 May 1067
(aged approx. 61)
Lost nearly all Italian territories to the Normans. Died of natural causes[227]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Eudokia Makrembolitissa
Εὐδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα (§)\n", "		23 May – 31 December 1067
(7 months and 8 days)\n", "		Widow of Constantine X; ruler in her own right on behalf of their sons until her marriage to Romanos IV. Briefly resumed her regency in 1071\n", "c. 1030 – after 1078
Became a nun in November 1071 and later died of natural causes[228]\n", "
\"coin\"\n", "Romanos IV Diogenes
Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης\n", "		1 January 1068 – 26 August 1071
(3 years, 7 months and 25 days)
with Leo (1069–1071) and Nikephoros Diogenes (1070–1071)[r][x]\n", "		Husband of Eudokia. Regent and senior co-emperor together with Constantine X's and Eudokia's children\n", "c. 1032 – 4 August 1072
(aged approx. 40)
Imprisoned by the Seljuk Turks following the disastrous Battle of Manzikert. After his release, he was captured and forced to become a monk. But was then blinded on 29 June 1072, later dying of his wounds[230]\n", "
\"portrait\n", "Michael VII Doukas \"Parapinakes\"
Μιχαὴλ Δούκας\n", "		1 October 1071 – 24/31 March 1078
(6 years, 5 months and 23/30 days)
with Konstantios (1060–1078), Andronikos (1068–1070s) and Constantine Doukas (1074–1078; 1st time)[r]\n", "		Son of Constantine X; co-emperor with Eudokia and Romanos IV. Proclaimed sole emperor after Romanos' defeat at the Battle of Manzikert\n", "c. 1050 – c. 1090
(aged approx. 40)
Lost nearly all of Anatolia to the Turks. Forced to become a monk after a popular uprising. Died of natural causes several years later[231]\n", "
\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Nikephoros III Botaneiates
Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης\n", "		3 April 1078 – 1 April 1081
(2 years, 11 months and 29 days)\n", "		General; revolted against Michael VII on 2 July or 2 October 1077 and entered Constantinople on 27 March or 3 April. Married Maria of Alania, the former wife of Michael VII\n", "1001/1002 – c. 1081
(aged approx. 80)
Abdicated after Alexios I captured Constantinople, became a monk and died of natural causes, probably later in the same year[232]\n", "
\n", "

Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185)[edit]

\n", "
Main articles: Komnenos and Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty
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Komnenos dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Alexios I Komnenos
Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός\n", "		1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118
(37 years, 4 months and 14 days)
with Constantine Doukas
(1081–1087; 2nd time)[r]\n", "		Nephew of Isaac I, also husband of Irene Doukaina, a grand-niece of Constantine X. General; revolted against Nikephoros III on 14 February 1081. Seized Constantinople on 1 April; crowned on 4 April\n", "c. 1057 – 15 August 1118
(aged approx. 61)
Started the Crusades & the reconquest of Anatolia. Died of natural causes[233]\n", "
\"mosaic\"\n", "John II Komnenos
\"the Good\"
Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός\n", "		15 August 1118 – 8 April 1143
(24 years, 7 months and 24 days)
with Alexios Komnenos, son of John II
(1119–1142)[r]\n", "		Son of Alexios I, co-emperor since about September 1092\n", "13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143
(aged 55)
Reconquered most of Anatolia by the time of his death. Died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident, possibly assassinated (perhaps involving Raymond of Poitiers or supporters of Manuel I)[234]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Manuel I Komnenos
\"the Great\"
Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός\n", "		8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180
(37 years, 5 months and 16 days)\n", "		Youngest son and allegedly designated heir of John II on his deathbed, crowned in November 1143 after a few months of having to establish his rights\n", "28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180
(aged 61)
Last emperor to attempt reconquests in the west. Died of natural causes[235]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Alexios II Komnenos
Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός\n", "		24 September 1180 – c. September 1183
(3 years)\n", "		Son of Manuel I; co-emperor since 1171\n", "14 September 1169 – c. September 1183
(aged 14)
Strangled on the orders of Andronikos I, body thrown in the sea[236]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Andronikos I Komnenos \"Misophaes\"
Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός\n", "		c. September 1183 – 12 September 1185
(2 years)
with John Komnenos, son of Andronikos I
(1183–1185)[r]\n", "		Son of Isaac Komnenos, a son of Alexios I. Overthrew the regency of Alexios II in April 1182, crowned co-emperor in 1183 and shortly thereafter had Alexios II murdered\n", "c. 1118/1120 – 12 September 1185
(aged 64–67)
Overthrown by Isaac II, tortured and mutilated in the imperial palace, then slowly dismembered alive by a mob in the Hippodrome[237]\n", "
\n", "

Angelos dynasty (1185–1204)[edit]

\n", "
Main articles: Angelos and Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty
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Angelos dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Isaac II Angelos
Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος\n", "		12 September 1185 – 8 April 1195
(9 years, 6 months and 27 days)\n", "		Great-grandson of Alexios I. Resisted an order of arrest issued by Andronikos I, after which he was proclaimed emperor by the people of Constantinople. Captured and killed Andronikos I\n", "c. 1156 – 28/29 January 1204
(aged 47)
Suffered the loss of Bulgaria. Overthrown and blinded by Alexios III in 1195, reinstalled in 1203[238]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Alexios III Angelos
  Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός[y]\n", "		8 April 1195 – 17/18 July 1203
(8 years, 3 months and 10 days)\n", "		Elder brother of Isaac II, overthrew and blinded his brother\n", "c. 1156 – 1211/1212
(aged approx. 58)
Fled after brief resistance against the Fourth Crusade. Died a natural death after being captured and forced to become a monk by Theodore I[240]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Isaac II Angelos
Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος
(second reign)\n", "		19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204
(6 months and 8 days)\n", "		Freed from imprisonment during the Fourth Crusade by courtiers and reinstated as ruler after Alexios III abandoned the defense of Constantinople\n", "c. 1156 – 28/29 January 1204
(aged 47)
Became senile or demented and died of natural causes[238]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Alexios IV Angelos
Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος\n", "		19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204
(6 months and 8 days)\n", "		Son of Isaac II, made co-emperor after the populace of Constantinople were convinced by the crusaders to accept him alongside his father\n", "c. 1182/1183 – c. 8 February 1204
(aged approx. 21)
Deposed and imprisoned by Alexios V, then strangled in prison[241]\n", "
\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Alexios V Doukas \"Mourtzouphlos\"
Ἀλέξιος Δούκας\n", "		27/28 January – 12 April 1204
(2 months and 16 days)\n", "		Seized power through a palace coup\n", "c. 1139 – c. late November 1204
(aged approx. 65)
Blinded by Alexios III, later captured by crusader Thierry de Loos, tried by the Latin Empire and thrown from the Column of Theodosius[242]\n", "
\n", "

Laskaris dynasty (1205–1261)[edit]

\n", "
Main articles: Laskaris and Empire of Nicaea
\n", "
Note: Roman rule in Constantinople was interrupted with the capture of the city by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Though the crusaders created a new line of Latin emperors in the city, modern historians recognize the line of emperors of the Laskaris dynasty, reigning in Nicaea, as the legitimate Roman emperors during this period as the Nicene Empire eventually retook Constantinople.[25] For other lines of claimant emperors, see List of Trapezuntine emperors and List of Thessalonian emperors.
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Laskaris dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Theodore I Laskaris
Θεόδωρος Κομνηνὸς Λάσκαρις\n", "		c. August 1205 – November 1221
(16 years and 3 months)
with Nicholas Laskaris (1208–1210)[r]\n", "		Husband of Anna Komnene Angelina, a daughter of Alexios III. Organized resistance against the Latin Empire in Nicaea and proclaimed emperor in 1205 after the Battle of Adrianople; crowned by Patriarch Michael IV on 6 April 1208.\n", "c. 1174 – November 1221
(aged approx. 47)
Died of natural causes[243]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "John III Doukas Vatatzes
Ἰωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης\n", "		c. December 1221 – 3 November 1254
(32 years and 11 months)\n", "		Husband of Irene Laskarina, a daughter of Theodore I\n", "c. 1192 – 3 November 1254
(aged approx. 62)
Started Nicaean expansionism. Died of natural causes[244]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Theodore II Laskaris
Θεόδωρος Δούκας Λάσκαρις\n", "		3 November 1254 – 16 August 1258
(3 years, 9 months and 13 days)\n", "		Son of John III and grandson of Theodore I\n", "November 1221 – 16 August 1258
(aged 36)
Died of epilepsy[245]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "John IV Laskaris
Ἰωάννης Δούκας Λάσκαρις\n", "		16 August 1258 – 25 December 1261
(3 years, 4 months and 9 days)\n", "		Son of Theodore II\n", "25 December 1250 – c. 1305
(aged approx. 55)
Blinded, deposed and imprisoned by Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261, died in captivity several decades later[246]\n", "
\n", "

Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1453)[edit]

\n", "
Main articles: Palaiologos and Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
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Palaiologos dynasty\n", "
Portrait\n", "Name\n", "Reign\n", "Succession\n", "Life details\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Michael VIII Palaiologos
Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος\n", "		1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282
(23 years, 11 months and 10 days)\n", "		Great-grandson of Alexios III; became regent for John IV in 1258 and crowned co-emperor in 1259. Regained Constantinople on 25 July 1261, entered the city on 15 August. Became sole ruler after deposing John IV on 25 December\n", "1224/1225 – 11 December 1282
(aged 57/58)
Died of dysentery[247]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Andronikos II Palaiologos
Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος\n", "		11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328
(45 years, 5 months and 13 days)\n", "		Son of Michael VIII; co-emperor since 8 November 1272\n", "25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332
(aged 72)
Deposed by his grandson Andronikos III in 1328 and became a monk, dying of natural causes four years later[248]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Michael IX Palaiologos
Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος\n", "		21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320
(26 years, 4 months and 21 days)\n", "		Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294\n", "17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320
(aged 42/43)
Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son[249]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Andronikos III Palaiologos
Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος\n", "		24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341
(13 years and 22 days)\n", "		Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 1308 and 1313. Fought with his grandfather Andronikos II for power from April 1321 onwards. Crowned emperor on 2 February 1325, became sole emperor after deposing Andronikos II\n", "25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341
(aged 44)
Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Died of sudden illness, possibly malaria[250]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "John V Palaiologos
Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος\n", "		15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391
(49 years, 8 months and 1 day)\n", "		Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned until 19 November 1341. Dominated by regents until 1354, faced numerous usurpations and civil wars throughout his long reign\n", "18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391
(aged 58)
Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effective power for 17. Lost almost all territories outside Constantinople. Died of natural causes[251]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "John VI Kantakouzenos
Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός\n", "		8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354
(7 years, 10 months and 2 days)
with Matthew Kantakouzenos (1353–1357)[r]\n", "		Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. Proclaimed by the army on 26 October 1341, became regent and senior co-emperor after a lengthy civil war with John V's mother, Anna of Savoy. Entered Constantinople on 8 February, crowned on 21 May 1347\n", "c. 1295 – 15 June 1383
(aged approx. 88)
Deposed by John V in another civil war and retired, becoming a monk. Died of natural causes several decades later[252]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Andronikos IV Palaiologos
Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος\n", "		12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379
(2 years, 10 months and 19 days)\n", "		Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 1352. Rebelled and deposed his father in 1376, not formally crowned until 18 October 1377\n", "11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385
(aged 37)
Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata in exile but restored as co-emperor and heir in 1381. Rebelled again in 1385 but died shortly thereafter[253]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "John VII Palaiologos
Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος\n", "		14 April – 17 September 1390
(5 months and 3 days, in Constantinople)
1403 – 22 September 1408
(5 years, in Thessalonica)
with Andronikos V Palaiologos (1403–1407)[r]\n", "		Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from John V in 1390. Deposed shortly thereafter but granted Thessalonica by Manuel II in 1403, from where he once more ruled as emperor until his death\n", "1370 – 22 September 1408
(aged 38)
Died of natural causes[254]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Manuel II Palaiologos
Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος\n", "		16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425
(34 years, 4 months and 5 days)\n", "		Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 25 September 1373\n", "27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425
(aged 74)
Suffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the government was run by his son, John VIII. Died of natural causes[255]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "John VIII Palaiologos
Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος\n", "		21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448
(23 years, 4 months and 10 days)\n", "		Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408 and full emperor since 19 January 1421\n", "18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448
(aged 55)
First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II. Died of natural causes[256]\n", "
\"miniature\n", "Constantine XI Palaiologos
Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος\n", "		6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453
(4 years, 4 months and 23 days)\n", "		Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his brother John VIII. Crowned emperor in Mystras on 6 January 1449, entered Constantinople on 12 March.\n", "8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453
(aged 48)
The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the fall of Constantinople.[257]\n", "
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See also[edit]

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Notes[edit]

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\n", "
    \n", "
  1. ^ The term basileus eventually replaced augustus as the official title of the emperor, although both were seen as equals already by the times of Constantine I.[14]\n", "
    2. \n", "
  2. ^ The Byzantine Empire is universally recognized as the remnant, continuation or later stage of the Roman Empire. There is no universally agreed date used to separate the ancient Roman and \"Byzantine\" empires, with proposed dates ranging in age from 284 to 716.[15] Some authors reject the term \"Byzantine\" entirely.[16]\n", "
    3. \n", "
  3. ^ Spain was lost in 625[18] and Africa in 698.[19] A large portion of Italy was conquered by the Lombards already under Justinian I's successor, Justin II.[20] Rome and its surroundings remained under imperial control until 756, when they became the Papal States,[21] though the last Italian holdouts were not lost until 1071 with the fall of Bari.[22] The seventh century also saw much of the empire's eastern and southern territories lost permanently to Arab Muslim conquests.[23]\n", "
    4. \n", "
  4. ^ There is no \"official\" count of Roman emperors given that different scholars sometimes include and omit different emperors (see Legitimacy). This list includes 171 emperors, 13 of whose legitimacy is disputed in scholarship (including the obscure figure of Silbannacus, whose existence and role are shrouded in mystery,[24] and the four emperors of Nicaea, who are often seen as the \"legitimate\" emperors during the interregnum of 1204–1261),[25] and 5 ruling empresses, 2 of which have variable ascribed status (these being Saint Theodora and Eudokia Makrembolitissa, who were rulers in their own right but are still absent in most lists of rulers[26] or just labeled as regents),[27] for a total of 176 monarchs. Also included are 33 junior co-emperors, 3 of whose legitimacy is debated, and 1 junior co-empress. All in all, this list thus includes a total of 210 occupants of the Roman imperial office.\n", "
    5. \n", "
  5. ^ This was one of the titles used for the emperors in Constantinople by Ottoman writers prior to 1453.[28]\n", "
    6. \n", "
  6. ^ Entries also include the regnal name of each emperor. These generally differed from their original birth name, often adopting elements from the previous emperor.[50] Augustus's full name would be \"Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus\" according to Roman naming conventions, but he styled himself as \"Imperator Caesar Augustus\", treating \"Caesar\" as a family name.[51] Given that \"Imperator\" was only a victory title, it will be omitted from the emperors' full nomenclature.\n", "
    7. \n", "
  7. ^ The conventional date for the Empire's founding is 27 BC,[1] when the Senate awarded Octavian the title and name Augustus alongside one of several grants of power.[2] Ancient writers, however, give him a rule of 56 years.[1] He became de facto sovereign in 31 BC, after defeating his last remaining opposition at the Battle of Actium.[52] This is a date also used by some writers.[1] Augustus himself dated his accession to legal power to 7 January 43 BC, when he first received imperium.[2] Later that year he became consul (19 August) and then triumvir (27 November) alongside Mark Antony and Lepidus. Augustus thus ruled the Roman state for exactly 56 years, but only 40 as \"emperor\".[2]\n", "
    8. \n", "
  8. ^ By this time, 'Caesar' and 'Augustus' are regarded less as personal names and more as imperial titles, with the former denoting the heir-apparent and the latter indicating the emperor himself.[67] \n", "
    9. \n", "
  9. ^ a b The junior co-emperors marked as being of \"varying ascribed status\" are figures, mostly children, who are usually not counted as \"true\" emperors given their submissive status to the senior emperor, but are still present in some lists of rulers.[46]\n", "
    10. \n", "
  10. ^ a b c d e f Unless otherwise noted to be some other ambiguity, the emperors marked to be of ambiguous legitimacy are those who fulfill one or more of the inclusion criteria above, but who are not universally regarded by scholars to count as legitimate. In most cases, such figures are those who held power only briefly, and/or who in times of more than one emperor held one of the capitals but never achieved the full recognition of the other emperor(s).[81][82][83][84]\n", "
    11. \n", "
  11. ^ a b c d e On account of the limited surviving source material, the dates used here for the Year of the Six Emperors (238) are approximate and only one of several estimates.[85]\n", "
    12. \n", "
  12. ^ Unmentioned in literary sources and known only from two coins seemingly issued in Rome, implying he was proclaimed emperor in the capital, probably between Aemilianus and Valerian, or against either.[100][101][102]\n", "
    13. \n", "
  13. ^ Made caesar by his father and only referred to as augustus in a single series of coins, issued while he was besieged in Cologne in 260. Coinage issued after his death honor him as caesar; probably because Gallienus didn't want to advertise the death of a second emperor in one year.[105][106]\n", "
    14. \n", "
  14. ^ a b Legitimately appointed as co-emperor by Licinius, though as western emperor (in opposition to Constantine I). Referred as caesar in literary sources, but called augustus in coinage. Did not actually rule anything given that Licinius did not control the west.[125]\n", "
    15. \n", "
  15. ^ Although technically recognized by Constantius II, who even sent him the imperial diadem, Vetranio is often regarded as a usurper.[134] \n", "
    16. \n", "
  16. ^ From the fourth century, emperors and other high-profile men of non-aristocratic birth often bore the name \"Flavius\", the family name of the Constantinian dynasty. Because it was often used as a status marker rather than personal name,[137] \"Flavius\" will generally be omitted in the following entries for simplicity.\n", "
    17. \n", "
  17. ^ Distinction between nomen, praenomen and cognomen, the core elements of Roman naming conventions, began to fade away from the 3rd century onwards. Given that \"new Romans\" —that is, barbarians turned citizens— adopted the names of their masters, many citizens adopted the names Julius, Flavius (notable the Constantinians) and Marcus Aurelius (notable the 3rd century emperors), thus making them obsolete as surnames. As a result, most citizens of the Empire, even emperors, reverted back to single-names by the 5th century.[139]\n", "
    18. \n", "
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Although they constitutionally held the same supreme power as their senior counterpart, it is customary among scholars of the later empire to only regard those who actually ruled as emperors, omitting junior co-emperors who only exercised power nominally and never governed in their own name.[45][26]\n", "
    19. \n", "
  19. ^ From 629 onwards, Heraclius issued administrative documents in Greek.[177] Latin continued to be used in communication with Western Europe until the end of the empire and coins continued to be struck with Latin inscriptions until the early eighth century.[178]\n", "
    20. \n", "
  20. ^ Often enumerated as 'Constantine III',[180] a name also applied to the earlier western emperor. It has been also used, at least once, for Heraclius Constantine's son Constans II.[181]\n", "
    21. \n", "
  21. ^ Latin ceased being used in coin inscriptions under Leo III.[178]\n", "
    22. \n", "
  22. ^ a b The empresses marked as being of \"varying ascribed status\" are figures who were undisputed as legitimate heads of the imperial government and who are sometimes (including by the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium),[203] though not always, seen as having been empresses regnant.\n", "
    23. \n", "
  23. ^ a b Emperors began to officially use family names from Constantine IX Monomachos onwards. The sole exception after Constantine IX's reign is Michael VI, whose family name (Bringas) was far less distinguished than those of the other imperial families and thus does not appear in official use.[223]\n", "
    24. \n", "
  24. ^ Unattested in coinage; Leo is only called emperor in a singular letter, while his brother's status can only be deduced from the fact that he was born in the purple and that he also used the \"imperial tokens\".[229]\n", "
    25. \n", "
  25. ^ Alexios III used the name Alexios Komnenos Angelos (Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος) prior to his accession but reigned as Alexios Komnenos, dropping his own family name in order to stress his matrilineal descent from the Komnenos dynasty.[239]\n", "
    26. \n", "
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References[edit]

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Citations[edit]

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\n", "
    \n", "
  1. ^ a b c d Mosshammer 2008, pp. 342–343.\n", "
    2. \n", "
  2. ^ a b c d Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 53–54.\n", "
    3. \n", "
  3. ^ Loewenstein 1973, pp. 329, 403.\n", "
    4. \n", "
  4. ^ Loewenstein 1973, p. 238.\n", "
    5. \n", "
  5. ^ Loewenstein 1973, p. 329.\n", "
    6. \n", "
  6. ^ Loewenstein 1973, p. 245.\n", "
    7. \n", "
  7. ^ Richardson 1984, pp. 39–40.\n", "
    8. \n", "
  8. ^ Wu 2016, p. 35.\n", "
    9. \n", "
  9. ^ Loewenstein 1973, p. 443.\n", "
    10. \n", "
  10. ^ Loewenstein 1973, pp. 238, 403.\n", "
    11. \n", "
  11. ^ Sandberg 2008, pp. 199–213.\n", "
    12. \n", "
  12. ^ Arnold, Bjornlie & Sessa 2016, p. 3.\n", "
    13. \n", "
  13. ^ Williams & Friell 1998, p. 187.\n", "
    14. \n", "
  14. ^ ODB, p. 264.\n", "
    15. \n", "
  15. ^ Mango 2002, p. 2.\n", "
    16. \n", "
  16. ^ Goldsworthy 2009, p. 8.\n", "
    17. \n", "
  17. ^ Halsall 2018, p. 53.\n", "
    18. \n", "
  18. ^ Collins 2004, pp. 47–49.\n", "
    19. \n", "
  19. ^ Becker 1913, p. 370.\n", "
    20. \n", "
  20. ^ Hartmann 1913, p. 196.\n", "
    21. \n", "
  21. ^ Logan 2012, pp. 71–74.\n", "
    22. \n", "
  22. ^ Chalandon 1923, p. 325.\n", "
    23. \n", "
  23. ^ a b Nicol 1992, p. ix.\n", "
    24. \n", "
  24. ^ a b Estiot 1996.\n", "
    25. \n", "
  25. ^ a b Treadgold 1997, p. 734.\n", "
    26. \n", "
  26. ^ a b c ODB, p. 360.\n", "
    27. \n", "
  27. ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 859–860.\n", "
    28. \n", "
  28. ^ Çolak 2014, p. 19.\n", "
    29. \n", "
  29. ^ Nicol 1967, p. 334.\n", "
    30. \n", "
  30. ^ Çolak 2014, pp. 21–22.\n", "
    31. \n", "
  31. ^ Nicol 1992, pp. 115–116.\n", "
    32. \n", "
  32. ^ Omissi 2018, p. 3.\n", "
    33. \n", "
  33. ^ a b Smolin 2021, p. 22.\n", "
    34. \n", "
  34. ^ a b Claes 2015, p. 15.\n", "
    35. \n", "
  35. ^ a b Omissi 2018, p. 25.\n", "
    36. \n", "
  36. ^ a b Claes 2015, p. 23.\n", "
    37. \n", "
  37. ^ Omissi 2018, pp. 9, 14, 17, 24.\n", "
    38. \n", "
  38. ^ Smolin 2021, pp. 22–23.\n", "
    39. \n", "
  39. ^ Omissi 2018, pp. 21, 29–30.\n", "
    40. \n", "
  40. ^ Omissi 2018, p. 34.\n", "
    41. \n", "
  41. ^ Omissi 2018, p. 32.\n", "
    42. \n", "
  42. ^ Omissi 2018, p. xix.\n", "
    43. \n", "
  43. ^ Mathisen 1997.\n", "
    44. \n", "
  44. ^ Claes 2015, p. 18.\n", "
    45. \n", "
  45. ^ a b Foss 2005, p. 101.\n", "
    46. \n", "
  46. ^ a b Elton 1825, p. 303; Grant 1998, p. 179; Hekster 2008, p. 155; Cooley 2012; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. v–xii; Britannica; Livius; MET.\n", "
    47. \n", "
  47. ^ Omissi 2018, p. 17.\n", "
    48. \n", "
  48. ^ Van Tricht 2011, p. 79–80.\n", "
    49. \n", "
  49. ^ Lawler 2004, p. 323.\n", "
    50. \n", "
  50. ^ Cooley 2012.\n", "
    51. \n", "
  51. ^ Syme 1958.\n", "
    52. \n", "
  52. ^ Meijer 2004, pp. 14–16.\n", "
    53. \n", "
  53. ^ Grant, pp. 8, 9, 12–13; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 53–54, 350.\n", "
    54. \n", "
  54. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 70–72, 350; Grant, pp. 8, 16, 20, 25.\n", "
    55. \n", "
  55. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 78; Grant, pp. 8, 25, 27.\n", "
    56. \n", "
  56. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 82; Grant, pp. 8, 29, 33.\n", "
    57. \n", "
  57. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 88–89, 350; Grant, pp. 8, 34, 39.\n", "
    58. \n", "
  58. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 94; Grant, pp. 43, 44; Hammond, p. 24.\n", "
    59. \n", "
  59. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 97; Grant, pp. 46–47.\n", "
    60. \n", "
  60. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 99–100; Grant, pp. 48–50.\n", "
    61. \n", "
  61. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 101; Grant, pp. 51–52, 55.\n", "
    62. \n", "
  62. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 105; Grant, p. 55; Hammond, p. 27.\n", "
    63. \n", "
  63. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 109; Grant, pp. 60–69.\n", "
    64. \n", "
  64. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 114; Grant, p. 69.\n", "
    65. \n", "
  65. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 116–117; Grant, pp. 71, 73, 76; Omissi 2018, p. 8; Cooley 2012, p. 492.\n", "
    66. \n", "
  66. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 122–123; Grant, pp. 68, 76; Omissi 2018, p. 8.\n", "
    67. \n", "
  67. ^ Hammond, pp. 29–31.\n", "
    68. \n", "
  68. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 128; Grant, p. 87.\n", "
    69. \n", "
  69. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 131–132; Grant, pp. 68, 89, 91, 93.\n", "
    70. \n", "
  70. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 135; Grant, pp. 93, 94.\n", "
    71. \n", "
  71. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 140–141; Grant, p. 97; Omissi 2018, p. 8.\n", "
    72. \n", "
  72. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 145; Grant, pp. 103–104.\n", "
    73. \n", "
  73. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 147; Grant, pp. 106–108; Cooley 2012, p. 495.\n", "
    74. \n", "
  74. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 149–150; Grant, pp. 108, 110; Omissi 2018, p. 9.\n", "
    75. \n", "
  75. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 156–157; Grant, pp. 119–120; Hammond, pp. 35–36.\n", "
    76. \n", "
  76. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 160; Grant, p. 122.\n", "
    77. \n", "
  77. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 162; Grant, pp. 123, 124, 125–126.\n", "
    78. \n", "
  78. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 163–164; Grant, p. 125.\n", "
    79. \n", "
  79. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 165; Grant, pp. 126, 129; Cooley 2012, p. 496.\n", "
    80. \n", "
  80. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 171–172; Grant, pp. 130–133; Cooley 2012, p. 496.\n", "
    81. \n", "
  81. ^ Vagi 1999, pp. 415, 463, 529.\n", "
    82. \n", "
  82. ^ Omissi 2018, p. 24.\n", "
    83. \n", "
  83. ^ Seibt 2018, p. 213.\n", "
    84. \n", "
  84. ^ Tilemachos 2015, p. 243.\n", "
    85. \n", "
  85. ^ Rea 1972, pp. 1–19.\n", "
    86. \n", "
  86. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 176–179; Grant, pp. 137–139; Omissi 2018, p. 10.\n", "
    87. \n", "
  87. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 180–181; Grant, pp. 140–141; Meijer 2004, p. 85.\n", "
    88. \n", "
  88. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 182; Grant, pp. 142–143; Meijer 2004, p. 85; Peachin 1990, p. 28.\n", "
    89. \n", "
  89. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 183–184; Grant, pp. 146–148; Meijer 2004, p. 87; Peachin 1990, p. 28.\n", "
    90. \n", "
  90. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 185–186; Grant, pp. 144–145; Peachin 1990, p. 28.\n", "
    91. \n", "
  91. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 187–189; Grant, pp. 149–151; Peachin 1990, p. 29.\n", "
    92. \n", "
  92. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 190–191; Grant, pp. 152–155.\n", "
    93. \n", "
  93. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 192–193; Grant, pp. 152–155.\n", "
    94. \n", "
  94. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 195–197; Grant, pp. 156–159.\n", "
    95. \n", "
  95. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 197–198; Grant, pp. 156–159.\n", "
    96. \n", "
  96. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 200–201; Grant, pp. 160–161.\n", "
    97. \n", "
  97. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 198–199; Peachin 1990, p. 34.\n", "
    98. \n", "
  98. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 201–202; Grant, pp. 160–161; Peachin 1990, p. 36.\n", "
    99. \n", "
  99. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 203–204; Grant, p. 162; Peachin 1990, pp. 36–37.\n", "
    100. \n", "
  100. ^ Claes 2015, p. 44.\n", "
    101. \n", "
  101. ^ Estiot 1996, pp. 105–117.\n", "
    102. \n", "
  102. ^ Hartmann 2002.\n", "
    103. \n", "
  103. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 205–207; Grant, pp. 163–167; Peachin 1990, pp. 37–38.\n", "
    104. \n", "
  104. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 209–211; Grant, pp. 168–172; Peachin 1990, pp. 39–40.\n", "
    105. \n", "
  105. ^ Shiel 1979, p. 117.\n", "
    106. \n", "
  106. ^ Vagi 1999, p. 357.\n", "
    107. \n", "
  107. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 213; Grant, pp. 168–172.\n", "
    108. \n", "
  108. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 222; Grant, pp. 179–180; Stein 1924, pp. 45, 50.\n", "
    109. \n", "
  109. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 224; Grant, pp. 181–182; Stein 1924, pp. 46, 50.\n", "
    110. \n", "
  110. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 225–227; Grant, pp. 183–187; Peachin 1990, pp. 43–44; Stein 1924, pp. 46, 50.\n", "
    111. \n", "
  111. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 241–242; Grant, pp. 188–189; Watson 1999, pp. 110, 225, 250 (n. 46).\n", "
    112. \n", "
  112. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 243; Grant, p. 190; Peachin 1990, pp. 46–47.\n", "
    113. \n", "
  113. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 244–245; Grant, pp. 191–193; Peachin 1990, p. 47.\n", "
    114. \n", "
  114. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 248–249; Grant, pp. 194–195; Peachin 1990, p. 49.\n", "
    115. \n", "
  115. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 250–251; Grant, pp. 196–197; Peachin 1990, pp. 49–50.\n", "
    116. \n", "
  116. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 252; Grant, pp. 198–201.\n", "
    117. \n", "
  117. ^ Barnes, pp. 4, 30–32; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 257–258; Grant, p. 204.\n", "
    118. \n", "
  118. ^ Barnes, pp. 4, 13, 32, 34; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 262–263; Grant, pp. 210–212.\n", "
    119. \n", "
  119. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 272–273; Barnes, pp. 4–6, 46; Grant, pp. 221–222.\n", "
    120. \n", "
  120. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 269; Barnes, pp. 35–36; Grant, pp. 216–218; ODB, p. 524–525.\n", "
    121. \n", "
  121. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 278; Barnes, pp. 4–5, 38–39; Grant, pp. 223–224.\n", "
    122. \n", "
  122. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 279; Grant, pp. 224–226; Barnes, pp. 12–13, 34.\n", "
    123. \n", "
  123. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 282; Barnes, pp. 6–7, 43–44; Grant, pp. 235–237.\n", "
    124. \n", "
  124. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 276; Barnes, pp. 6–7, 39; Grant, pp. 238–240.\n", "
    125. \n", "
  125. ^ Vagi 1999, pp. 466–467.\n", "
    126. \n", "
  126. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 284; Barnes, p. 15.\n", "
    127. \n", "
  127. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 285; Barnes, p. 15.\n", "
    128. \n", "
  128. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 286–288; Barnes, pp. 5–8, 39–42; Grant, pp. 228–231, 234.\n", "
    129. \n", "
  129. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 296; Barnes, pp. 8, 44–45; Grant, p. 241.\n", "
    130. \n", "
  130. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 298; Barnes, pp. 8, 45.\n", "
    131. \n", "
  131. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 300–301; Grant, pp. 242–244.\n", "
    132. \n", "
  132. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, p. 532; Grant, pp. 248–250; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 305–306.\n", "
    133. \n", "
  133. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, pp. 624; Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 306.\n", "
    134. \n", "
  134. ^ Grant, p. 249; Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 307; Meijer 2004, p. 127–128.\n", "
    135. \n", "
  135. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 307; PLRE, Vol. I, p. 954; Omissi 2018, pp. 181–182.\n", "
    136. \n", "
  136. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 309–310; Grant, pp. 251–253.\n", "
    137. \n", "
  137. ^ Cameron 1988, pp. 26, 28, 33.\n", "
    138. \n", "
  138. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 312; Grant, pp. 255–258; PLRE, Vol. I, p. 461.\n", "
    139. \n", "
  139. ^ Salway 1994.\n", "
    140. \n", "
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    141. \n", "
  141. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, pp. 930–931; Grant, pp. 263–265; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 316–318.\n", "
    142. \n", "
  142. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, pp. 742–743; Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 318.\n", "
    143. \n", "
  143. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, p. 401; Grant, pp. 266–267; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 319–320.\n", "
    144. \n", "
  144. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, p. 588; Grant, pp. 274–275; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 327–328.\n", "
    145. \n", "
  145. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, pp. 934–935; Grant, pp. 268–269; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 321–322.\n", "
    146. \n", "
  146. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, p. 293; Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 329.\n", "
    147. \n", "
  147. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, pp. 904–905; Grant, pp. 270–273; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 323–329; ODB, pp. 2050–2051.\n", "
    148. \n", "
  148. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, p. 99; ODB, pp. 173–174; Grant, pp. 276–281; Croke 1995, p. 58.\n", "
    149. \n", "
  149. ^ PLRE, Vol. I, p. 442; ODB, p. 946; Grant, pp. 282–285.\n", "
    150. \n", "
  150. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 316–317; Grant, pp. 286–287.\n", "
    151. \n", "
  151. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, p. 1100; ODB, pp. 2051–2052; Grant, pp. 288–291.\n", "
    152. \n", "
  152. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 180–181.\n", "
    153. \n", "
  153. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 321–325; Grant, pp. 292–295.\n", "
    154. \n", "
  154. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 594–595; Grant, pp. 296–297.\n", "
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  155. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 1138–1139; Grant, pp. 298–304.\n", "
    156. \n", "
  156. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 714–715; ODB, pp. 1296–1297; Grant, pp. 305–307.\n", "
    157. \n", "
  157. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 308–309; Grant, pp. 315–316.\n", "
    158. \n", "
  158. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 196–198; Grant, pp. 310–311.\n", "
    159. \n", "
  159. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 702–703; Grant, pp. 315–316.\n", "
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  160. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 1004–1005; Grant, pp. 317–318.\n", "
    161. \n", "
  161. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 96–98; Grant, pp. 319–321.\n", "
    162. \n", "
  162. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 796–798; Grant, p. 322.\n", "
    163. \n", "
  163. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 514, 777; Grant, pp. 323–324.\n", "
    164. \n", "
  164. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 777–778; Grant, pp. 325–326.\n", "
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  165. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 949–950; Grant, pp. 332–334.\n", "
    166. \n", "
  166. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 663–664; ODB, pp. 1206–1207; Grant, pp. 312–314; Croke 2004, p. 569–572.\n", "
    167. \n", "
  167. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 664–665; ODB, pp. 1207–1208; Croke 2004, pp. 563–575.\n", "
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  168. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 1200–1202; ODB, p. 2223; Grant, pp. 327–329; Croke 2004, p. 572.\n", "
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  169. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 212–214; Grant, pp. 330–331.\n", "
    170. \n", "
  170. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 78–80; ODB, pp. 86–87.\n", "
    171. \n", "
  171. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 648–651; ODB, p. 1082; Grierson 1962, p. 45.\n", "
    172. \n", "
  172. ^ PLRE, Vol. II, pp. 645–648; ODB, pp. 1083–1084.\n", "
    173. \n", "
  173. ^ PLRE, Vol. IIIA, pp. 754–756; ODB, pp. 1082–1083; Grierson 1962, p. 47.\n", "
    174. \n", "
  174. ^ PLRE, Vol. IIIB, pp. 1323–1326; ODB, pp. 2083–2084.\n", "
    175. \n", "
  175. ^ PLRE, Vol. IIIB, pp. 855–860; ODB, p. 1318.\n", "
    176. \n", "
  176. ^ PLRE, Vol. IIIB, pp. 1030–1032; ODB, p. 1666.\n", "
    177. \n", "
  177. ^ Kaegi 2003, p. 194.\n", "
    178. \n", "
  178. ^ a b Grierson 1973, p. 177.\n", "
    179. \n", "
  179. ^ PLRE, Vol. IIIA, p. 587; ODB, p. 916–917; Treadgold 1997, pp. 306, 308.\n", "
    180. \n", "
  180. ^ PLRE, Vol. IIIA, p. 349; Grierson 1973, p. 385; Treadgold 1997, p. 308ff; Kaegi 2003, p. 112ff.\n", "
    181. \n", "
  181. ^ Foss 2005, pp. 93–94.\n", "
    182. \n", "
  182. ^ ODB, pp. 916–917; Grierson 1962, p. 48; Treadgold 1997, p. 309.\n", "
    183. \n", "
  183. ^ PLRE, Vol. IIIA, p. 588; ODB, p. 918; Treadgold 1990, pp. 431–33.\n", "
    184. \n", "
  184. ^ ODB, pp. 496–497; Grierson 1968, p. 402.\n", "
    185. \n", "
  185. ^ ODB, pp. 500–501; Grierson 1968, pp. 402, 512.\n", "
    186. \n", "
  186. ^ ODB, pp. 1084–1085; Grierson 1962, pp. 50–51; Grierson 1968, p. 568.\n", "
    187. \n", "
  187. ^ ODB, pp. 1212–1213.\n", "
    188. \n", "
  188. ^ ODB, p. 2084; Grierson 1962, p. 51.\n", "
    189. \n", "
  189. ^ ODB, pp. 1084–1085; Grierson 1962, pp. 50–51.\n", "
    190. \n", "
  190. ^ ODB, p. 1654; Grierson 1962, pp. 51–52.\n", "
    191. \n", "
  191. ^ ODB, p. 87; Grierson 1962, p. 52.\n", "
    192. \n", "
  192. ^ ODB, p. 2052.\n", "
    193. \n", "
  193. ^ ODB, pp. 1208–1209; Treadgold 1997, p. 356.\n", "
    194. \n", "
  194. ^ ODB, p. 501; Treadgold 1997, p. 366; PmbZ, Konstantinos 7 (#3703).\n", "
    195. \n", "
  195. ^ ODB, p. 192; Garland 2006, p. 10; Schreiner, pp. 85–86.\n", "
    196. \n", "
  196. ^ ODB, p. 1209; PmbZ, Leo 4 (#4243).\n", "
    197. \n", "
  197. ^ ODB, pp. 501–502; Treadgold 1997, pp. 417–424; PmbZ, Konstantinos 8 (#3704).\n", "
    198. \n", "
  198. ^ ODB, pp. 1008–1009; Grierson 1962, p. 55.\n", "
    199. \n", "
  199. ^ ODB, pp. 1476–1477.\n", "
    200. \n", "
  200. ^ ODB, pp. 1945–1946; Grierson 1962, p. 55; Treadgold 1997, p. 429.\n", "
    201. \n", "
  201. ^ ODB, p. 1362; Treadgold 1997, p. 431–433.\n", "
    202. \n", "
  202. ^ ODB, pp. 1209–1210; Treadgold 1997, pp. 431–433, 438.\n", "
    203. \n", "
  203. ^ ODB, pp. 739, 2037.\n", "
    204. \n", "
  204. ^ ODB, p. 1363; Treadgold 1997, pp. 433–436, 438.\n", "
    205. \n", "
  205. ^ ODB, p. 2066.\n", "
    206. \n", "
  206. ^ ODB, pp. 2037–2038; Treadgold 1997, p. 438; Garland 1999, p. 102.\n", "
    207. \n", "
  207. ^ ODB, pp. 1364; Treadgold 1997, pp. 446–455; PmbZ, Michael 11 (#4991).\n", "
    208. \n", "
  208. ^ ODB, p. 260; Treadgold 1997, pp. 461, 490; Grierson 1973, pp. 473–476.\n", "
    209. \n", "
  209. ^ ODB, pp. 1210–1211; Treadgold 1997, p. 458–462, 470, 491.\n", "
    210. \n", "
  210. ^ ODB, pp. 56–57; Treadgold 1997, p. 471; Grierson 1973, p. 473–476.\n", "
    211. \n", "
  211. ^ ODB, pp. 502–503; Treadgold 1997, p. 491.\n", "
    212. \n", "
  212. ^ ODB, p. 1806; Schreiner, p. 121–128.\n", "
    213. \n", "
  213. ^ ODB, pp. 1806–1807; Treadgold 1997, pp. 495–497; PmbZ, Romanos II (#26834).\n", "
    214. \n", "
  214. ^ ODB, pp. 1478–1479.\n", "
    215. \n", "
  215. ^ ODB, p. 1045.\n", "
    216. \n", "
  216. ^ ODB, pp. 261–262; Grierson 1973, pp. 589, 599.\n", "
    217. \n", "
  217. ^ ODB, p. 503; Grierson 1962, p. 58.\n", "
    218. \n", "
  218. ^ ODB, pp. 503, 1807; Grierson 1962, p. 59.\n", "
    219. \n", "
  219. ^ ODB, p. 1365; Treadgold 1997, p. 491.\n", "
    220. \n", "
  220. ^ ODB, pp. 1365–1366; Treadgold 1997, p. 491.\n", "
    221. \n", "
  221. ^ ODB, p. 2228; Treadgold 1997, p. 590.\n", "
    222. \n", "
  222. ^ a b ODB, p. 2038; Treadgold 1997, pp. 491, 590.\n", "
    223. \n", "
  223. ^ Grierson 1973, p. 180.\n", "
    224. \n", "
  224. ^ ODB, p. 504.\n", "
    225. \n", "
  225. ^ ODB, p. 1366; Treadgold 1997, p. 597; Schreiner, pp. 149–150.\n", "
    226. \n", "
  226. ^ ODB, pp. 1011–1012; Schreiner, pp. 151–152; Grierson 1973, pp. 759–760.\n", "
    227. \n", "
  227. ^ ODB, pp. 504–505; Schreiner, pp. 151–152; Grierson 1973, p. 764.\n", "
    228. \n", "
  228. ^ ODB, pp. 739–740; Treadgold 1997, p. 608; Grierson 1973, pp. 779–780.\n", "
    229. \n", "
  229. ^ PmbZ, Leon 15005..\n", "
    230. \n", "
  230. ^ ODB, p. 1807; Treadgold 1997, pp. 601–604, 608; Schreiner, p. 156.\n", "
    231. \n", "
  231. ^ ODB, pp. 1366–1367; Schreiner, p. 157–159; Norwich 1993, p. 361.\n", "
    232. \n", "
  232. ^ ODB, p. 1479; Schreiner, p. 158–159; Grierson 1973, p. 798–799, 821; Maynard 2021.\n", "
    233. \n", "
  233. ^ ODB, p. 63; Schreiner, p. 159–164.\n", "
    234. \n", "
  234. ^ ODB, pp. 1046–1047; Treadgold 1997, pp. 628–637; Bucossi & Rodriguez Suarez 2016, p. 16.\n", "
    235. \n", "
  235. ^ ODB, pp. 1289–1290; Treadgold 1997, pp. 636, 638–650.\n", "
    236. \n", "
  236. ^ ODB, pp. 64, 1289; Treadgold 1997, pp. 650–653; Schreiner, p. 176.\n", "
    237. \n", "
  237. ^ ODB, pp. 64, 94, 1012; Treadgold 1997, pp. 653–656; Lascaratos 1999, p. 73.\n", "
    238. \n", "
  238. ^ a b ODB, p. 1012; Treadgold 1997, pp. 654–660; Schreiner, pp. 183–185; Macrides 1999, VI: p. 75, X: p. 514, XII: p. 195.\n", "
    239. \n", "
  239. ^ Cotsonis 2020, pp. 260–261.\n", "
    240. \n", "
  240. ^ ODB, pp. 64–65; Treadgold 1997, pp. 659–664; Schreiner, pp. 183–185.\n", "
    241. \n", "
  241. ^ ODB, pp. 65–66; Schreiner, pp. 183–185.\n", "
    242. \n", "
  242. ^ ODB, p. 66; Treadgold 1997, pp. 265–266, 665; Schreiner, pp. 185–186.\n", "
    243. \n", "
  243. ^ ODB, pp. 2039–2040; Schreiner, pp. 187–188; Angelov 2019, p. 18; Dragon 2003, p. 275.\n", "
    244. \n", "
  244. ^ ODB, pp. 1047–1048; Angelov 2019, p. 256.\n", "
    245. \n", "
  245. ^ ODB, pp. 2040–2041; Treadgold 1997, p. 731; Angelov 2019, p. 325.\n", "
    246. \n", "
  246. ^ ODB, pp. 1048–1049; Treadgold 1997, p. 737; Angelov 2019, p. 305; Schreiner, pp. 196.\n", "
    247. \n", "
  247. ^ ODB, p. 1367; Treadgold 1997, p. 745; Schreiner, pp. 196–206; PLP, p. 3929 (#21528).\n", "
    248. \n", "
  248. ^ ODB, pp. 94–95; Angelov 2009, p. 100; PLP, p. 3889 (#21436).\n", "
    249. \n", "
  249. ^ ODB, pp. 1367–8; Treadgold 1997, p. 755; Angelov 2009, p. 100; PLP, p. 3931 (#21529).\n", "
    250. \n", "
  250. ^ ODB, p. 95; Treadgold 1997, p. 764; Lascaratos & Marketos 1997, pp. 106–9; PLP, p. 3891 (#21437).\n", "
    251. \n", "
  251. ^ ODB, p. 1050; Schreiner, pp. 253, 345; PLP, p. 3912 (#21485).\n", "
    252. \n", "
  252. ^ ODB, pp. 1050–1051; Schreiner, pp. 252–288; PLP, p. 2046 (#10973); Feiller 1976.\n", "
    253. \n", "
  253. ^ ODB, p. 95; Mladenov 2003, p. 190; Schreiner, pp. 312–321; PLP, p. 3893 (#21438).\n", "
    254. \n", "
  254. ^ ODB, p. 1052; Oikonomides 1977, p. 331; Schreiner, pp. 340–343.\n", "
    255. \n", "
  255. ^ ODB, p. 1291; Schreiner, pp. 276, 309, 429; PLP, p. 3923 (#21513).\n", "
    256. \n", "
  256. ^ ODB, pp. 1053–1054; Schreiner, pp. 340, 387–411; PLP, p. 3909 (#21481).\n", "
    257. \n", "
  257. ^ ODB, p. 505; Nicol 1992, pp. 2, 35–38, 70; PLP, p. 3919 (#21500).\n", "
    258. \n", "
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Main bibliography[edit]

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Secondary bibliography[edit]

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Roman and Byzantine emperors and ruling empresses
Principate
27 BC – AD 235
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Crisis
235–285
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Dominate
284–610
Western Empire
395–480
Eastern Empire
395–610
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Eastern/
Byzantine Empire
610–1453
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See also
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
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Roman emperors by time period
Early PrincipateCrisis of the Third CenturyDominateWestern Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire
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Caesar Augustus\n", "\n", "16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14
  (40 years, 7 months and 3 days)[g]\n", "\n", "Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. Gradually acquired further power through grants from, and constitutional settlements with, the Roman Senate.\n", "\n", "23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14
(aged 75)
Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman consul on 19 August 43 BC.
Died of natural causes[53]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Tiberius
Tiberius Caesar Augustus\n", "\n", "17 September 14 – 16 March 37
(22 years, 5 months and 27 days)\n", "\n", "Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of Augustus\n", "\n", "16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37
(aged 77)
Died probably of natural causes, allegedly murdered at the instigation of Caligula[54]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Caligula
Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\n", "\n", "18 March 37 – 24 January 41
(3 years, 10 months and 6 days)\n", "\n", "Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, great-grandson of Augustus\n", "\n", "31 August 12 – 24 January 41
(aged 28)
Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetorian Guard and senators[55]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\n", "\n", "24 January 41 – 13 October 54
(13 years, 8 months and 19 days)\n", "\n", "Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard and accepted by the Senate\n", "\n", "1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54
(aged 63)
Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably poisoned by his wife Agrippina, in favor of her son Nero[56]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\n", "\n", "13 October 54 – 9 June 68
(13 years, 7 months and 27 days)\n", "\n", "Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted son of Claudius, great-great-grandson of Augustus\n", "\n", "15 December 37 – 9 June 68
(aged 30)
Committed suicide after being deserted by the Praetorian Guard and sentenced to death by the Senate[57]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Galba
Servius Galba Caesar Augustus\n", "\n", "8 June 68 – 15 January 69
(7 months and 7 days)\n", "\n", "Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted against Nero and seized power after his suicide, with support of the Senate and Praetorian Guard\n", "\n", "24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69
(aged 70)
Murdered by soldiers of the Praetorian Guard in a coup led by Otho[58]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Otho
Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus\n", "\n", "15 January – 16 April 69
(3 months and 1 day)\n", "\n", "Seized power through a coup against Galba\n", "\n", "28 April 32 – 16 April 69
(aged 36)
Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius[59]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Vitellius
Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus\n", "\n", "19 April – 20 December 69
(8 months and 1 day)\n", "\n", "Governor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed emperor by the Rhine legions on 2 January in opposition to Galba and Otho, later recognized by the Senate\n", "\n", "24 September 15 – 20/22 December 69
(aged 54)
Murdered by Vespasian's troops[60]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Vespasian
Caesar Vespasianus Augustus\n", "\n", "1 July 69 – 23 June 79
(9 years, 11 months and 22 days)\n", "\n", "Seized power with support of the eastern legions, in opposition to Vitellius\n", "\n", "17 November 9 – 23/24 June 79
(aged 69)
Died of natural causes[61]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Titus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus\n", "\n", "24 June 79 – 13 September 81
(2 years, 2 months and 20 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Vespasian\n", "\n", "30 December 39 – 13 September 81
(aged 41)
Died of natural causes[62]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"statue\"\n", "\n", "Domitian
Caesar Domitianus Augustus\n", "\n", "14 September 81 – 18 September 96
(15 years and 4 days)\n", "\n", "Brother of Titus and son of Vespasian\n", "\n", "24 October 51 – 18 September 96
(aged 44)
Assassinated in a conspiracy of court officials, possibly involving Nerva[63]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Nerva
Nerva Caesar Augustus\n", "\n", "18 September 96 – 27 January 98
(1 year, 4 months and 9 days)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor after the murder of Domitian\n", "\n", "8 November 30 – 27 January 98
(aged 67)
First of the \"Five Good Emperors\". Died of natural causes[64]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Trajan
Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus\n", "\n", "28 January 98 – 7/11 August 117
(19 years, 6 months and 10/14 days)\n", "\n", "Adopted son of Nerva\n", "\n", "18 September 53 – 7/11 August 117
(aged 63)
First non-Italian emperor. His reign marked the geographical peak of the empire. Died of natural causes[65]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"statue\"\n", "\n", "Hadrian
Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus\n", "\n", "11 August 117 – 10 July 138
(20 years, 10 months and 29 days)\n", "\n", "Cousin of Trajan, allegedly adopted on his deathbed\n", "\n", "24 January 76 – 10 July 138
(aged 62)
Ended Roman expansionism. Destroyed Judea after a massive revolt. Died of natural causes[66]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"statue\"\n", "\n", "Antoninus Pius
Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius[h]\n", "\n", "10 July 138 – 7 March 161
(22 years, 7 months and 25 days)\n", "\n", "Adopted son of Hadrian\n", "\n", "19 September 86 – 7 March 161
(aged 74)
Died of natural causes[68]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus\n", "\n", "7 March 161 – 17 March 180
(19 years and 10 days)\n", "\n", "Son-in-law and adopted son of Antoninus Pius. Reigned jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, the first time multiple emperors shared power.\n", "\n", "26 April 121 – 17 March 180
(aged 58)
Last of the \"Five Good Emperors\"; also one of the most representative Stoic philosophers. Died of natural causes[69]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Lucius Verus
Lucius Aurelius Verus\n", "\n", "7 March 161 – January/February 169
(7 years and 11 months)\n", "\n", "Adopted son of Antoninus Pius, joint emperor with his adoptive brother, Marcus Aurelius\n", "\n", "15 December 130 – early 169
(aged 38)
Died of natural causes[70]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Commodus
Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus / Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus\n", "\n", "27 November 176 – 31 December 192
(16 years, 1 month and 4 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Marcus Aurelius. Proclaimed co-emperor on 27 November 176, at age 15, becoming the first emperor to be elevated during predecessor's lifetime\n", "\n", "31 August 161 – 31 December 192
(aged 31)
Strangled to death in a conspiracy involving his praetorian prefect, Laetus, and mistress, Marcia[71]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Pertinax
Publius Helvius Pertinax\n", "\n", "1 January – 28 March 193
(2 months and 27 days)\n", "\n", "City prefect of Rome at Commodus's death, set up as emperor by the praetorian prefect, Laetus, with consent of the Senate\n", "\n", "1 August 126 – 28 March 193
(aged 66)
Murdered by mutinous soldiers of the Praetorian Guard[72]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Didius Julianus
Marcus Didius Severus Julianus\n", "\n", "28 March – 1 June 193
(2 months and 4 days)\n", "\n", "Won auction held by the Praetorian Guard for the position of emperor\n", "\n", "30 January 133 – 1/2 June 193
(aged 60)
Killed on order of the Senate, at the behest of Septimius Severus[73]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Septimius Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax\n", "\n", "9 April 193 – 4 February 211
(17 years, 9 months and 26 days)\n", "\n", "Governor of Upper Pannonia, acclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions following the murder of Pertinax\n", "\n", "11 April 145 – 4 February 211
(aged 65)
First non-European emperor. Died of natural causes[74]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Caracalla
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus\n", "\n", "4 February 211 – 8 April 217
(6 years, 2 months and 4 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor on 28 January 198, at age 10. Succeeded jointly with his brother, Geta, in 211\n", "\n", "4 April 188 – 8 April 217
(aged 29)
First child emperor. Granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. Murdered by a soldier at the instigation of Macrinus[75]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Geta
Publius Septimius Geta\n", "\n", "4 February 211 – 19/26 December 211
(10 months and 15/22 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor in October 209, succeeded jointly with his older brother, Caracalla\n", "\n", "7 March 189 – 19/26 December 211
(aged 22)
Murdered on order of his brother, Caracalla[76]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Macrinus
Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus\n", "\n", "11 April 217 – 8 June 218
(1 year, 1 month and 28 days)\n", "\n", "Praetorian prefect of Caracalla, accepted as emperor by the army and Senate after having arranged his predecessor's death in fear of his own life\n", "\n", "c. 165 – June 218
(aged approx. 53)
First non-senator to become emperor, and first emperor not to visit Rome after acceding. Executed during a revolt of the troops in favor of Elagabalus.[77]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Diadumenian
Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus\n", "\n", "Late May – June 218
(less than a month)\n", "\n", "Son of Macrinus, named co-emperor by his father after the eruption of a rebellion in favor of Elagabalus\n", "\n", "14 September 208 – June 218
(aged 9)
Caught in flight and executed in favor of Elagabalus[78]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Elagabalus
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus\n", "\n", "16 May 218 – 12 March 222
(3 years, 9 months and 24 days)\n", "\n", "Cousin and alleged illegitimate son of Caracalla, acclaimed as emperor by rebellious legions in opposition to Macrinus at the instigation of his grandmother, Julia Maesa\n", "\n", "203/204 – 11/12 March 222
(aged 18)
Murdered by the Praetorian Guard alongside his mother, probably at the instigation of Julia Maesa[79]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Severus Alexander
Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander\n", "\n", "13 March 222 – 21 March 235
(13 years and 8 days)\n", "\n", "Cousin and adopted heir of Elagabalus\n", "\n", "1 October 208 – 21 March 235
(aged 26)
Lynched by mutinous troops, alongside his mother[80]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Maximinus I \"Thrax\"
Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus\n", "\n", "c. March 235 – c. June 238[k]
(3 years and 3 months)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor by Germanic legions after the murder of Severus Alexander\n", "\n", "c. 172–180 – c. June 238
(aged approx. 58–66)
First commoner to become emperor. Murdered by his men during the siege of Aquileia[86]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Gordian I
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus\n", "\n", "c. April – c. May 238[k]
(22 days)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor alongside his son, Gordian II, while serving as governor of Africa, in a revolt against Maximinus, and recognized by the Senate\n", "\n", "c. 158 (?) – c. May 238
(aged approx. 80)
Oldest emperor at the time of his elevation. Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of his son[87]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Gordian II
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus\n", "\n", "c. April – c. May 238[k]
(22 days)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor alongside his father Gordian I, during revolt in Africa against Maximinus\n", "\n", "c. 192 – c. May 238
(aged approx. 46)
The shortest-reigning emperor on record. Killed outside Carthage in battle against an army loyal to Maximinus I[88]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Pupienus
Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus\n", "\n", "c. May – c. August 238[k]
(99 days)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor jointly with Balbinus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus\n", "\n", "c. 164 – c. August 238
(aged approx. 74)
Tortured and murdered by the Praetorian Guard[89]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Balbinus
Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus\n", "\n", "c. May – c. August 238[k]
(99 days)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor jointly with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus\n", "\n", "c. 178 – c. August 238
(aged approx. 60)
Tortured and murdered by the Praetorian Guard[90]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Gordian III
Marcus Antonius Gordianus\n", "\n", "c. August 238 – c. February 244
(c. 5 years and 6 months)\n", "\n", "Grandson of Gordian I, appointed as heir by Pupienus and Balbinus, upon whose deaths he succeeded as emperor\n", "\n", "20 January 225 – c. February 244
(aged 19)
Died during campaign against Persia, possibly in a murder plot instigated by Philip I[91]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Philip I \"the Arab\"
Marcus Julius Philippus\n", "\n", "c. February 244 – September/October 249
(c. 5 years and 7/8 months)\n", "\n", "Praetorian prefect under Gordian III, seized power after his death\n", "\n", "c. 204 – September/October 249
(aged approx. 45)
Killed at the Battle of Verona, against Decius[92]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Philip II \"the Younger\" (§)
Marcus Julius Severus Philippus\n", "\n", "July/August 247 – September/October 249
(c. 2 years and 2 months)\n", "\n", "Son of Philip I, appointed co-emperor\n", "\n", "c. 237 – September/October 249
(aged approx. 12)
Murdered by the Praetorian Guard[93]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Decius
Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius\n", "\n", "September/October 249 – June 251
(c. 1 year and 8/9 months)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor by the troops in Moesia, then defeated and killed Philip I in battle\n", "\n", "c. 190/200 – June 251
(aged approx. 50/60)
Killed at the Battle of Abrittus, against the Goths[94]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Herennius Etruscus (§)
Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius\n", "\n", "May/June – June 251
(less than a month)\n", "\n", "Son of Decius, appointed co-emperor\n", "\n", "Unknown – June 251
Killed at the Battle of Abrittus alongside his father[95]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Trebonianus Gallus
Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus\n", "\n", "June 251 – c. August 253
(c. 3 years and 2 months)\n", "\n", "Senator and general, proclaimed emperor after the deaths of Decius and Herennius Etruscus\n", "\n", "c. 206 – c. August 253
(aged 47)
Murdered by his own troops in favor of Aemilian[96]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Hostilian (§)
Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus\n", "\n", "c. June – c. July 251
(c. 1 month)\n", "\n", "Younger son of Decius, named caesar by his father and proclaimed co-emperor by Trebonianus Gallus\n", "\n", "Unknown – c. July 251
Died of plague or murdered by Trebonianus Gallus[97]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Volusianus (§)
Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus\n", "\n", "c. August 251 – c. August 253
(3 years)\n", "\n", "Son of Gallus, appointed co-emperor\n", "\n", "c. 230 – c. August 253
(aged approx. 23)
Murdered by the soldiers, alongside his father[98]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Aemilianus
Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus\n", "\n", "c. July – c. September 253
(c. 2 months)\n", "\n", "Commander in Moesia, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers after defeating barbarians, in opposition to Gallus\n", "\n", "c. 207 – c. September 253
(aged approx. 46)
Murdered by his own troops in favor of Valerian[99]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Silbannacus[l] (#)
Mar. Silbannacus\n", "\n", "c. September/October 253
(very briefly)\n", "\n", "Obscure figure known only from coinage, appears to have briefly ruled in Rome between Aemilianus and Valerian\n", "\n", "Nothing known[24]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Valerian
Publius Licinius Valerianus\n", "\n", "c. September 253 – c. June 260
(c. 6 years and 9 months)\n", "\n", "Army commander in Raetia and Noricum, proclaimed emperor by the legions in opposition to Aemilian\n", "\n", "c. 200 – after 262 (?)
Captured at Edessa by the Persian king Shapur I, died in captivity possibly forced to swallow molten gold[103]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Gallienus
Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus\n", "\n", "c. September 253 – c. September 268
(15 years)\n", "\n", "Son of Valerian, appointed joint emperor. Sole emperor after Valerian's capture and subsequent death\n", "\n", "218 – c. September 268
(aged 50)
Faced multiple revolts & barbarian invasions. Murdered in a conspiracy of army officers, involving his successors Claudius II and Aurelian[104]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Saloninus[m] (§)
Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus\n", "\n", "Autumn 260
(c. 1 month)\n", "\n", "Son of Gallienus, proclaimed caesar by his father and proclaimed emperor by the praetorian prefect Silvanus while besieged by Postumus\n", "\n", "Unknown – Late 260
Murdered by troops loyal to Postumus[107]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Claudius II \"Gothicus\"
Marcus Aurelius Claudius\n", "\n", "c. September 268 – c. April 270
(c. 1 year and 7 months)\n", "\n", "Army commander in Illyria, proclaimed emperor after Gallienus's death\n", "\n", "10 May 214 – c. April 270
(aged approx. 55)
Died of plague[108]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Quintillus
Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus\n", "\n", "c. April – May/June 270
(17–77 days)\n", "\n", "Brother of Claudius II, proclaimed emperor after his death\n", "\n", "Unknown – 270
Committed suicide or killed at the behest of Aurelian[109]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Aurelian
Lucius Domitius Aurelianus\n", "\n", "c. May 270 – c. October 275
(c. 5 years and 5 months)\n", "\n", "Supreme commander of the Roman cavalry, proclaimed emperor by Danube legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus\n", "\n", "9 September 214 – c. October 275
(aged 61)
Reunified the Roman Empire. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard[110]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Tacitus
Marcus Claudius Tacitus\n", "\n", "c. December 275 – c. June 276
(c. 7 months)\n", "\n", "Alleged princeps senatus, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Campania after Aurelian's death\n", "\n", "c. 200 (?) – c. June 276
(aged approx. 76)
Died of illness or possibly murdered[111]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Florianus
Marcus Annius Florianus\n", "\n", "c. June – September 276
(80–88 days)\n", "\n", "Brother or, more likely, half-brother of Tacitus\n", "\n", "Unknown – September/October 276
Murdered by his own troops in favor of Probus[112]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Probus
Marcus Aurelius Probus\n", "\n", "c. June 276 – c. September 282
(c. 6 years and 3 months)\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed emperor by the eastern legions, in opposition to Florianus\n", "\n", "19 August 232 – c. September 282
(aged 50)
Murdered by his own troops in favor of Carus[113]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Carus
Marcus Aurelius Carus\n", "\n", "c. September 282 – c. July 283
(c. 10 months)\n", "\n", "Praetorian prefect under Probus, seized power before or after Probus's murder\n", "\n", "c. 224 (?) – c. July 283
(aged approx. 60)
Died in Persia, either of illness, assassination, or by being hit by lightning[114]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Carinus
Marcus Aurelius Carinus\n", "\n", "Spring 283 – August/September 285
(2 years)\n", "\n", "Son of Carus, appointed joint emperor shortly before his death. Succeeded jointly with Numerian\n", "\n", "c. 250 – August/September 285
(aged approx. 35)
Probably died in battle against Diocletian, likely betrayed by his own soldiers[115]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Numerian
Marcus Aurelius Numerianus\n", "\n", "c. July/August 283 – November 284
(1 year and 3/4 months)\n", "\n", "Son of Carus, succeeded jointly with Carinus\n", "\n", "c. 253 – November 284
(aged approx. 31)
Died while marching to Europe, probably of disease, possibly assassinated[116]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Diocletian
Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus\n", "\n", "20 November 284 – 1 May 305
(20 years, 5 months and 11 days)\n", "\n", "Commander of the imperial bodyguard, acclaimed by the army after death of Numerian, and proceeded to defeat Numerian's brother, Carinus, in battle\n", "\n", "22 December c. 243 – 3 December c. 311
(aged approx. 68)
Began the last great persecution of Christianity. First emperor to voluntarily abdicate. Died in unclear circumstances, possibly suicide[117]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Maximian \"Herculius\"
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus\n", "\n", "1 April 286 – 1 May 305
(19 years and 1 month; West)
Late 306 – 11 November 308
(2 years; Italy)\n", "\n", "Elevated by Diocletian, ruled the western provinces\n", "\n", "c. 250 – c. July 310
(aged approx. 60)
Abdicated with Diocletian, later trying to regain power with, and then from, Maxentius, before being probably killed on orders of Constantine I[118]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Galerius
Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus\n", "\n", "1 May 305 – May 311
(6 years; East)\n", "\n", "Elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as eastern augustus upon Diocletian's abdication\n", "\n", "c. 258 – May 311
(aged approx. 53)
Died of natural causes[119]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Constantius I \"Chlorus\"
Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius\n", "\n", "1 May 305 – 25 July 306
(1 year, 2 months and 24 days; West)\n", "\n", "Maximian's relation by marriage, elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as western augustus upon Maximian's abdication\n", "\n", "31 March c. 250 – 25 July 306
(aged approx. 56)
Died of natural causes[120]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Severus II
Flavius Valerius Severus\n", "\n", "August 306 – March/April 307
(c. 8 months; West)\n", "\n", "Elevated to caesar in 305 by Maximian, promoted to western augustus by Galerius upon Constantius I's death\n", "\n", "Unknown – September 307
Surrendered to Maximian and Maxentius, later murdered or forced to commit suicide[121]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Maxentius (#)
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius\n", "\n", "28 October 306 – 28 October 312
(6 years; Italy)\n", "\n", "Son of Maximian and son-in-law of Galerius, seized power in Italy with support of the Praetorian Guard and his father after being passed over in the succession. Not recognized by the other emperors\n", "\n", "c. 283 – 28 October 312
(aged approx. 29)
Died at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, against Constantine I[122]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Licinius
Valerius Licinianus Licinius\n", "\n", "11 November 308 – 19 September 324
(15 years, 10 months and 8 days; East)\n", "\n", "Elevated by Galerius to replace Severus, in opposition to Maxentius. Defeated Maximinus Daza in a civil war to become sole emperor of the East in 313\n", "\n", "c. 265 – early 325
(aged approx. 60)
Defeated, deposed and put to death by Constantine I[123]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Maximinus II \"Daza\"
Galerius Valerius Maximinus\n", "\n", "310 – c. July 313
(3 years; East)\n", "\n", "Nephew of Galerius, elevated to caesar by Diocletian in 305, and acclaimed as augustus by his troops in 310\n", "\n", "20 November c. 270 – c. July 313
(aged approx. 42)
Defeated in civil war against Licinius, died shortly afterwards[124]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Valerius Valens[n] (#)
Aurelius Valerius Valens\n", "\n", "October 316 – c. January 317
(c. 2–3 months; West)\n", "\n", "Frontier commander in Dacia, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I\n", "\n", "Unknown – 317
Executed in the lead-up to a peace settlement between Licinius and Constantine[126]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Martinian[n] (#)
Mar. Martinianus\n", "\n", "July – 19 September 324
(2 months; West)\n", "\n", "A senior bureaucrat, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine I\n", "\n", "Unknown – 325
Deposed by Constantine and banished to Cappadocia, later executed[127]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Constantine I
\"the Great\"
Flavius Valerius Constantinus\n", "\n", "25 July 306 – 22 May 337
(30 years, 9 months and 27 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Constantius I, acclaimed by his father's troops. Accepted as caesar by Galerius in 306, promoted to augustus in 307 by Maximian, refused demotion to caesar in 309\n", "\n", "27 February 272/273 – 22 May 337
(aged 64/65)
First Christian emperor and founder of Constantinople. Sole ruler of the Empire after defeating Maxentius in 312 and Licinius in 324. Died of natural causes[128]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"statue\"\n", "\n", "Constantine II
Flavius Claudius Constantinus\n", "\n", "9 September 337 – April 340
(2 years and 7 months)\n", "\n", "Son of Constantine I\n", "\n", "7 August 316 – April 340
(aged 23)
Ruled the praetorian prefecture of Gaul. Killed in an ambush during a war against his brother, Constans I[129]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Constans I
Flavius Julius Constans\n", "\n", "9 September 337 – January 350
(12 years and 4 months)\n", "\n", "Son of Constantine I\n", "\n", "322/323 – January/February 350
(aged 27)
Ruled Italy, Illyricum and Africa initially, then the western empire after Constantine II's death. Overthrown and killed by Magnentius[130]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"engrave\n", "\n", "Constantius II
Flavius Julius Constantius\n", "\n", "9 September 337 – 3 November 361
(24 years, 1 month and 25 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Constantine I\n", "\n", "7 August 317 – 3 November 361
(aged 44)
Ruled the east initially, then the whole empire after the death of Magnentius. Died of a fever[131]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Magnentius (#)
Magnus Magnentius\n", "\n", "18 January 350 – 10 August 353
(3 years, 6 months and 23 days)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor by the troops, in opposition to Constans I\n", "\n", "c. 303 – 10 August 353
(aged approx. 50)
Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Mons Seleucus[132]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Nepotianus (#)
Julius Nepotianus\n", "\n", "3 June – 30 June 350
(27 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Eutropia, a daughter of Constantius I. Proclaimed emperor in Rome in opposition to Magnentius\n", "\n", "Unknown – 30 June 350
Captured and executed by supporters of Magnentius[133]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Vetranio[o] (#)\n", "\n", "1 March – 25 December 350
(9 months and 24 days)\n", "\n", "General of Constans in Illyricum, acclaimed by the Illyrian legions at the expense of Magnentius\n", "\n", "Unknown – c. 356
Abdicated in Constantius II's favor, retired, and died 6 years later[135]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Julian \"the Apostate\"
Flavius Claudius Julianus\n", "\n", "3 November 361 – 26 June 363
(1 year, 7 months and 24 days)\n", "\n", "Acclaimed by the Gallic army in early 360, became sole emperor after the death of his cousin, Constantius II\n", "\n", "331 – 26 June 363
(aged 32)
Last non-Christian emperor. Mortally wounded during a campaign against Persia[136]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Jovian
Jovianus[p]\n", "\n", "27 June 363 – 17 February 364
(7 months and 21 days)\n", "\n", "Commander of imperial household guard; proclaimed emperor by the army after Julian's death\n", "\n", "330/331 – 17 February 364
(aged 33)
Possibly died of inhaling toxic fumes or indigestion[138]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", " Name[q]\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Valentinian I \"the Great\"
Valentinianus\n", "\n", "25/26 February 364 – 17 November 375
(11 years, 8 months and 23 days)\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed emperor by the army after Jovian's death\n", "\n", "321 – 17 November 375
(aged 54)
Last emperor to cross the Rhine into Germania. Died of a stroke while yelling at envoys[140]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Valens\n", "\n", "28 March 364 – 9 August 378
(14 years, 4 months and 12 days)\n", "\n", "Brother of Valentinian I, made eastern emperor by his brother (Valentinian retaining the west)\n", "\n", "c. 328 – 9 August 378
(aged nearly 50)
Killed at the Battle of Adrianople[141]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Procopius (#)\n", "\n", "28 September 365 – 27 May 366
(7 months and 29 days)\n", "\n", "Maternal cousin and intended heir of Julian; revolted against Valens and captured Constantinople, where the people proclaimed him emperor\n", "\n", "326 – 27/28 May 366
(aged 40)
Deposed, captured and executed by Valens[142]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Gratian
Gratianus\n", "\n", "17 November 375 – 25 August 383
(7 years, 9 months and 8 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Valentinian I; proclaimed western co-emperor on 24 August 367, at age 8. Emperor in his own right after Valentinian's death\n", "\n", "18 April 359 – 25 August 383
(aged 24)
Killed by Andragathius, an officer of Magnus Maximus[143]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Magnus Maximus (#)\n", "\n", "Spring 383 – 28 August 388
(5 years)
with Victor (383/387–388)[r]\n", "\n", "General, related to Theodosius I; proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Briefly recognized by Theodosius I and Valentinian II\n", "\n", "Unknown – 28 August 388
Defeated by Theodosius I at the Battle of Save, executed after surrendering[144]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"statue\"\n", "\n", "Valentinian II
Valentinianus\n", "\n", "28 August 388 – 15 March 392
(3 years, 6 months and 16 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed co-emperor on 22 November 375, at age 4. Sole western ruler after the defeat of Magnus Maximus in 388\n", "\n", "371 – 15 March 392
(aged 20)
Dominated by regents and co-emperors his entire reign. Probably suicide, possibly killed by Arbogast[145]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Eugenius (#)\n", "\n", "22 August 392 – 6 September 394
(2 years and 15 days)\n", "\n", "Teacher of Latin grammar and rhetoric, secretary of Valentinian II. Proclaimed emperor by Arbogast\n", "\n", "Unknown – 6 September 394
Defeated by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Frigidus and executed[146]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Theodosius I
\"the Great\"\n", "\n", "19 January 379 – 17 January 395
(15 years, 11 months and 29 days)\n", "\n", "Retired general; proclaimed eastern emperor by Gratian. Ruler of the entire empire after Valentinian II's death\n", "\n", "11 January 346/347 – 17 January 395
(aged 48/49)
Last emperor to rule over the two halves of the Empire. Died of natural causes[147]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Arcadius\n", "\n", "17 January 395 – 1 May 408
(13 years, 3 months and 14 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 16 January 383. Emperor in the east\n", "\n", "377 – 1 May 408
(aged 31)
Died of natural causes[148]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"carved\n", "\n", "Honorius\n", "\n", "17 January 395 – 15 August 423
(28 years, 6 months and 29 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 23 January 393. Emperor in the west\n", "\n", "9 September 384 – 15 August 423
(aged 38)
Reigned under several successive regencies. Died of edema[149]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Constantine III (#)
Claudius Constantinus\n", "\n", "407 – 411
(4 years)
with Constans (409–411)[r]\n", "\n", "Common soldier, proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Recognized by Honorius in 409. Emperor in the west\n", "\n", "Unknown – 411 (before 18 September)
Surrendered to Constantius, a general of Honorius, and abdicated. Sent to Italy but murdered on the way[150]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Theodosius II\n", "\n", "1 May 408 – 28 July 450
(42 years, 2 months and 27 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Arcadius; co-emperor since 10 January 402. Emperor in the east\n", "\n", "10 April 401 – 28 July 450
(aged 49)
Died of a fall from his horse[151]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Priscus Attalus (#)\n", "\n", "Late 409 – summer 410
(less than a year)\n", "\n", "A leading member of the Senate, proclaimed emperor by Alaric after the Sack of Rome. Emperor in the west\n", "\n", "Unknown lifespan
Deposed by Alaric after reconciling with Honorius. Tried to claim the throne again 414–415 but was defeated and forced into exile; fate unknown[152]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Constantius III\n", "\n", "8 February – 2 September 421
(6 months and 25 days)\n", "\n", "Prominent general under Honorius and husband of Galla Placidia, a daughter of Theodosius I. Made co-emperor by Honorius. Emperor in the west\n", "\n", "Unknown – 2 September 421
De facto ruler since 411; helped Honorius defeat numerous usurpers & foreign enemies. Died of illness[153]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Johannes (#)\n", "\n", "20 November 423 – c. May 425
(c. 1 year and a half)\n", "\n", "Senior civil servant, seized power in Rome and the west after Theodosius II delayed in nominating a successor of Honorius\n", "\n", "Unknown – c. May 425
Captured by the forces of Theodosius II, brought to Constantinople and executed[154]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Valentinian III
Placidius Valentinianus\n", "\n", "23 October 425 – 16 March 455
(29 years, 4 months and 21 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Constantius III, grandson of Theodosius I and great-grandson of Valentinian I, installed as emperor of the west by Theodosius II\n", "\n", "2 July 419 – 16 March 455
(aged 35)
Faced the invasion of the Huns. Murdered by Optelas and Thraustelas, retainers of Aetius[155]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Marcian
Marcianus\n", "\n", "25 August 450 – 27 January 457
(6 years, 5 months and 2 days)\n", "\n", "Soldier and official, proclaimed emperor after marrying Pulcheria, a daughter of Arcadius. Emperor in the east\n", "\n", "391/392 – 27 January 457
(aged 65)
Died after a prolonged period of illness[156]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Petronius Maximus\n", "\n", "17 March – 31 May 455
(2 months and 14 days)\n", "\n", "General and civil official, murdered Valentinian III and married his widow, Licinia Eudoxia\n", "\n", "Unknown – 31 May 455
Killed by a mob while fleeing during the Vandalic sack of Rome[157]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Avitus
Eparchius Avitus\n", "\n", "9 July 455 – 17 October 456
(1 year, 3 months and 8 days)\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths and Gallo-Romans after the death of Petronius Maximus\n", "\n", "Unknown – 456/457
Defeated and deposed by the magister militum Ricimer, consecrated as a bishop. Died soon thereafter of either natural causes, strangulation, or being starved to death[158]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Majorian
Julius Valerius Maiorianus\n", "\n", "28 December 457 – 2 August 461
(3 years, 7 months and 5 days)\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed emperor by the army and backed by Ricimer\n", "\n", "Unknown – 7 August 461
Reconquered Southern Gaul & most of Hispania. Deposed and executed by Ricimer[159]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Severus III
Libius Severus\n", "\n", "19 November 461 – 14 November 465
(3 years, 11 months and 26 days)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer\n", "\n", "Unknown – 14 November 465
Died of natural causes[160]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Anthemius
Procopius Anthemius\n", "\n", "12 April 467 – 11 July 472
(5 years, 2 months and 29 days)\n", "\n", "General; husband of Marcia Euphemia, a daughter of Marcian. Proclaimed western emperor by the eastern emperor Leo I\n", "\n", "Unknown – 11 July 472
The last effective emperor of the West. Murdered by Gundobad after a civil war with Ricimer[161]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Olybrius
Anicius Olybrius\n", "\n", "c. April – 2 November 472
(c. 7 months)\n", "\n", "Husband of Placidia, a daughter of Valentinian III. Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer\n", "\n", "Unknown – 2 November 472
Died of dropsy[162]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Glycerius\n", "\n", "3/5 March 473 – 24 June 474
(1 year, 3 months and 11/19 days)\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed emperor by Gundobad\n", "\n", "Unknown lifespan
Deposed by Julius Nepos and made a bishop, subsequent fate unknown[163]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Julius Nepos\n", "\n", "24 June 474 – 28 August 475
(1 year, 2 months and 4 days)\n", "\n", "General; married to a relative of Verina, the wife of the eastern emperor Leo I. Installed as western emperor by Leo\n", "\n", "Unknown – 9 May 480
Fled to Dalmatia in the face of an attack by his magister militum Orestes. Continued to claim to be emperor in exile. Murdered by his retainers[164]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Romulus \"Augustulus\"
Romulus Augustus\n", "\n", "31 October 475 – 4 September 476
(10 months and 4 days)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor by his father, the magister militum Orestes\n", "\n", "Roughly 465 – after 507/511?
The last western emperor. Deposed by the Germanic general Odoacer and retired. Possibly alive as late as 507 or 511; fate unknown[165]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"bust\"\n", "\n", "Leo I \"the Butcher\"\n", "\n", "7 February 457 – 18 January 474
(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)\n", "\n", "Low-ranking army officer; chosen by the magister militum Aspar to succeed Marcian\n", "\n", "400 – 18 January 474
(aged 73)
First emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Died of dysentery[166]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Leo II\n", "\n", "18 January – November 474
(11 months)\n", "\n", "Grandson of Leo I and son of Zeno; co-emperor since 17 November 473\n", "\n", "467 – November 474
(aged 7)
Youngest emperor at the time of his death. Died of illness[167]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Zeno\n", "\n", "29 January 474 – 9 April 491
(17 years, 2 months and 11 days)\n", "\n", "Husband of Ariadne, a daughter of Leo I, and father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the Senate\n", "\n", "425/430 – 9 April 491
(aged 60/65)
Died of dysentery or epilepsy[168]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Basiliscus\n", "\n", "9 January 475 – August 476
(1 year and 7 months)
with Marcus (475–476)[r]\n", "\n", "Brother of Verina, the wife of Leo I. Proclaimed emperor by his sister in opposition to Zeno and seized Constantinople\n", "\n", "Unknown – 476/477
Deposed by Zeno upon his return to Constantinople; imprisoned in a dried-up resorvoir and starved to death[169]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"carved\n", "\n", "Anastasius I \"Dicorus\"\n", "\n", "11 April 491 – 9 July 518
(27 years, 2 months and 28 days)\n", "\n", "Government official; chosen by Ariadne, whom he married, to succeed Zeno\n", "\n", "430/431 – 9 July 518
(aged 88)
Oldest emperor at the time of his death. Died of natural causes[170]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Justin I
Iustinus\n", "\n", "9/10 July 518 – 1 August 527
(9 years and 23 days)\n", "\n", "Soldier; proclaimed emperor by the troops after the death of Anastasius I\n", "\n", "450 – 1 August 527
(aged 77)
Died of natural causes[171]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"mosaic\"\n", "\n", "Justinian I \"the Great\"
Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus\n", "\n", "1 April 527 – 14 November 565
(38 years, 7 months and 13 days)\n", "\n", "Nephew and adoptive son of Justin I\n", "\n", "481/482 – 14 November 565
(aged 83)
Temporarily reconquered half of the Western Roman Empire, including Rome. Died of natural causes[172]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Justin II
Iustinus\n", "\n", "14 November 565 – 5 October 578
(12 years, 10 months and 21 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Vigilantia, sister of Justinian I\n", "\n", "Unknown – 5 October 578
Lost most of Italy to the Lombards by 570. Suffered an attack of dementia in 574, whereafter the government was run by regents. Died of natural causes[173]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Tiberius II Constantine
Tiberius Constantinus\n", "\n", "26 September 578 – 14 August 582
(3 years, 10 months and 19 days)\n", "\n", "Adoptive son of Justin II\n", "\n", "Mid-6th century – 14 August 582
Died after a sudden illness, supposedly after accidentally eating bad food[174]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Maurice
Mauricius Tiberius\n", "\n", "13 August 582 – 27 November 602
(20 years, 3 months and 14 days)
with Theodosius (590–602)[r]\n", "\n", "Husband of Constantina, a daughter of Tiberius II Constantine\n", "\n", "539 – 27 November 602
(aged 63)
Captured and executed by troops loyal to Phocas[175]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Phocas
Focas\n", "\n", "23 November 602 – 5 October 610
(7 years, 10 months and 12 days)\n", "\n", "Centurion in the army; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Maurice\n", "\n", "547 – 5 October 610
(aged 63)
Deposed and then beheaded on the orders of Heraclius[176]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Heraclius
   Ἡράκλειος[s]\n", "\n", "5 October 610 – 11 February 641
(30 years, 4 months and 6 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Carthage. Led a revolt against Phocas\n", "\n", "574/575 – 11 February 641
(aged 66)
Ended the Persian Wars, but suffered the loss of the Levant to the Muslims. Died of natural causes[179]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Constantine III Heraclius
Heraclius Constantinus
  Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος[t]\n", "\n", "11 February – 25 May 641
(3 months and 14 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 22 January 613\n", "\n", "3 May 612 – 25 May 641
(aged 29)
Died of tuberculosis[182]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Heraclonas
Heraclius, Ἡράκλειος\n", "\n", "11 February – 5 November (?) 641
(8 months and 25 days)
with Tiberius, son of Heraclius (641)[r]\n", "\n", "Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 4 July 638. Co-ruler with Constantine and then sole emperor under the regency of his mother Martina\n", "\n", "626 – unknown
Deposed, mutilated and exiled, subsequent fate unknown[183]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Constans II \"the Bearded\"
Constantinus, Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "\n", "September 641 – 15 July 668
(26 years and 10 months)\n", "\n", "Son of Heraclius Constantine; proclaimed co-emperor by Heraclonas at age 11\n", "\n", "7 November 630 – 15 July 668
(aged 37)
Lost Egypt in 641. Murdered in Sicily while bathing by supporters of Mezezius[184]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"mosaic\"\n", "\n", "Constantine IV
Constantinus, Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "\n", "September 668 – 10 July (?) 685
(16 years and 10 months)
with Heraclius and Tiberius, sons of Constans II (659–681)[r]\n", "\n", "Son of Constans II; co-emperor since 13 April 654\n", "\n", "Roughly 650 – 10 July (?) 685
(aged about 35)
Defeated the First Arab Siege of Constantinople. Died of dysentery[185]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"mosaic\"\n", "\n", "Justinian II \"Rhinotmetus\"
Iustinianus, Ἰουστινιανός\n", "\n", "July 685 – 695
(10 years)\n", "\n", "Son of Constantine IV\n", "\n", "668/669 – 4 November 711
(aged 42)
Deposed and mutilated (hence his nickname, \"Slit-nosed\") by Leontius in 695; returned to the throne in 705[186]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Leontius
Λέων(τιος)\n", "\n", "695 – 698
(3 years)\n", "\n", "General; deposed Justinian II\n", "\n", "Unknown – 15 February (?) 706
Lost Africa & Carthage to the Muslims. Deposed by Tiberius III in 698 and later executed by Justinian II in 706[187]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Tiberius III
Τιβέριος\n", "\n", "698 – 705
(7 years)\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Leontius\n", "\n", "Unknown – 15 February (?) 706
Deposed and later executed by Justinian II alongside Leontius[188]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Justinian II \"Rhinotmetus\"
Iustinianus, Ἰουστινιανός
(second reign)\n", "\n", "21 August (?) 705 – 4 November 711
(6 years, 2 months and 14 days)
with Tiberius, son of Justinian II (706–711)[r]\n", "\n", "Retook the throne with the aid of the Khazars\n", "\n", "668/669 – 4 November 711
(aged 42)
Killed by supporters of Philippicus after fleeing Constantinople[189]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Philippicus
Filepicus, Φιλιππικός\n", "\n", "4 November 711 – 3 June 713
(1 year, 6 months and 30 days)\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Justinian II\n", "\n", "Unknown – 20 January 714/715
Deposed and blinded in favor of Anastasius II, later died of natural causes[190]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Anastasius II
Artemius Anastasius
Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος\n", "\n", "4 June 713 – fall 715
(less than 2 years)\n", "\n", "Senior court official, proclaimed emperor after the deposition of Philippicus\n", "\n", "Unknown – 1 June 719
Abdicated to Theodosius III after a six-month civil war, becoming a monk. Beheaded by Leo III after an attempt to retake the throne[191]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Theodosius III
Θεοδόσιος\n", "\n", "Fall 715 – 25 March 717
(less than 2 years)\n", "\n", "Tax-collector, possibly son of Tiberius III; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Anastasius II\n", "\n", "Unknown lifespan
Deposed by Leo III, whereafter he became a monk. His subsequent fate is unknown.[192]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Leo III \"the Isaurian\"
Λέων[u]\n", "\n", "25 March 717 – 18 June 741
(24 years, 2 months and 24 days)\n", "\n", "General; deposed Theodosius III\n", "\n", "c. 685 – 18 June 741
(aged approx. 56)
Ended Muslim expansion in Anatolia. Died of dropsy[193]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Constantine V \"Copronymus\"
Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "\n", "18 June 741 – 14 September 775
(34 years, 2 months and 27 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Leo III; co-emperor since 31 March 720\n", "\n", "718 – 14 September 775
(aged 57)
Last emperor to rule over Rome. Died of a fever[194]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Artabasdos (#)
Ἀρτάβασδος\n", "\n", "June 741/2 – 2 November 743
(1/2 years and 5 months)
with Nikephoros, son of Artabasdos (741/2–743)\n", "\n", "Husband of Anna, a daughter of Leo III. Revolted against Constantine V and briefly ruled at Constantinople\n", "\n", "Unknown lifespan
Deposed and blinded by Constantine V, relegated to a monastery where he died of natural causes[195]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Leo IV \"the Khazar\"
Λέων\n", "\n", "14 September 775 – 8 September 780
(4 years, 11 months and 25 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Constantine V; co-emperor since 6 June 751\n", "\n", "25 January 750 – 8 September 780
(aged 30)
Died of a fever[196]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Constantine VI
Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "\n", "8 September 780 – 19 August 797
(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Leo IV; co-emperor since 14 April 776\n", "\n", "14 January 771 – before 805
(aged less than 34)
Last emperor to be recognized in the West. Deposed and blinded by Irene, died in exile[197]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Irene
Εἰρήνη\n", "\n", "19 August 797 – 31 October 802
(5 years, 2 months and 12 days)\n", "\n", "Widow of Leo IV and former regent of Constantine VI. Dethroned and blinded her son Constantine in 797, becoming the first female ruler of the empire\n", "\n", "c. 752 – 9 August 803
(aged approx. 51)
Deposed by Nikephoros I and exiled to Lesbos, where she died of natural causes[198]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Nikephoros I
\"the Logothete\"
Νικηφόρος\n", "\n", "31 October 802 – 26 July 811
(8 years, 8 months and 26 days)\n", "\n", "Court official; proclaimed emperor in opposition to Irene\n", "\n", "c. 760 – 26 July 811
(aged approx. 51)
Killed at the Battle of Pliska[199]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Staurakios
Σταυράκιος\n", "\n", "28 July – 2 October 811
(2 months and 4 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Nikephoros I; co-emperor since 25 December 803. Proclaimed emperor after the death of his father\n", "\n", "790s – 11 January 812
(in his late teens)
Wounded at Pliska; abdicated in favor of Michael I and became a monk[200]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Michael I Rangabe
Μιχαὴλ\n", "\n", "2 October 811 – 11 July 813
(1 year, 9 months and 9 days)
with Theophylact and Staurakios, sons of Michael I (811–813)[r]\n", "\n", "Husband of Prokopia, a daughter of Nikephoros I\n", "\n", "c. 770 – 11 January 844
(aged approx. 74)
Abdicated in 813 in favor of Leo V after suffering a defeat at the Battle of Versinikia and retired as a monk[201]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Leo V \"the Armenian\"
Λέων\n", "\n", "11 July 813 – 25 December 820
(7 years, 5 months and 14 days)
with Constantine (813–820)[r]\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed emperor after the Battle of Versinikia\n", "\n", "c. 775 – 25 December 820
(aged approx. 45)
Murdered while in church by supporters of Michael II[202]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Michael II \"the Amorian\"
Μιχαὴλ\n", "\n", "25 December 820 – 2 October 829
(8 years, 9 months and 7 days)\n", "\n", "General sentenced to execution by Leo V; proclaimed emperor by Leo V's assassins and crowned by Patriarch Theodotus I on the same day\n", "\n", "c. 770 – 2 October 829
(aged approx. 59)
Saw the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily. Died of kidney failure[204]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Theophilos
Θεόφιλος\n", "\n", "2 October 829 – 20 January 842
(12 years, 3 months and 18 days)
with Constantine (c. 834–835)[r]\n", "\n", "Son of Michael II; co-emperor since 12 May 821\n", "\n", "812/813 – 20 January 842
(aged 30)
Died of dysentery[205]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Theodora (§)
Θεοδώρα\n", "\n", "20 January 842 – 15 March 856
(14 years, 1 month and 24 days)
with Thekla (842–856)[r]\n", "\n", "Widow of Theophilos; ruler in her own right during the minority of their son Michael III\n", "\n", "c. 815 – c. 867
(aged approx. 52)
Deposed by Michael III in 856, later died of natural causes[206]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Michael III \"the Drunkard\"
Μιχαὴλ\n", "\n", "20 January 842 – 24 September 867
(25 years, 8 months and 4 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Theophilos; co-emperor since 16 May 840. Ruled under his mother's regency until 15 March 856\n", "\n", "19 January 840 – 24 September 867
(aged 27)
The youngest emperor. Murdered by Basil I and his supporters[207]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Basil I \"the Macedonian\"
Βασίλειος\n", "\n", "24 September 867 – 29 August 886
(18 years, 11 months and 5 days)
with Constantine (868–879)[r]\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed co-emperor by Michael III on 26 May 866 and became senior emperor after Michael's murder\n", "\n", "811, 830 or 836 – 29 August 886
(aged approx. 50, 56 or 75)
Died after a hunting accident[208]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"mosaic\"\n", "\n", "Leo VI \"the Wise\"
Λέων\n", "\n", "29 August 886 – 11 May 912
(25 years, 8 months and 12 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Basil I or illegitimate son of Michael III; crowned co-emperor on 6 January 870\n", "\n", "19 September 866 – 11 May 912
(aged 45)
Conquered Southern Italy but lost the remnants of Sicily in 902. Died of an intestinal disease[209]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"mosaic\"\n", "\n", "Alexander
Αλέξανδρος\n", "\n", "11 May 912 – 6 June 913
(1 year and 26 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Basil I; co-emperor since September or October 879\n", "\n", "23 November 870 – 6 June 913
(aged 42)
Died of illness, possibly testicular cancer[210]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"carved\n", "\n", "Constantine VII
Porphyrogenitus
Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "\n", "6 June 913 – 9 November 959
(46 years, 5 months and 3 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Leo VI; co-emperor since 15 May 908. Successively dominated by regents and co-emperors until 27 January 945, when he deposed Romanos I's sons\n", "\n", "17/18 May 905 – 9 November 959
(aged 54)
Saw the beginning of renewed expansion in the East against the Arabs. Remembered for his numerous writings. Died of natural causes[211]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"seal\"\n", "\n", "Romanos I Lekapenos
Ῥωμανὸς\n", "\n", "17 December 920 – 20 December 944
(24 years and 3 days)
with Christopher (921–931), Stephen and Constantine Lekapenos (924–945)[r]\n", "\n", "Overthrew Constantine VII's regency, married him to his daughter Helena and was made senior co-emperor. Made several sons co-emperors to curb Constantine VII's authority\n", "\n", "c. 870 – 15 June 948
(aged approx. 78)
Deposed by his sons Stephen and Constantine. Died of natural causes in exile as a monk[212]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"carved\n", "\n", "Romanos II
Ῥωμανὸς\n", "\n", "9 November 959 – 15 March 963
(3 years, 4 months and 6 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Constantine VII and grandson of Romanos I; co-emperor since 6 April 945\n", "\n", "938 – 15 March 963
(aged 24/25)
Reconquered Crete in 961. Died of exhaustion on a hunting trip[213]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Nikephoros II Phokas
Νικηφόρος\n", "\n", "16 August 963 – 11 December 969
(6 years, 3 months and 25 days)\n", "\n", "General; proclaimed emperor on 2 July 963 against the unpopular Joseph Bringas (regent for the young sons of Romanos II), entered Constantinople on 16 August 963. Married Theophano, the widow of Romanos II\n", "\n", "c. 912 – 11 December 969
(aged approx. 57)
Reconquered Cilicia & Antioch. Murdered in a conspiracy involving his former supporters (including John I Tzimiskes) and Theophano[214]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "John I Tzimiskes
Ἰωάννης\n", "\n", "11 December 969 – 10 January 976
(6 years and 30 days)\n", "\n", "Nephew of Nikephoros II, took his place as senior co-emperor\n", "\n", "c. 925 – 10 January 976
(aged approx. 50)
Reconquered Eastern Thrace from the First Bulgarian Empire. Possibly poisoned by Basil Lekapenos[215]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Basil II \"the Bulgar-Slayer\"
Βασίλειος\n", "\n", "10 January 976 – 15 December 1025
(49 years, 11 months and 5 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Romanos II; co-emperor since 22 April 960. Succeeded as senior emperor upon the death of John I\n", "\n", "958 – 15 December 1025
(aged 67)
The longest-reigning emperor; best known for his reconquest of Bulgaria. Died of natural causes[216]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Constantine VIII
Κωνσταντῖνος\n", "\n", "15 December 1025 – 12 November 1028
(2 years, 10 months and 28 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Romanos II and brother of Basil II; co-emperor since 30 March 962\n", "\n", "960/961 – 12 November 1028
(aged 68)
Died of natural causes[217]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Romanos III Argyros
Ῥωμανὸς\n", "\n", "12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034
(5 years, 4 months and 30 days)\n", "\n", "Husband of Zoë, a daughter of Constantine VIII\n", "\n", "c. 968 – 11 April 1034
(aged approx. 66)
Temporarily reconquered Edessa in 1031. Possibly drowned on Zoë's orders[218]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Michael IV \"the Paphlagonian\"
Μιχαὴλ\n", "\n", "12 April 1034 – 10 December 1041
(7 years, 7 months and 28 days)\n", "\n", "Lover of Zoë, made emperor after their marriage following Romanos III's death\n", "\n", "c. 1010 – 10 December 1041
(aged approx. 31)
Died of epilepsy[219]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Michael V \"Kalaphates\"
Μιχαὴλ\n", "\n", "13 December 1041 – 21 April 1042
(4 months and 8 days)\n", "\n", "Nephew and designated heir of Michael IV, proclaimed emperor by Zoë three days after Michael IV's death\n", "\n", "c. 1015 – unknown
Deposed in a popular uprising after attempting to sideline Zoë, blinded and forced to become a monk[220]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"mosaic\"\n", "\n", "Zoë Porphyrogenita
Ζωή\n", "\n", "21 April – 12 June 1042
(1 month and 22 days)\n", "\n", "Daughter of Constantine VIII and widow of Romanos III and Michael IV. Ruled in her own right from Michael V's deposition until her marriage to Constantine IX.\n", "\n", "c. 978 – 1050
(aged approx. 72)
Died of natural causes[221]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"Portrait\n", "\n", "Theodora Porphyrogenita
Θεοδώρα\n", "\n", "21 April – 12 June 1042
(1 month and 22 days)\n", "\n", "Daughter of Constantine VIII and sister of Zoë, proclaimed co-empress during the revolt that deposed Michael V\n", "\n", "c. 980 – 31 August 1056
(aged approx. 76)
Sidelined after Zoë's marriage to Constantine IX, returned to the throne in 1055[222]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"mosaic\"\n", "\n", "Constantine IX Monomachos
Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος[w]\n", "\n", "12 June 1042 – 11 January 1055
(12 years, 6 months and 30 days)\n", "\n", "Husband of Zoë, made emperor the day after their marriage\n", "\n", "c. 1006 – 11 January 1055
(aged approx. 49)
Died of natural causes[224]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"Portrait\n", "\n", "Theodora Porphyrogenita
Θεοδώρα
(second reign)\n", "\n", "11 January 1055 – 31 August 1056
(1 year, 7 months and 20 days)\n", "\n", "Claimed the throne again after Constantine IX's death as the last living member of the Macedonian dynasty\n", "\n", "c. 980 – 31 August 1056
(aged approx. 76)
Died of natural causes[222]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Michael VI Bringas \"Stratiotikos\"
Μιχαήλ[w]\n", "\n", "22 August 1056 – 30 August 1057
(1 year and 8 days)\n", "\n", "Proclaimed emperor by Theodora on her deathbed\n", "\n", "980s/990s – c. 1057
(in his sixties)
Deposed in a revolt, retired to a monastery and died soon afterwards[225]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Isaac I Komnenos
Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός\n", "\n", "1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059
(2 years, 2 months and 21 days)\n", "\n", "General, revolted against Michael VI\n", "\n", "c. 1007 – 31 May/1 June 1060
(aged approx. 53)
Abdicated to Constantine X due to illness and hostile courtiers, became a monk[226]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Constantine X Doukas
Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας\n", "\n", "23 November 1059 – 23 May 1067
(7 years and 6 months)\n", "\n", "Designated as emperor by Isaac I Komnenos during his abdication\n", "\n", "c. 1006 – 23 May 1067
(aged approx. 61)
Lost nearly all Italian territories to the Normans. Died of natural causes[227]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Eudokia Makrembolitissa
Εὐδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα (§)\n", "\n", "23 May – 31 December 1067
(7 months and 8 days)\n", "\n", "Widow of Constantine X; ruler in her own right on behalf of their sons until her marriage to Romanos IV. Briefly resumed her regency in 1071\n", "\n", "c. 1030 – after 1078
Became a nun in November 1071 and later died of natural causes[228]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"coin\"\n", "\n", "Romanos IV Diogenes
Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης\n", "\n", "1 January 1068 – 26 August 1071
(3 years, 7 months and 25 days)
with Leo (1069–1071) and Nikephoros Diogenes (1070–1071)[r][x]\n", "\n", "Husband of Eudokia. Regent and senior co-emperor together with Constantine X's and Eudokia's children\n", "\n", "c. 1032 – 4 August 1072
(aged approx. 40)
Imprisoned by the Seljuk Turks following the disastrous Battle of Manzikert. After his release, he was captured and forced to become a monk. But was then blinded on 29 June 1072, later dying of his wounds[230]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"portrait\n", "\n", "Michael VII Doukas \"Parapinakes\"
Μιχαὴλ Δούκας\n", "\n", "1 October 1071 – 24/31 March 1078
(6 years, 5 months and 23/30 days)
with Konstantios (1060–1078), Andronikos (1068–1070s) and Constantine Doukas (1074–1078; 1st time)[r]\n", "\n", "Son of Constantine X; co-emperor with Eudokia and Romanos IV. Proclaimed sole emperor after Romanos' defeat at the Battle of Manzikert\n", "\n", "c. 1050 – c. 1090
(aged approx. 40)
Lost nearly all of Anatolia to the Turks. Forced to become a monk after a popular uprising. Died of natural causes several years later[231]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Nikephoros III Botaneiates
Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης\n", "\n", "3 April 1078 – 1 April 1081
(2 years, 11 months and 29 days)\n", "\n", "General; revolted against Michael VII on 2 July or 2 October 1077 and entered Constantinople on 27 March or 3 April. Married Maria of Alania, the former wife of Michael VII\n", "\n", "1001/1002 – c. 1081
(aged approx. 80)
Abdicated after Alexios I captured Constantinople, became a monk and died of natural causes, probably later in the same year[232]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Alexios I Komnenos
Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός\n", "\n", "1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118
(37 years, 4 months and 14 days)
with Constantine Doukas
(1081–1087; 2nd time)[r]\n", "\n", "Nephew of Isaac I, also husband of Irene Doukaina, a grand-niece of Constantine X. General; revolted against Nikephoros III on 14 February 1081. Seized Constantinople on 1 April; crowned on 4 April\n", "\n", "c. 1057 – 15 August 1118
(aged approx. 61)
Started the Crusades & the reconquest of Anatolia. Died of natural causes[233]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"mosaic\"\n", "\n", "John II Komnenos
\"the Good\"
Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός\n", "\n", "15 August 1118 – 8 April 1143
(24 years, 7 months and 24 days)
with Alexios Komnenos, son of John II
(1119–1142)[r]\n", "\n", "Son of Alexios I, co-emperor since about September 1092\n", "\n", "13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143
(aged 55)
Reconquered most of Anatolia by the time of his death. Died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident, possibly assassinated (perhaps involving Raymond of Poitiers or supporters of Manuel I)[234]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Manuel I Komnenos
\"the Great\"
Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός\n", "\n", "8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180
(37 years, 5 months and 16 days)\n", "\n", "Youngest son and allegedly designated heir of John II on his deathbed, crowned in November 1143 after a few months of having to establish his rights\n", "\n", "28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180
(aged 61)
Last emperor to attempt reconquests in the west. Died of natural causes[235]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Alexios II Komnenos
Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός\n", "\n", "24 September 1180 – c. September 1183
(3 years)\n", "\n", "Son of Manuel I; co-emperor since 1171\n", "\n", "14 September 1169 – c. September 1183
(aged 14)
Strangled on the orders of Andronikos I, body thrown in the sea[236]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Andronikos I Komnenos \"Misophaes\"
Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός\n", "\n", "c. September 1183 – 12 September 1185
(2 years)
with John Komnenos, son of Andronikos I
(1183–1185)[r]\n", "\n", "Son of Isaac Komnenos, a son of Alexios I. Overthrew the regency of Alexios II in April 1182, crowned co-emperor in 1183 and shortly thereafter had Alexios II murdered\n", "\n", "c. 1118/1120 – 12 September 1185
(aged 64–67)
Overthrown by Isaac II, tortured and mutilated in the imperial palace, then slowly dismembered alive by a mob in the Hippodrome[237]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Isaac II Angelos
Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος\n", "\n", "12 September 1185 – 8 April 1195
(9 years, 6 months and 27 days)\n", "\n", "Great-grandson of Alexios I. Resisted an order of arrest issued by Andronikos I, after which he was proclaimed emperor by the people of Constantinople. Captured and killed Andronikos I\n", "\n", "c. 1156 – 28/29 January 1204
(aged 47)
Suffered the loss of Bulgaria. Overthrown and blinded by Alexios III in 1195, reinstalled in 1203[238]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Alexios III Angelos
  Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός[y]\n", "\n", "8 April 1195 – 17/18 July 1203
(8 years, 3 months and 10 days)\n", "\n", "Elder brother of Isaac II, overthrew and blinded his brother\n", "\n", "c. 1156 – 1211/1212
(aged approx. 58)
Fled after brief resistance against the Fourth Crusade. Died a natural death after being captured and forced to become a monk by Theodore I[240]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Isaac II Angelos
Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος
(second reign)\n", "\n", "19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204
(6 months and 8 days)\n", "\n", "Freed from imprisonment during the Fourth Crusade by courtiers and reinstated as ruler after Alexios III abandoned the defense of Constantinople\n", "\n", "c. 1156 – 28/29 January 1204
(aged 47)
Became senile or demented and died of natural causes[238]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Alexios IV Angelos
Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος\n", "\n", "19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204
(6 months and 8 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Isaac II, made co-emperor after the populace of Constantinople were convinced by the crusaders to accept him alongside his father\n", "\n", "c. 1182/1183 – c. 8 February 1204
(aged approx. 21)
Deposed and imprisoned by Alexios V, then strangled in prison[241]\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Alexios V Doukas \"Mourtzouphlos\"
Ἀλέξιος Δούκας\n", "\n", "27/28 January – 12 April 1204
(2 months and 16 days)\n", "\n", "Seized power through a palace coup\n", "\n", "c. 1139 – c. late November 1204
(aged approx. 65)
Blinded by Alexios III, later captured by crusader Thierry de Loos, tried by the Latin Empire and thrown from the Column of Theodosius[242]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Theodore I Laskaris
Θεόδωρος Κομνηνὸς Λάσκαρις\n", "\n", "c. August 1205 – November 1221
(16 years and 3 months)
with Nicholas Laskaris (1208–1210)[r]\n", "\n", "Husband of Anna Komnene Angelina, a daughter of Alexios III. Organized resistance against the Latin Empire in Nicaea and proclaimed emperor in 1205 after the Battle of Adrianople; crowned by Patriarch Michael IV on 6 April 1208.\n", "\n", "c. 1174 – November 1221
(aged approx. 47)
Died of natural causes[243]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "John III Doukas Vatatzes
Ἰωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης\n", "\n", "c. December 1221 – 3 November 1254
(32 years and 11 months)\n", "\n", "Husband of Irene Laskarina, a daughter of Theodore I\n", "\n", "c. 1192 – 3 November 1254
(aged approx. 62)
Started Nicaean expansionism. Died of natural causes[244]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Theodore II Laskaris
Θεόδωρος Δούκας Λάσκαρις\n", "\n", "3 November 1254 – 16 August 1258
(3 years, 9 months and 13 days)\n", "\n", "Son of John III and grandson of Theodore I\n", "\n", "November 1221 – 16 August 1258
(aged 36)
Died of epilepsy[245]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "John IV Laskaris
Ἰωάννης Δούκας Λάσκαρις\n", "\n", "16 August 1258 – 25 December 1261
(3 years, 4 months and 9 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Theodore II\n", "\n", "25 December 1250 – c. 1305
(aged approx. 55)
Blinded, deposed and imprisoned by Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261, died in captivity several decades later[246]\n", "\n", "\n", "Portrait\n", "\n", "Name\n", "\n", "Reign\n", "\n", "Succession\n", "\n", "Life details\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Michael VIII Palaiologos
Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282
(23 years, 11 months and 10 days)\n", "\n", "Great-grandson of Alexios III; became regent for John IV in 1258 and crowned co-emperor in 1259. Regained Constantinople on 25 July 1261, entered the city on 15 August. Became sole ruler after deposing John IV on 25 December\n", "\n", "1224/1225 – 11 December 1282
(aged 57/58)
Died of dysentery[247]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Andronikos II Palaiologos
Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328
(45 years, 5 months and 13 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Michael VIII; co-emperor since 8 November 1272\n", "\n", "25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332
(aged 72)
Deposed by his grandson Andronikos III in 1328 and became a monk, dying of natural causes four years later[248]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Michael IX Palaiologos
Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320
(26 years, 4 months and 21 days)\n", "\n", "Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294\n", "\n", "17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320
(aged 42/43)
Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son[249]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Andronikos III Palaiologos
Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341
(13 years and 22 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 1308 and 1313. Fought with his grandfather Andronikos II for power from April 1321 onwards. Crowned emperor on 2 February 1325, became sole emperor after deposing Andronikos II\n", "\n", "25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341
(aged 44)
Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Died of sudden illness, possibly malaria[250]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "John V Palaiologos
Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391
(49 years, 8 months and 1 day)\n", "\n", "Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned until 19 November 1341. Dominated by regents until 1354, faced numerous usurpations and civil wars throughout his long reign\n", "\n", "18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391
(aged 58)
Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effective power for 17. Lost almost all territories outside Constantinople. Died of natural causes[251]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "John VI Kantakouzenos
Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός\n", "\n", "8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354
(7 years, 10 months and 2 days)
with Matthew Kantakouzenos (1353–1357)[r]\n", "\n", "Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. Proclaimed by the army on 26 October 1341, became regent and senior co-emperor after a lengthy civil war with John V's mother, Anna of Savoy. Entered Constantinople on 8 February, crowned on 21 May 1347\n", "\n", "c. 1295 – 15 June 1383
(aged approx. 88)
Deposed by John V in another civil war and retired, becoming a monk. Died of natural causes several decades later[252]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Andronikos IV Palaiologos
Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379
(2 years, 10 months and 19 days)\n", "\n", "Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 1352. Rebelled and deposed his father in 1376, not formally crowned until 18 October 1377\n", "\n", "11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385
(aged 37)
Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata in exile but restored as co-emperor and heir in 1381. Rebelled again in 1385 but died shortly thereafter[253]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "John VII Palaiologos
Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "14 April – 17 September 1390
(5 months and 3 days, in Constantinople)
1403 – 22 September 1408
(5 years, in Thessalonica)
with Andronikos V Palaiologos (1403–1407)[r]\n", "\n", "Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from John V in 1390. Deposed shortly thereafter but granted Thessalonica by Manuel II in 1403, from where he once more ruled as emperor until his death\n", "\n", "1370 – 22 September 1408
(aged 38)
Died of natural causes[254]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Manuel II Palaiologos
Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425
(34 years, 4 months and 5 days)\n", "\n", "Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 25 September 1373\n", "\n", "27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425
(aged 74)
Suffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the government was run by his son, John VIII. Died of natural causes[255]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "John VIII Palaiologos
Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448
(23 years, 4 months and 10 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408 and full emperor since 19 January 1421\n", "\n", "18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448
(aged 55)
First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II. Died of natural causes[256]\n", "\n", "\n", "\"miniature\n", "\n", "Constantine XI Palaiologos
Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος\n", "\n", "6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453
(4 years, 4 months and 23 days)\n", "\n", "Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his brother John VIII. Crowned emperor in Mystras on 6 January 1449, entered Constantinople on 12 March.\n", "\n", "8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453
(aged 48)
The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the fall of Constantinople.[257]\n", "\n", "
Roman and Byzantine emperors and ruling empresses
Principate
27 BC – AD 235
\n", "\n", "
Crisis
235–285
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Dominate
284–610
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Western Empire
395–480
Eastern Empire
395–610
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Eastern/
Byzantine Empire
610–1453
\n", "\n", "
See also
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
\n", "Western Empire
395–480
\n", "\n", "
Eastern Empire
395–610
\n", "\n", "
\n", "
Roman emperors by time period
Early PrincipateCrisis of the Third CenturyDominateWestern Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire
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\n", "Early PrincipateCrisis of the Third CenturyDominateWestern Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire
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\n" ] } ], "source": [ "## now we have a iterable of each tbody object\n", "for tbody in soup.find_all('tbody'):\n", " print(tbody)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "98aM66w7ylxQ", "outputId": "26a144fd-ce74-4365-cb56-cb71d9c04e25" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "name": "stdout", "text": [ "/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg\n", "Augustus\n", "Caesar Augustus\n", "16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14  (40 years, 7 months and 3 days)[g]\n", "\n", "Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. Gradually acquired further power through grants from, and constitutional settlements with, the Roman Senate.\n", "\n", "23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14(aged 75)Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman consul on 19 August 43 BC.Died of natural causes[53]\n", "\n", "_________\n", "/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Tib%C3%A8re_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_b_(cropped).jpg\n", "Tiberius\n", "Tiberius Caesar Augustus\n", "17 September 14 – 16 March 37(22 years, 5 months and 27 days)\n", "\n", "Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of Augustus\n", "\n", "16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37(aged 77)Died probably of natural causes, allegedly murdered at the instigation of Caligula[54]\n", "\n", "_________\n", "/wiki/File:Caligula_-_MET_-_14.37_(cropped_2).jpg\n", "Caligula\n", "Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\n", "18 March 37 – 24 January 41(3 years, 10 months and 6 days)\n", "\n", "Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, great-grandson of Augustus\n", "\n", "31 August 12 – 24 January 41(aged 28)Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetorian Guard and senators[55]\n", "\n", "_________\n", "/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(cropped).jpg\n", "Claudius\n", "Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\n", "24 January 41 – 13 October 54(13 years, 8 months and 19 days)\n", "\n", "Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard and accepted by the Senate\n", "\n", "1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54(aged 63)Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably poisoned by his wife Agrippina, in favor of her son Nero[56]\n", "\n", "_________\n", "/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_(cropped).jpg\n", "Nero\n", "Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus\n", "13 October 54 – 9 June 68(13 years, 7 months and 27 days)\n", "\n", "Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted son of Claudius, great-great-grandson of Augustus\n", "\n", "15 December 37 – 9 June 68(aged 30)Committed suicide after being deserted by the Praetorian Guard and sentenced to death by the Senate[57]\n", "\n", "_________\n" ] } ], "source": [ "## importantly each element of this iterable can be navigated like the whole tree did\n", "tbody = soup.find_all('tbody')[0]\n", "for tr in tbody.find_all('tr')[1:]: ## the first element (0th in the list) is the columns names, so I have gotten rid of it\n", " # print(tr)\n", " # print('_________')\n", " row = tr.find_all(['td','th'])\n", " print(row[0].a['href'], row[1].b.get_text(), row[1].small.get_text(), row[2].get_text(), row[3].get_text(), row[4].get_text(), sep='\\n')\n", " print('_________')\n", "## now we're getting somewhere" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "Wga5i0VeylxQ" }, "source": [ "I am going to use a very versatile package called `re` or regular expressions (regex) to do some advanced string parsing. This regex function, finditer, takes in a pattern and a text and returns all of the times that pattern occurs in the text. These patterns can look very complicated, but, in this case, it is '(?<=\\)', which means: *find all of the places between an end paraenthesis and the rest of the string*.\n", "
\n", "\n", "You can read more about regex [here](https://librarycarpentry.org/lc-data-intro-archives/04-regular-expressions/index.html) and you can play around with your own regex at [regex101](https://regex101.com/). " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "id": "jSVAkJ_dylxQ" }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "## going back to the full list of tbodys and populate a dictionary with all our data\n", "import re\n", "emp_dict = {}\n", "for tbody in soup.find_all('tbody'):\n", " for tr in tbody.find_all('tr')[1:]:\n", " row = tr.find_all(['td','th'])\n", " if len(row) == 5: ## check if each row is of the correct length\n", " if not isinstance(row[0].a, type(None)): ## check if each row has an image\n", " img_url = f\"en.wikipedia.org{row[0].a['href']}\"\n", "\n", " life_details = re.split('(?<=\\))', row[4].get_text()) ## here I am using regex to search for the place between an end parenthesis ')' and the rest of the string\n", " if len(life_details) > 1: ## checking if there is a parenthesis, if there isn't then the cause of death recorded\n", " life_date = life_details[0]\n", " cod = life_details[1]\n", " else:\n", " life_date = life_details[0]\n", " cod = 'None found.'\n", "\n", " if not isinstance(row[1].small, type(None)): ## checking if there is a full name associated with an emperor\n", " full_name = row[1].small.get_text()\n", " else:\n", " full_name = 'None found.'\n", "\n", " emp_dict[row[1].b.get_text()] = (img_url, full_name, row[2].get_text(), row[3].get_text(), life_date, cod)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "M1clm9X5ylxQ", "outputId": "79af52d9-949c-4bfc-b0a7-0c785631fc1e" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ "{'Augustus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Bevilacqua_cropped.jpg',\n", " 'Caesar Augustus',\n", " '16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14\\xa0\\xa0(40\\xa0years, 7\\xa0months and 3\\xa0days)[g]\\n',\n", " 'Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. Gradually acquired further power through grants from, and constitutional settlements with, the Roman Senate.\\n',\n", " '23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14(aged 75)',\n", " 'Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman consul on 19\\xa0August\\xa043\\xa0BC.Died of natural causes[53]\\n'),\n", " 'Tiberius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Tib%C3%A8re_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_b_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Tiberius Caesar Augustus',\n", " '17 September 14 – 16 March 37(22\\xa0years, 5\\xa0months and 27\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of Augustus\\n',\n", " '16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37(aged 77)',\n", " 'Died probably of natural causes, allegedly murdered at the instigation of Caligula[54]\\n'),\n", " 'Caligula': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caligula_-_MET_-_14.37_(cropped_2).jpg',\n", " 'Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus',\n", " '18 March 37 – 24 January 41(3\\xa0years, 10\\xa0months and 6\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, great-grandson of Augustus\\n',\n", " '31 August 12 – 24 January 41(aged 28)',\n", " 'Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetorian Guard and senators[55]\\n'),\n", " 'Claudius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus',\n", " '24 January 41 – 13 October 54(13\\xa0years, 8\\xa0months and 19\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard and accepted by the Senate\\n',\n", " '1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54(aged 63)',\n", " 'Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably poisoned by his wife Agrippina, in favor of her son Nero[56]\\n'),\n", " 'Nero': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus',\n", " '13 October 54 – 9 June 68(13\\xa0years, 7\\xa0months and 27\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted son of Claudius, great-great-grandson of Augustus\\n',\n", " '15 December 37 – 9 June 68(aged 30)',\n", " 'Committed suicide after being deserted by the Praetorian Guard and sentenced to death by the Senate[57]\\n'),\n", " 'Galba': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_emperor_Galba,_Gustav_III%27s_Museum_of_Antiquities,_Stockholm_(20)_(35867773310)_edited_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Servius Galba Caesar Augustus',\n", " '8 June 68 – 15 January 69(7\\xa0months and 7\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted against Nero and seized power after his suicide, with support of the Senate and Praetorian Guard\\n',\n", " '24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69(aged 70)',\n", " 'Murdered by soldiers of the Praetorian Guard in a coup led by Otho[58]\\n'),\n", " 'Otho': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_(30612822394)_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus',\n", " '15 January – 16 April 69(3\\xa0months and 1\\xa0day)\\n',\n", " 'Seized power through a coup against Galba\\n',\n", " '28 April 32 – 16 April 69(aged 36)',\n", " 'Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius[59]\\n'),\n", " 'Vitellius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunis_Bardo_Buste_8_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus',\n", " '19 April – 20 December 69(8\\xa0months and 1\\xa0day)\\n',\n", " 'Governor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed emperor by the Rhine legions on 2 January in opposition to Galba and Otho, later recognized by the Senate\\n',\n", " '24 September 15 – 20/22 December 69(aged 54)',\n", " \"Murdered by Vespasian's troops[60]\\n\"),\n", " 'Vespasian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naples_Archaeology_Museum_(5914222133)_cropped.jpg',\n", " 'Caesar Vespasianus Augustus',\n", " '1 July 69 – 23 June 79(9\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 22\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Seized power with support of the eastern legions, in opposition to Vitellius\\n',\n", " '17 November 9 – 23/24 June 79(aged 69)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[61]\\n'),\n", " 'Titus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3159_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus',\n", " '24 June 79 – 13 September 81(2\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 20\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Vespasian\\n',\n", " '30 December 39 – 13 September 81(aged 41)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[62]\\n'),\n", " 'Domitian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domiziano_da_collezione_albani,_fine_del_I_sec._dc._02_cropped_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Caesar Domitianus Augustus',\n", " '14 September 81 – 18 September 96(15\\xa0years and 4\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Brother of Titus and son of Vespasian\\n',\n", " '24 October 51 – 18 September 96(aged 44)',\n", " 'Assassinated in a conspiracy of court officials, possibly involving Nerva[63]\\n'),\n", " 'Nerva': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nerva.JPG',\n", " 'Nerva Caesar Augustus',\n", " '18 September 96 – 27 January 98(1\\xa0year, 4\\xa0months and 9\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor after the murder of Domitian\\n',\n", " '8 November 30 – 27 January 98(aged\\xa067)',\n", " 'First of the \"Five Good Emperors\". Died of natural causes[64]\\n'),\n", " 'Trajan': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus',\n", " '28 January 98 – 7/11 August 117(19 years, 6 months and 10/14 days)\\n',\n", " 'Adopted son of Nerva\\n',\n", " '18 September 53 – 7/11 August 117(aged\\xa063)',\n", " 'First non-Italian emperor. His reign marked the geographical peak of the empire. Died of natural causes[65]\\n'),\n", " 'Hadrian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hadrianus_Townley_BM_GR1805.07-03.94_n02_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus',\n", " '11 August 117 – 10 July 138(20\\xa0years, 10\\xa0months and 29\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Cousin of Trajan, allegedly adopted on his deathbed\\n',\n", " '24 January 76 – 10 July 138(aged\\xa062)',\n", " 'Ended Roman expansionism. Destroyed Judea after a massive revolt. Died of natural causes[66]\\n'),\n", " 'Antoninus Pius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_259_(cropped_and_edited).jpg',\n", " 'Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius[h]',\n", " '10 July 138 – 7 March 161(22\\xa0years, 7\\xa0months and 25\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Adopted son of Hadrian\\n',\n", " '19 September 86 – 7 March 161(aged\\xa074)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[68]\\n'),\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Antoninus',\n", " '7 March 161 – 17 March 180(19\\xa0years and 10\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son-in-law and adopted son of Antoninus Pius. Reigned jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, the first time multiple emperors shared power.\\n',\n", " '26 April 121 – 17 March 180(aged\\xa058)',\n", " 'Last of the \"Five Good Emperors\"; also one of the most representative Stoic philosophers. Died of natural causes[69]\\n'),\n", " 'Lucius Verus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucius_Verus_bust_(crop).png',\n", " 'Lucius Aurelius Verus',\n", " '7 March 161 – January/February 169(7 years and 11 months)\\n',\n", " 'Adopted son of Antoninus Pius, joint emperor with his adoptive brother, Marcus Aurelius\\n',\n", " '15 December 130 – early 169(aged\\xa038)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[70]\\n'),\n", " 'Commodus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commodus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1120_(cropped_enhanced).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus / Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus',\n", " '27 November 176 – 31 December 192(16\\xa0years, 1\\xa0month and 4\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Son of Marcus Aurelius. Proclaimed co-emperor on 27 November 176, at age 15, becoming the first emperor to be elevated during predecessor's lifetime\\n\",\n", " '31 August 161 – 31 December 192(aged\\xa031)',\n", " 'Strangled to death in a conspiracy involving his praetorian prefect, Laetus, and mistress, Marcia[71]\\n'),\n", " 'Pertinax': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Pertinax_at_the_Uffizi_Gallery_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Publius Helvius Pertinax',\n", " '1 January – 28 March 193(2\\xa0months and 27\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"City prefect of Rome at Commodus's death, set up as emperor by the praetorian prefect, Laetus, with consent of the Senate\\n\",\n", " '1 August 126 – 28 March 193(aged\\xa066)',\n", " 'Murdered by mutinous soldiers of the Praetorian Guard[72]\\n'),\n", " 'Didius Julianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyon_5e_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum_-_EnQu%C3%AAte_de_pouvoir_-_Buste_de_Didius_Iulianus_01_(cropped).jpeg',\n", " 'Marcus Didius Severus Julianus',\n", " '28 March – 1 June 193(2\\xa0months and 4\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Won auction held by the Praetorian Guard for the position of emperor\\n',\n", " '30 January 133 – 1/2 June 193(aged\\xa060)',\n", " 'Killed on order of the Senate, at the behest of Septimius Severus[73]\\n'),\n", " 'Septimius Severus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax',\n", " '9 April 193 – 4 February 211(17\\xa0years, 9\\xa0months and 26\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Governor of Upper Pannonia, acclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions following the murder of Pertinax\\n',\n", " '11 April 145 – 4 February 211(aged\\xa065)',\n", " 'First non-European emperor. Died of natural causes[74]\\n'),\n", " 'Caracalla': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caracalla_Musei_Capitolini_MC2310.jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Antoninus',\n", " '4 February 211 – 8 April 217(6\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 4\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor on 28 January 198, at age 10. Succeeded jointly with his brother, Geta, in 211\\n',\n", " '4 April 188 – 8 April 217(aged\\xa029)',\n", " 'First child emperor. Granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. Murdered by a soldier at the instigation of Macrinus[75]\\n'),\n", " 'Geta': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geta_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Publius Septimius Geta',\n", " '4 February 211 – 19/26 December 211(10 months and 15/22 days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor in October 209, succeeded jointly with his older brother, Caracalla\\n',\n", " '7 March 189 – 19/26 December 211(aged\\xa022)',\n", " 'Murdered on order of his brother, Caracalla[76]\\n'),\n", " 'Macrinus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Macrinus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus',\n", " '11 April 217 – 8 June 218(1\\xa0year, 1\\xa0month and 28\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Praetorian prefect of Caracalla, accepted as emperor by the army and Senate after having arranged his predecessor's death in fear of his own life\\n\",\n", " 'c. 165 – June 218(aged approx. 53)',\n", " 'First non-senator to become emperor, and first emperor not to visit Rome after acceding. Executed during a revolt of the troops in favor of Elagabalus.[77]\\n'),\n", " 'Diadumenian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macrino,_aureo_per_diadoumeniano_cesare,_217-18,_01.JPG',\n", " 'Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus',\n", " 'Late May – June 218(less than a month)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Macrinus, named co-emperor by his father after the eruption of a rebellion in favor of Elagabalus\\n',\n", " '14 September 208 – June 218(aged\\xa09)',\n", " 'Caught in flight and executed in favor of Elagabalus[78]\\n'),\n", " 'Elagabalus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Elagabalus_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016_(2)_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Antoninus',\n", " '16 May 218 – 12 March 222(3\\xa0years, 9\\xa0months and 24\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Cousin and alleged illegitimate son of Caracalla, acclaimed as emperor by rebellious legions in opposition to Macrinus at the instigation of his grandmother, Julia Maesa\\n',\n", " '203/204 – 11/12 March 222(aged\\xa018)',\n", " 'Murdered by the Praetorian Guard alongside his mother, probably at the instigation of Julia Maesa[79]\\n'),\n", " 'Severus Alexander': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_Alexander_Severus_Louvre_Ma1051_n2_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander',\n", " '13 March 222 – 21 March 235(13\\xa0years and 8\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Cousin and adopted heir of Elagabalus\\n',\n", " '1 October 208 – 21 March 235(aged\\xa026)',\n", " 'Lynched by mutinous troops, alongside his mother[80]\\n'),\n", " 'Maximinus I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maximinus_Thrax_Musei_Capitolini_MC473_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus',\n", " 'c. March 235 – c. June 238[k](3 years and 3 months)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor by Germanic legions after the murder of Severus Alexander\\n',\n", " 'c. 172–180 – c. June 238(aged approx. 58–66)',\n", " 'First commoner to become emperor. Murdered by his men during the siege of Aquileia[86]\\n'),\n", " 'Gordian I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CapitoliniGordianoI.jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus',\n", " 'c. April – c. May 238[k](22 days)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor alongside his son, Gordian II, while serving as governor of Africa, in a revolt against Maximinus, and recognized by the Senate\\n',\n", " 'c. 158 (?)',\n", " ' – c. May 238(aged approx. 80)'),\n", " 'Gordian II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GordianusIIsest.jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus',\n", " 'c. April – c. May 238[k](22 days)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor alongside his father Gordian I, during revolt in Africa against Maximinus\\n',\n", " 'c. 192 – c. May 238(aged approx. 46)',\n", " 'The shortest-reigning emperor on record. Killed outside Carthage in battle against an army loyal to Maximinus I[88]\\n'),\n", " 'Pupienus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pupienus_Musei_Capitolini_MC477_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus',\n", " 'c. May – c. August 238[k](99 days)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor jointly with Balbinus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus\\n',\n", " 'c. 164 – c. August 238(aged approx. 74)',\n", " 'Tortured and murdered by the Praetorian Guard[89]\\n'),\n", " 'Balbinus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_balbino,_238_(cropped_enhanced).jpg',\n", " 'Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus',\n", " 'c. May – c. August 238[k](99 days)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor jointly with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus\\n',\n", " 'c. 178 – c. August 238(aged approx. 60)',\n", " 'Tortured and murdered by the Praetorian Guard[90]\\n'),\n", " 'Gordian III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_Gordianus_III_Louvre_Ma1063_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Antonius Gordianus',\n", " 'c. August 238 – c. February 244(c. 5 years and 6 months)\\n',\n", " 'Grandson of Gordian I, appointed as heir by Pupienus and Balbinus, upon whose deaths he succeeded as emperor\\n',\n", " '20 January 225 – c. February 244(aged 19)',\n", " 'Died during campaign against Persia, possibly in a murder plot instigated by Philip I[91]\\n'),\n", " 'Philip I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_emperor_Philippus_Arabus_-_Hermitage_Museum_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Julius Philippus',\n", " 'c. February 244 – September/October 249(c. 5 years and 7/8 months)\\n',\n", " 'Praetorian prefect under Gordian III, seized power after his death\\n',\n", " 'c. 204 – September/October 249(aged approx. 45)',\n", " 'Killed at the Battle of Verona, against Decius[92]\\n'),\n", " 'Philip II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_Junior_crop.png',\n", " 'Marcus Julius Severus Philippus',\n", " 'July/August 247 – September/October 249(c. 2 years and 2 months)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Philip I, appointed co-emperor\\n',\n", " 'c. 237 – September/October 249(aged approx. 12)',\n", " 'Murdered by the Praetorian Guard[93]\\n'),\n", " 'Decius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Traianus_Decius_(Mary_Harrsch)_enhanced_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius',\n", " 'September/October 249 – June 251(c. 1 year and 8/9 months)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor by the troops in Moesia, then defeated and killed Philip I in battle\\n',\n", " 'c. 190/200 – June 251(aged approx. 50/60)',\n", " 'Killed at the Battle of Abrittus, against the Goths[94]\\n'),\n", " 'Herennius Etruscus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Herennius_Etruscus_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius',\n", " 'May/June – June 251(less than a month)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Decius, appointed co-emperor\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – June 251Killed at the Battle of Abrittus alongside his father[95]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Trebonianus Gallus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antakya_Trebonianus_Gallus_cropped.jpg',\n", " 'Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus',\n", " 'June 251 – c. August 253(c. 3 years and 2 months)\\n',\n", " 'Senator and general, proclaimed emperor after the deaths of Decius and Herennius Etruscus\\n',\n", " 'c. 206 – c. August 253(aged 47)',\n", " 'Murdered by his own troops in favor of Aemilian[96]\\n'),\n", " 'Hostilian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Hostilianus_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus',\n", " 'c. June – c. July 251(c. 1 month)\\n',\n", " 'Younger son of Decius, named caesar by his father and proclaimed co-emperor by Trebonianus Gallus\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – c. July 251Died of plague or murdered by Trebonianus Gallus[97]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Volusianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volusian_crop.png',\n", " 'Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus',\n", " 'c. August 251 – c. August 253(3 years)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Gallus, appointed co-emperor\\n',\n", " 'c. 230 – c. August 253(aged approx. 23)',\n", " 'Murdered by the soldiers, alongside his father[98]\\n'),\n", " 'Aemilianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aemilian1.jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus',\n", " 'c. July – c. September 253(c. 2 months)\\n',\n", " 'Commander in Moesia, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers after defeating barbarians, in opposition to Gallus\\n',\n", " 'c. 207 – c. September 253(aged approx. 46)',\n", " 'Murdered by his own troops in favor of Valerian[99]\\n'),\n", " 'Silbannacus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silbannacus_coin_(transparent_background).png',\n", " 'Mar. Silbannacus',\n", " 'c. September/October 253(very briefly)\\n',\n", " 'Obscure figure known only from coinage, appears to have briefly ruled in Rome between Aemilianus and Valerian\\n',\n", " 'Nothing known[24]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Valerian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valerianus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN3387.jpg',\n", " 'Publius Licinius Valerianus',\n", " 'c. September 253 – c. June 260(c. 6 years and 9 months)\\n',\n", " 'Army commander in Raetia and Noricum, proclaimed emperor by the legions in opposition to Aemilian\\n',\n", " 'c. 200 – after 262 (?)',\n", " 'Captured at Edessa by the Persian king Shapur I, died in captivity possibly forced to swallow molten gold[103]\\n'),\n", " 'Gallienus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_gallieno_dalla_casa_delle_vestali.jpg',\n", " 'Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus',\n", " 'c. September 253 – c. September 268(15 years)\\n',\n", " \"Son of Valerian, appointed joint emperor. Sole emperor after Valerian's capture and subsequent death\\n\",\n", " '218 – c. September 268(aged 50)',\n", " 'Faced multiple revolts & barbarian invasions. Murdered in a conspiracy of army officers, involving his successors Claudius II and Aurelian[104]\\n'),\n", " 'Saloninus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saloninus_coin_(transparent_background).png',\n", " 'Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus',\n", " 'Autumn 260(c. 1 month)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Gallienus, proclaimed caesar by his father and proclaimed emperor by the praetorian prefect Silvanus while besieged by Postumus\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – Late 260Murdered by troops loyal to Postumus[107]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Claudius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClaudiusGothicusSC265569.jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Claudius',\n", " 'c. September 268 – c. April 270(c. 1 year and 7 months)\\n',\n", " \"Army commander in Illyria, proclaimed emperor after Gallienus's death\\n\",\n", " '10 May 214 – c. April 270(aged approx. 55)',\n", " 'Died of plague[108]\\n'),\n", " 'Quintillus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Quintillus_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus',\n", " 'c. April – May/June 270(17–77 days)\\n',\n", " 'Brother of Claudius II, proclaimed emperor after his death\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 270Committed suicide or killed at the behest of Aurelian[109]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Aurelian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1859-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA._270-275_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',\n", " 'Lucius Domitius Aurelianus',\n", " 'c. May 270 – c. October 275(c. 5 years and 5 months)\\n',\n", " \"Supreme commander of the Roman cavalry, proclaimed emperor by Danube legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus\\n\",\n", " '9 September 214 – c. October 275(aged 61)',\n", " 'Reunified the Roman Empire. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard[110]\\n'),\n", " 'Tacitus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1150181_Louvre_empereur_Tacite_Ma1018_rwk_enhanced_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Claudius Tacitus',\n", " 'c. December 275 – c. June 276(c. 7 months)\\n',\n", " \"Alleged princeps senatus, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Campania after Aurelian's death\\n\",\n", " 'c. 200 (?)',\n", " ' – c. June 276(aged approx. 76)'),\n", " 'Florianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_Florianus_Ticinum_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Annius Florianus',\n", " 'c. June – September 276(80–88 days)\\n',\n", " 'Brother or, more likely, half-brother of Tacitus\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – September/October 276Murdered by his own troops in favor of Probus[112]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Probus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Probus_Musei_Capitolini_MC493_(cropped_enhanced).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Probus',\n", " 'c. June 276 – c. September 282(c. 6 years and 3 months)\\n',\n", " 'General; proclaimed emperor by the eastern legions, in opposition to Florianus\\n',\n", " '19 August 232 – c. September 282(aged 50)',\n", " 'Murdered by his own troops in favor of Carus[113]\\n'),\n", " 'Carus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carusinc2955obverse.png',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Carus',\n", " 'c. September 282 – c. July 283(c. 10 months)\\n',\n", " \"Praetorian prefect under Probus, seized power before or after Probus's murder\\n\",\n", " 'c. 224 (?)',\n", " ' – c. July 283(aged approx. 60)'),\n", " 'Carinus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montemartini_-_Carino_cropped_(cropped).JPG',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Carinus',\n", " 'Spring 283 – August/September 285(2 years)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Carus, appointed joint emperor shortly before his death. Succeeded jointly with Numerian\\n',\n", " 'c. 250 – August/September 285(aged approx. 35)',\n", " 'Probably died in battle against Diocletian, likely betrayed by his own soldiers[115]\\n'),\n", " 'Numerian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Numerian251206cng_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Numerianus',\n", " 'c. July/August 283 – November 284(1 year and 3/4 months)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Carus, succeeded jointly with Carinus\\n',\n", " 'c. 253 – November 284(aged approx. 31)',\n", " 'Died while marching to Europe, probably of disease, possibly assassinated[116]\\n'),\n", " 'Diocletian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_minore_romana,_testa_di_statua_togata_di_diocleziano_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus',\n", " '20 November 284 – 1 May 305(20\\xa0years, 5\\xa0months and 11\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Commander of the imperial bodyguard, acclaimed by the army after death of Numerian, and proceeded to defeat Numerian's brother, Carinus, in battle\\n\",\n", " '22 December c. 243 – 3 December c. 311(aged approx.\\xa068)',\n", " 'Began the last great persecution of Christianity. First emperor to voluntarily abdicate. Died in unclear circumstances, possibly suicide[117]\\n'),\n", " 'Maximian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSR_-_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27empreur_Maximien_Hercule_-_Inv_34_b_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus',\n", " '1 April 286 – 1 May 305(19\\xa0years and 1\\xa0month; West)Late 306 – 11 November 308(2 years; Italy)\\n',\n", " 'Elevated by Diocletian, ruled the western provinces\\n',\n", " 'c. 250 – c. July 310(aged approx.\\xa060)',\n", " 'Abdicated with Diocletian, later trying to regain power with, and then from, Maxentius, before being probably killed on orders of Constantine\\xa0I[118]\\n'),\n", " 'Galerius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romuliana_Galerius_head_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus',\n", " '1 May 305 – May 311(6 years; East)\\n',\n", " \"Elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as eastern augustus upon Diocletian's abdication\\n\",\n", " 'c. 258 – May 311(aged approx.\\xa053)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[119]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantius I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantius_Chlorus_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN836_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius',\n", " '1 May 305 – 25 July 306(1\\xa0year, 2\\xa0months and 24\\xa0days; West)\\n',\n", " \"Maximian's relation by marriage, elevated to caesar in 293 by Diocletian, succeeded as western augustus upon Maximian's abdication\\n\",\n", " '31 March c. 250 – 25 July 306(aged approx. 56)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[120]\\n'),\n", " 'Severus II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Severus_II_Aureus_Joanneum.jpg',\n", " 'Flavius Valerius Severus',\n", " 'August 306 – March/April 307(c. 8 months; West)\\n',\n", " \"Elevated to caesar in 305 by Maximian, promoted to western augustus by Galerius upon Constantius\\xa0I's death\\n\",\n", " 'Unknown – September 307Surrendered to Maximian and Maxentius, later murdered or forced to commit suicide[121]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Maxentius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Maxentius,_Dresden_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius',\n", " '28 October 306 – 28 October 312(6 years; Italy)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Maximian and son-in-law of Galerius, seized power in Italy with support of the Praetorian Guard and his father after being passed over in the succession. Not recognized by the other emperors\\n',\n", " 'c. 283 – 28 October 312(aged approx. 29)',\n", " 'Died at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, against Constantine\\xa0I[122]\\n'),\n", " 'Licinius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Licinius,_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Valerius Licinianus Licinius',\n", " '11 November 308 – 19 September 324(15\\xa0years, 10\\xa0months and 8\\xa0days; East)\\n',\n", " 'Elevated by Galerius to replace Severus, in opposition to Maxentius. Defeated Maximinus Daza in a civil war to become sole emperor of the East in 313\\n',\n", " 'c. 265 – early 325(aged approx. 60)',\n", " 'Defeated, deposed and put to death by Constantine\\xa0I[123]\\n'),\n", " 'Maximinus II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Maximinus_II_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Galerius Valerius Maximinus',\n", " '310 – c. July 313(3 years; East)\\n',\n", " 'Nephew of Galerius, elevated to caesar by Diocletian in 305, and acclaimed as augustus by his troops in 310\\n',\n", " '20 November c. 270 – c. July 313(aged approx. 42)',\n", " 'Defeated in civil war against Licinius, died shortly afterwards[124]\\n'),\n", " 'Valerius Valens': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valerius_Valens_coin_(transparent_background).png',\n", " 'Aurelius Valerius Valens',\n", " 'October 316 – c. January 317(c. 2–3 months; West)\\n',\n", " 'Frontier commander in Dacia, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine\\xa0I\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 317Executed in the lead-up to a peace settlement between Licinius and Constantine[126]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Martinian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martinian_coin_(transparent_background).png',\n", " 'Mar. Martinianus',\n", " 'July – 19 September 324(2 months; West)\\n',\n", " 'A senior bureaucrat, elevated by Licinius in opposition to Constantine\\xa0I\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 325Deposed by Constantine and banished to Cappadocia, later executed[127]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Constantine I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_Chiaramonti_Inv1749_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Flavius Valerius Constantinus',\n", " '25 July 306 – 22 May 337(30\\xa0years, 9\\xa0months and 27\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Son of Constantius I, acclaimed by his father's troops. Accepted as caesar by Galerius in 306, promoted to augustus in 307 by Maximian, refused demotion to caesar in 309\\n\",\n", " '27 February 272/273 – 22 May 337(aged 64/65)',\n", " 'First Christian emperor and founder of Constantinople. Sole ruler of the Empire after defeating Maxentius in 312 and Licinius in 324. Died of natural causes[128]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campidoglio,_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Flavius Claudius Constantinus',\n", " '9 September 337 – April 340(2 years and 7 months)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Constantine I\\n',\n", " '7 August 316 – April 340(aged 23)',\n", " 'Ruled the praetorian prefecture of Gaul. Killed in an ambush during a war against his brother, Constans I[129]\\n'),\n", " 'Constans I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constant_head.jpg',\n", " 'Flavius Julius Constans',\n", " '9 September 337 – January 350(12 years and 4 months)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Constantine I\\n',\n", " '322/323 – January/February 350(aged\\xa027)',\n", " \"Ruled Italy, Illyricum and Africa initially, then the western empire after Constantine II's death. Overthrown and killed by Magnentius[130]\\n\"),\n", " 'Constantius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_triumph_of_Constantius_II_(head).png',\n", " 'Flavius Julius Constantius',\n", " '9 September 337 – 3 November 361(24\\xa0years, 1\\xa0month and 25\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Constantine I\\n',\n", " '7 August 317 – 3 November 361(aged 44)',\n", " 'Ruled the east initially, then the whole empire after the death of Magnentius. Died of a fever[131]\\n'),\n", " 'Magnentius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnentius_coin_(transparent_background).png',\n", " 'Magnus Magnentius',\n", " '18 January 350 – 10 August 353(3\\xa0years, 6\\xa0months and 23\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor by the troops, in opposition to Constans I\\n',\n", " 'c. 303 – 10 August 353(aged approx. 50)',\n", " 'Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Mons Seleucus[132]\\n'),\n", " 'Nepotianus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Nepotian.png',\n", " 'Julius Nepotianus',\n", " '3 June – 30 June 350(27\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Eutropia, a daughter of Constantius\\xa0I. Proclaimed emperor in Rome in opposition to Magnentius\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 30 June 350Captured and executed by supporters of Magnentius[133]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Vetranio': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vetranio_coin_(transparent_background).png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '1 March – 25 December 350(9\\xa0months and 24\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General of Constans in Illyricum, acclaimed by the Illyrian legions at the expense of Magnentius\\n',\n", " \"Unknown – c. 356Abdicated in Constantius II's favor, retired, and died 6 years later[135]\\n\",\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Julian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1525-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',\n", " 'Flavius Claudius Julianus',\n", " '3 November 361 – 26 June 363(1\\xa0year, 7\\xa0months and 24\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Acclaimed by the Gallic army in early 360, became sole emperor after the death of his cousin, Constantius\\xa0II\\n',\n", " '331 – 26 June 363(aged 32)',\n", " 'Last non-Christian emperor. Mortally wounded during a campaign against Persia[136]\\n'),\n", " 'Jovian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jovian_solidus.png',\n", " 'Jovianus',\n", " '27 June 363 – 17 February 364(7\\xa0months and 21\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Commander of imperial household guard; proclaimed emperor by the army after Julian's death\\n\",\n", " '330/331 – 17 February 364(aged 33)',\n", " 'Possibly died of inhaling toxic fumes or indigestion[138]\\n'),\n", " 'Valentinian I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Valentinianus',\n", " '25/26 February 364 – 17 November 375(11\\xa0years, 8\\xa0months and 23\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"General; proclaimed emperor by the army after Jovian's death\\n\",\n", " '321 – 17 November 375(aged 54)',\n", " 'Last emperor to cross the Rhine into Germania. Died of a stroke while yelling at envoys[140]\\n'),\n", " 'Valens': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '28 March 364 – 9 August 378(14\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 12\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Brother of Valentinian I, made eastern emperor by his brother (Valentinian retaining the west)\\n',\n", " 'c. 328 – 9 August 378(aged nearly 50)',\n", " 'Killed at the Battle of Adrianople[141]\\n'),\n", " 'Procopius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1866-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._365%E2%80%94366_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '28 September 365 – 27 May 366(7\\xa0months and 29\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Maternal cousin and intended heir of Julian; revolted against Valens and captured Constantinople, where the people proclaimed him emperor\\n',\n", " '326 – 27/28 May 366(aged 40)',\n", " 'Deposed, captured and executed by Valens[142]\\n'),\n", " 'Gratian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gratian_Trier_enhanced.jpg',\n", " 'Gratianus',\n", " '17 November 375 – 25 August 383(7\\xa0years, 9\\xa0months and 8\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Son of Valentinian I; proclaimed western co-emperor on 24 August 367, at age 8. Emperor in his own right after Valentinian's death\\n\",\n", " '18 April 359 – 25 August 383(aged 24)',\n", " 'Killed by Andragathius, an officer of Magnus Maximus[143]\\n'),\n", " 'Magnus Maximus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnus_Maximus_coin_(transparent).png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " 'Spring 383 – 28 August 388(5 years)with Victor (383/387–388)[r]\\n',\n", " 'General, related to Theodosius I; proclaimed emperor by the troops in Britain. Briefly recognized by Theodosius I and Valentinian II\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 28 August 388Defeated by Theodosius I at the Battle of Save, executed after surrendering[144]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Valentinian II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_(cropped_enhanced).JPG',\n", " 'Valentinianus',\n", " '28 August 388 – 15 March 392(3\\xa0years, 6\\xa0months and 16\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed co-emperor on 22 November 375, at age 4. Sole western ruler after the defeat of Magnus Maximus in 388\\n',\n", " '371 – 15 March 392(aged 20)',\n", " 'Dominated by regents and co-emperors his entire reign. Probably suicide, possibly killed by Arbogast[145]\\n'),\n", " 'Eugenius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eugenius_coin_(transparent).png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '22 August 392 – 6 September 394(2\\xa0years and 15\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Teacher of Latin grammar and rhetoric, secretary of Valentinian II. Proclaimed emperor by Arbogast\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 6 September 394Defeated by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Frigidus and executed[146]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Theodosius I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Theodosius_I_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '19 January 379 – 17 January 395(15\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 29\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Retired general; proclaimed eastern emperor by Gratian. Ruler of the entire empire after Valentinian II's death\\n\",\n", " '11 January 346/347 – 17 January 395(aged 48/49)',\n", " 'Last emperor to rule over the two halves of the Empire. Died of natural causes[147]\\n'),\n", " 'Arcadius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arcadius_Istanbul_Museum_(cropped).JPG',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '17 January 395 – 1 May 408(13\\xa0years, 3\\xa0months and 14\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 16 January 383. Emperor in the east\\n',\n", " '377 – 1 May 408(aged 31)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[148]\\n'),\n", " 'Honorius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diptych_of_Honorius_(head).jpg',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '17 January 395 – 15 August 423(28\\xa0years, 6\\xa0months and 29\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Theodosius I; co-emperor since 23 January 393. Emperor in the west\\n',\n", " '9 September 384 – 15 August 423(aged 38)',\n", " 'Reigned under several successive regencies. Died of edema[149]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Heraclius_Constantine_Obverse.jpg',\n", " 'Heraclius Constantinus\\xa0\\xa0Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος[t]',\n", " '11 February – 25 May 641(3\\xa0months and 14\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 22 January 613\\n',\n", " '3 May 612 – 25 May 641(aged 29)',\n", " 'Died of tuberculosis[182]\\n'),\n", " 'Theodosius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '1 May 408 – 28 July 450(42\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 27\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Arcadius; co-emperor since 10 January 402. Emperor in the east\\n',\n", " '10 April 401 – 28 July 450(aged 49)',\n", " 'Died of a fall from his horse[151]\\n'),\n", " 'Priscus Attalus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rare_solidus_of_Priscus_Attalus_(obverse).png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " 'Late 409 – summer 410(less than a year)\\n',\n", " 'A leading member of the Senate, proclaimed emperor by Alaric after the Sack of Rome. Emperor in the west\\n',\n", " 'Unknown lifespanDeposed by Alaric after reconciling with Honorius. Tried to claim the throne again 414–415 but was defeated and forced into exile; fate unknown[152]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Constantius III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantius_III_diptych_(detail).jpg',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '8 February – 2 September 421(6\\xa0months and 25\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Prominent general under Honorius and husband of Galla Placidia, a daughter of Theodosius I. Made co-emperor by Honorius. Emperor in the west\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 2 September 421De facto ruler since 411; helped Honorius defeat numerous usurpers & foreign enemies. Died of illness[153]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Johannes': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Joannes.png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '20 November 423 – c. May 425(c. 1 year and a half)\\n',\n", " 'Senior civil servant, seized power in Rome and the west after Theodosius II delayed in nominating a successor of Honorius\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – c. May 425Captured by the forces of Theodosius II, brought to Constantinople and executed[154]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Valentinian III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Valentinian_III,_Louvre_(head).jpg',\n", " 'Placidius Valentinianus',\n", " '23 October 425 – 16 March 455(29\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 21\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Constantius III, grandson of Theodosius I and great-grandson of Valentinian I, installed as emperor of the west by Theodosius II\\n',\n", " '2 July 419 – 16 March 455(aged 35)',\n", " 'Faced the invasion of the Huns. Murdered by Optelas and Thraustelas, retainers of Aetius[155]\\n'),\n", " 'Marcian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Marcian.png',\n", " 'Marcianus',\n", " '25 August 450 – 27 January 457(6\\xa0years, 5\\xa0months and 2\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Soldier and official, proclaimed emperor after marrying Pulcheria, a daughter of Arcadius. Emperor in the east\\n',\n", " '391/392 – 27 January 457(aged 65)',\n", " 'Died after a prolonged period of illness[156]\\n'),\n", " 'Petronius Maximus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Petronius_Maximus.png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '17 March – 31 May 455(2\\xa0months and 14\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General and civil official, murdered Valentinian III and married his widow, Licinia Eudoxia\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 31 May 455Killed by a mob while fleeing during the Vandalic sack of Rome[157]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Avitus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Avitus_Arles_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Eparchius Avitus',\n", " '9 July 455 – 17 October 456(1\\xa0year, 3\\xa0months and 8\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General; proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths and Gallo-Romans after the death of Petronius Maximus\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 456/457Defeated and deposed by the magister militum Ricimer, consecrated as a bishop. Died soon thereafter of either natural causes, strangulation, or being starved to death[158]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Majorian': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Majorian_Arles_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Julius Valerius Maiorianus',\n", " '28 December 457 – 2 August 461(3\\xa0years, 7\\xa0months and 5\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General; proclaimed emperor by the army and backed by Ricimer\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 7 August 461Reconquered Southern Gaul & most of Hispania. Deposed and executed by Ricimer[159]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Severus III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libiusseverus01854obverse.jpg',\n", " 'Libius Severus',\n", " '19 November 461 – 14 November 465(3\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 26\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 14 November 465Died of natural causes[160]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Anthemius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Anthemius.png',\n", " 'Procopius Anthemius',\n", " '12 April 467 – 11 July 472(5\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 29\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General; husband of Marcia Euphemia, a daughter of Marcian. Proclaimed western emperor by the eastern emperor Leo I\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 11 July 472The last effective emperor of the West. Murdered by Gundobad after a civil war with Ricimer[161]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Olybrius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tremissis_Olybrius_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Anicius Olybrius',\n", " 'c. April – 2 November 472 (c. 7 months)\\n',\n", " 'Husband of Placidia, a daughter of Valentinian III. Proclaimed emperor by Ricimer\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 2 November 472Died of dropsy[162]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Glycerius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Glycerius_Ravenna_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '3/5 March 473 – 24 June 474(1 year, 3 months and 11/19 days)\\n',\n", " 'General; proclaimed emperor by Gundobad\\n',\n", " 'Unknown lifespanDeposed by Julius Nepos and made a bishop, subsequent fate unknown[163]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Julius Nepos': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Julius_Nepos.png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '24 June 474 – 28 August 475(1\\xa0year, 2\\xa0months and 4\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General; married to a relative of Verina, the wife of the eastern emperor Leo I. Installed as western emperor by Leo\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 9 May 480Fled to Dalmatia in the face of an attack by his magister militum Orestes. Continued to claim to be emperor in exile. Murdered by his retainers[164]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Romulus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomulusAugustus.jpg',\n", " 'Romulus Augustus',\n", " '31 October 475 – 4 September 476(10\\xa0months and 4\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor by his father, the magister militum Orestes\\n',\n", " 'Roughly 465 – after 507/511?The last western emperor. Deposed by the Germanic general Odoacer and retired. Possibly alive as late as 507 or 511; fate unknown[165]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Leo I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012_n2_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '7 February 457 – 18 January 474(16\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 11\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Low-ranking army officer; chosen by the magister militum Aspar to succeed Marcian\\n',\n", " '400 – 18 January 474(aged 73)',\n", " 'First emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Died of dysentery[166]\\n'),\n", " 'Leo II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_II.png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '18 January – November 474(11 months)\\n',\n", " 'Grandson of Leo I and son of Zeno; co-emperor since 17 November 473\\n',\n", " '467 – November 474(aged 7)',\n", " 'Youngest emperor at the time of his death. Died of illness[167]\\n'),\n", " 'Zeno': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semissis_of_Zeno.png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '29 January 474 – 9 April 491(17\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 11\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Husband of Ariadne, a daughter of Leo I, and father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the Senate\\n',\n", " '425/430 – 9 April 491(aged 60/65)',\n", " 'Died of dysentery or epilepsy[168]\\n'),\n", " 'Basiliscus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Basiliscus.png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '9 January 475 – August 476(1 year and 7 months)with Marcus (475–476)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Brother of Verina, the wife of Leo I. Proclaimed emperor by his sister in opposition to Zeno and seized Constantinople\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 476/477Deposed by Zeno upon his return to Constantinople; imprisoned in a dried-up resorvoir and starved to death[169]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Anastasius I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_diptych_Flavius_Anastasius_(Anastasius_I).png',\n", " 'None found.',\n", " '11 April 491 – 9 July 518(27\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 28\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Government official; chosen by Ariadne, whom he married, to succeed Zeno\\n',\n", " '430/431 – 9 July 518(aged 88)',\n", " 'Oldest emperor at the time of his death. Died of natural causes[170]\\n'),\n", " 'Justin I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justin_I_obverse.jpg',\n", " 'Iustinus',\n", " '9/10 July 518 – 1 August 527(9\\xa0years and 23\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Soldier; proclaimed emperor by the troops after the death of Anastasius I\\n',\n", " '450 – 1 August 527(aged 77)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[171]\\n'),\n", " 'Justinian I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus',\n", " '1 April 527 – 14 November 565(38\\xa0years, 7\\xa0months and 13\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Nephew and adoptive son of Justin I\\n',\n", " '481/482 – 14 November 565(aged 83)',\n", " 'Temporarily reconquered half of the Western Roman Empire, including Rome. Died of natural causes[172]\\n'),\n", " 'Justin II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justin_II_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Iustinus',\n", " '14 November 565 – 5 October 578(12\\xa0years, 10\\xa0months and 21\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Vigilantia, sister of Justinian I\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 5 October 578Lost most of Italy to the Lombards by 570. Suffered an attack of dementia in 574, whereafter the government was run by regents. Died of natural causes[173]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Tiberius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiberios_II_(obverse).jpg',\n", " 'Tiberius Constantinus',\n", " '26 September 578 – 14 August 582(3\\xa0years, 10\\xa0months and 19\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Adoptive son of Justin II\\n',\n", " 'Mid-6th century – 14 August 582Died after a sudden illness, supposedly after accidentally eating bad food[174]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Maurice': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Maurice_(transitional_issue).png',\n", " 'Mauricius Tiberius',\n", " '13 August 582 – 27 November 602(20\\xa0years, 3\\xa0months and 14\\xa0days)with Theodosius (590–602)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Husband of Constantina, a daughter of Tiberius II Constantine\\n',\n", " '539 – 27 November 602(aged 63)',\n", " 'Captured and executed by troops loyal to Phocas[175]\\n'),\n", " 'Phocas': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Phocas.jpg',\n", " 'Focas',\n", " '23 November 602 – 5 October 610(7\\xa0years, 10\\xa0months and 12\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Centurion in the army; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Maurice\\n',\n", " '547 – 5 October 610(aged 63)',\n", " 'Deposed and then beheaded on the orders of Heraclius[176]\\n'),\n", " 'Heraclius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heraclius_solidus.jpg',\n", " '\\xa0\\xa0\\xa0Ἡράκλειος',\n", " '5 October 610 – 11 February 641(30\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 6\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Carthage. Led a revolt against Phocas\\n',\n", " '574/575 – 11 February 641(aged 66)',\n", " 'Ended the Persian Wars, but suffered the loss of the Levant to the Muslims. Died of natural causes[179]\\n'),\n", " 'Heraclonas': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heraclius_solidus_sb_764_(obverse).png',\n", " 'Heraclius, Ἡράκλειος',\n", " '11 February – 5 November (?) 641(8\\xa0months and 25\\xa0days)with Tiberius, son of Heraclius (641)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Son of Heraclius; co-emperor since 4 July 638. Co-ruler with Constantine and then sole emperor under the regency of his mother Martina\\n',\n", " '626 – unknownDeposed, mutilated and exiled, subsequent fate unknown[183]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Constans II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Constans_II_(transparent).png',\n", " 'Constantinus, Κωνσταντῖνος',\n", " 'September 641 – 15 July 668(26 years and 10 months)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Heraclius Constantine; proclaimed co-emperor by Heraclonas at age 11\\n',\n", " '7 November 630 – 15 July 668(aged 37)',\n", " 'Lost Egypt in 641. Murdered in Sicily while bathing by supporters of Mezezius[184]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_IV_mosaic_(cropped)_(2).png',\n", " 'Constantinus, Κωνσταντῖνος',\n", " 'September 668 – 10 July (?) 685(16 years and 10 months)with Heraclius and Tiberius, sons of Constans II (659–681)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Son of Constans II; co-emperor since 13 April 654\\n',\n", " 'Roughly 650 – 10 July (?)',\n", " ' 685(aged about 35)'),\n", " 'Justinian II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Justinian_II,_2nd_reign_(transparent).png',\n", " 'Iustinianus, Ἰουστινιανός(second reign)',\n", " '21 August (?) 705 – 4 November 711(6\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 14\\xa0days)with Tiberius, son of Justinian II (706–711)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Retook the throne with the aid of the Khazars\\n',\n", " '668/669 – 4 November 711(aged 42)',\n", " 'Killed by supporters of Philippicus after fleeing Constantinople[189]\\n'),\n", " 'Leontius': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leontius.png',\n", " 'Λέων(τιος)',\n", " '695 – 698(3 years)\\n',\n", " 'General; deposed Justinian II\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 15 February (?)',\n", " ' 706Lost Africa & Carthage to the Muslims. Deposed by Tiberius III in 698 and later executed by Justinian\\xa0II in 706[187]\\n'),\n", " 'Tiberius III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Tiberius_III_Apsimar.png',\n", " 'Τιβέριος',\n", " '698 – 705(7 years)\\n',\n", " 'General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Leontius\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 15 February (?)',\n", " ' 706Deposed and later executed by Justinian\\xa0II alongside Leontius[188]\\n'),\n", " 'Philippicus': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Philippicus.png',\n", " 'Filepicus, Φιλιππικός',\n", " '4 November 711 – 3 June 713(1\\xa0year, 6\\xa0months and 30\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Justinian II\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 20 January 714/715Deposed and blinded in favor of Anastasius II, later died of natural causes[190]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Anastasius II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tremissis_of_Anastasius_II.png',\n", " 'Artemius AnastasiusἈρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος',\n", " '4 June 713 – fall 715(less than 2 years)\\n',\n", " 'Senior court official, proclaimed emperor after the deposition of Philippicus\\n',\n", " 'Unknown – 1 June 719Abdicated to Theodosius III after a six-month civil war, becoming a monk. Beheaded by Leo III after an attempt to retake the throne[191]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Theodosius III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Theodosius_III.png',\n", " 'Θεοδόσιος',\n", " 'Fall 715 – 25 March 717(less than 2 years)\\n',\n", " 'Tax-collector, possibly son of Tiberius III; proclaimed emperor by the troops against Anastasius II\\n',\n", " 'Unknown lifespanDeposed by Leo III, whereafter he became a monk. His subsequent fate is unknown.[192]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Leo III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_III_sb1504.png',\n", " 'Λέων',\n", " '25 March 717 – 18 June 741(24\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 24\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General; deposed Theodosius III\\n',\n", " 'c. 685 – 18 June 741(aged approx. 56)',\n", " 'Ended Muslim expansion in Anatolia. Died of dropsy[193]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_V_(transparent_background).png',\n", " 'Κωνσταντῖνος',\n", " '18 June 741 – 14 September 775(34\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 27\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Leo III; co-emperor since 31 March 720\\n',\n", " '718 – 14 September 775(aged 57)',\n", " 'Last emperor to rule over Rome. Died of a fever[194]\\n'),\n", " 'Artabasdos': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Artabasdos.png',\n", " 'Ἀρτάβασδος',\n", " 'June 741/2 – 2 November 743(1/2 years and 5 months)with Nikephoros, son of Artabasdos (741/2–743)\\n',\n", " 'Husband of Anna, a daughter of Leo III. Revolted against Constantine V and briefly ruled at Constantinople\\n',\n", " 'Unknown lifespanDeposed and blinded by Constantine V, relegated to a monastery where he died of natural causes[195]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Leo IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Leo_IV_and_Constantine_VI.png',\n", " 'Λέων',\n", " '14 September 775 – 8 September 780(4\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 25\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Constantine V; co-emperor since 6 June 751\\n',\n", " '25 January 750 – 8 September 780(aged 30)',\n", " 'Died of a fever[196]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine VI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_VI.png',\n", " 'Κωνσταντῖνος',\n", " '8 September 780 – 19 August 797(16\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 11\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Leo IV; co-emperor since 14 April 776\\n',\n", " '14 January 771 – before 805(aged less than 34)',\n", " 'Last emperor to be recognized in the West. Deposed and blinded by Irene, died in exile[197]\\n'),\n", " 'Irene': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Irene.png',\n", " 'Εἰρήνη',\n", " '19 August 797 – 31 October 802(5\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 12\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Widow of Leo IV and former regent of Constantine VI. Dethroned and blinded her son Constantine in 797, becoming the first female ruler of the empire\\n',\n", " 'c. 752 – 9 August 803(aged approx. 51)',\n", " 'Deposed by Nikephoros I and exiled to Lesbos, where she died of natural causes[198]\\n'),\n", " 'Nikephoros I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikephoros_I_Logothetes.jpg',\n", " 'Νικηφόρος',\n", " '31 October 802 – 26 July 811(8\\xa0years, 8\\xa0months and 26\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Court official; proclaimed emperor in opposition to Irene\\n',\n", " 'c. 760 – 26 July 811(aged approx. 51)',\n", " 'Killed at the Battle of Pliska[199]\\n'),\n", " 'Staurakios': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1870-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_I_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9E%D0%BA._803%E2%80%94811_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',\n", " 'Σταυράκιος',\n", " '28 July – 2 October 811(2\\xa0months and 4\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Nikephoros I; co-emperor since 25 December 803. Proclaimed emperor after the death of his father\\n',\n", " '790s – 11 January 812(in his late teens)',\n", " 'Wounded at Pliska; abdicated in favor of Michael I and became a monk[200]\\n'),\n", " 'Michael I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_co-emperor.jpg',\n", " 'Μιχαὴλ',\n", " '2 October 811 – 11 July 813(1\\xa0year, 9\\xa0months and 9\\xa0days)with Theophylact and Staurakios, sons of Michael I (811–813)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Husband of Prokopia, a daughter of Nikephoros I\\n',\n", " 'c. 770 – 11 January 844(aged approx. 74)',\n", " 'Abdicated in 813 in favor of Leo V after suffering a defeat at the Battle of Versinikia and retired as a monk[201]\\n'),\n", " 'Leo V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg',\n", " 'Λέων',\n", " '11 July 813 – 25 December 820(7\\xa0years, 5\\xa0months and 14\\xa0days)with Constantine (813–820)[r]\\n',\n", " 'General; proclaimed emperor after the Battle of Versinikia\\n',\n", " 'c. 775 – 25 December 820(aged approx. 45)',\n", " 'Murdered while in church by supporters of Michael II[202]\\n'),\n", " 'Michael II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_II_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Μιχαὴλ',\n", " '25 December 820 – 2 October 829(8\\xa0years, 9\\xa0months and 7\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"General sentenced to execution by Leo\\xa0V; proclaimed emperor by Leo\\xa0V's assassins and crowned by Patriarch Theodotus I on the same day\\n\",\n", " 'c. 770 – 2 October 829(aged approx. 59)',\n", " 'Saw the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily. Died of kidney failure[204]\\n'),\n", " 'Theophilos': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theophilos_(cropped2).jpg',\n", " 'Θεόφιλος',\n", " '2 October 829 – 20 January 842(12\\xa0years, 3\\xa0months and 18\\xa0days)with Constantine (c. 834–835)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Son of Michael II; co-emperor since 12 May 821\\n',\n", " '812/813 – 20 January 842(aged 30)',\n", " 'Died of dysentery[205]\\n'),\n", " 'Theodora': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown.jpg',\n", " 'Θεοδώρα(second reign)',\n", " '11 January 1055 – 31 August 1056(1\\xa0year, 7\\xa0months and 20\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Claimed the throne again after Constantine IX's death as the last living member of the Macedonian dynasty\\n\",\n", " 'c. 980 – 31 August 1056(aged approx. 76)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[222]\\n'),\n", " 'Michael III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_iii.jpg',\n", " 'Μιχαὴλ',\n", " '20 January 842 – 24 September 867(25\\xa0years, 8\\xa0months and 4\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Son of Theophilos; co-emperor since 16 May 840. Ruled under his mother's regency until 15 March 856\\n\",\n", " '19 January 840 – 24 September 867(aged 27)',\n", " 'The youngest emperor. Murdered by Basil I and his supporters[207]\\n'),\n", " 'Basil I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Emperor_Basil_I_(cropped).png',\n", " 'Βασίλειος',\n", " '24 September 867 – 29 August 886(18\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 5\\xa0days)with Constantine (868–879)[r]\\n',\n", " \"General; proclaimed co-emperor by Michael III on 26 May 866 and became senior emperor after Michael's murder\\n\",\n", " '811, 830 or 836 – 29 August 886(aged approx. 50, 56 or 75)',\n", " 'Died after a hunting accident[208]\\n'),\n", " 'Leo VI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_showing_Leo_VI_the_Wise_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Λέων',\n", " '29 August 886 – 11 May 912(25\\xa0years, 8\\xa0months and 12\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Basil I or illegitimate son of Michael III; crowned co-emperor on 6 January 870\\n',\n", " '19 September 866 – 11 May 912(aged 45)',\n", " 'Conquered Southern Italy but lost the remnants of Sicily in 902. Died of an intestinal disease[209]\\n'),\n", " 'Alexander': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Alexander_head.jpg',\n", " 'Αλέξανδρος',\n", " '11 May 912 – 6 June 913(1\\xa0year and 26\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Basil I; co-emperor since September or October 879\\n',\n", " '23 November 870 – 6 June 913(aged 42)',\n", " 'Died of illness, possibly testicular cancer[210]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine VII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Κωνσταντῖνος',\n", " '6 June 913 – 9 November 959(46\\xa0years, 5\\xa0months and 3\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Son of Leo VI; co-emperor since 15 May 908. Successively dominated by regents and co-emperors until 27 January 945, when he deposed Romanos I's sons\\n\",\n", " '17/18 May 905 – 9 November 959(aged 54)',\n", " 'Saw the beginning of renewed expansion in the East against the Arabs. Remembered for his numerous writings. Died of natural causes[211]\\n'),\n", " 'Romanos I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Romanos_I_Lekapenos_(detail).jpg',\n", " 'Ῥωμανὸς',\n", " '17 December 920 – 20 December 944(24\\xa0years and 3\\xa0days)with Christopher (921–931), Stephen and Constantine Lekapenos (924–945)[r]\\n',\n", " \"Overthrew Constantine VII's regency, married him to his daughter Helena and was made senior co-emperor. Made several sons co-emperors to curb Constantine VII's authority\\n\",\n", " 'c. 870 – 15 June 948(aged approx. 78)',\n", " 'Deposed by his sons Stephen and Constantine. Died of natural causes in exile as a monk[212]\\n'),\n", " 'Romanos II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romanos_(cropped)_(cropped).JPG',\n", " 'Ῥωμανὸς',\n", " '9 November 959 – 15 March 963(3\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 6\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Constantine VII and grandson of Romanos I; co-emperor since 6 April 945\\n',\n", " '938 – 15 March 963(aged 24/25)',\n", " 'Reconquered Crete in 961. Died of exhaustion on a hunting trip[213]\\n'),\n", " 'Nikephoros II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikephoros_Phokas_(cropped_1).jpg',\n", " 'Νικηφόρος',\n", " '16 August 963 – 11 December 969(6\\xa0years, 3\\xa0months and 25\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General; proclaimed emperor on 2 July 963 against the unpopular Joseph Bringas (regent for the young sons of Romanos II), entered Constantinople on 16 August 963. Married Theophano, the widow of Romanos II\\n',\n", " 'c. 912 – 11 December 969(aged approx. 57)',\n", " 'Reconquered Cilicia & Antioch. Murdered in a conspiracy involving his former supporters (including John I Tzimiskes)'),\n", " 'John I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_I_in_Madrid_Skylitzes2.jpg',\n", " 'Ἰωάννης',\n", " '11 December 969 – 10 January 976(6\\xa0years and 30\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Nephew of Nikephoros II, took his place as senior co-emperor\\n',\n", " 'c. 925 – 10 January 976(aged approx. 50)',\n", " 'Reconquered Eastern Thrace from the First Bulgarian Empire. Possibly poisoned by Basil Lekapenos[215]\\n'),\n", " 'Basil II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basil_II_crop.png',\n", " 'Βασίλειος',\n", " '10 January 976 – 15 December 1025(49\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 5\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Romanos II; co-emperor since 22 April 960. Succeeded as senior emperor upon the death of John I\\n',\n", " '958 – 15 December 1025(aged 67)',\n", " 'The longest-reigning emperor; best known for his reconquest of Bulgaria. Died of natural causes[216]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine VIII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_(3).jpg',\n", " 'Κωνσταντῖνος',\n", " '15 December 1025 – 12 November 1028(2\\xa0years, 10\\xa0months and 28\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Romanos II and brother of Basil II; co-emperor since 30 March 962\\n',\n", " '960/961 – 12 November 1028(aged 68)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[217]\\n'),\n", " 'Romanos III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romanos_III_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.png',\n", " 'Ῥωμανὸς',\n", " '12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034(5\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 30\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Husband of Zoë, a daughter of Constantine VIII\\n',\n", " 'c. 968 – 11 April 1034(aged approx. 66)',\n", " \"Temporarily reconquered Edessa in 1031. Possibly drowned on Zoë's orders[218]\\n\"),\n", " 'Michael IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Μιχαὴλ',\n", " '12 April 1034 – 10 December 1041(7\\xa0years, 7\\xa0months and 28\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Lover of Zoë, made emperor after their marriage following Romanos III's death\\n\",\n", " 'c. 1010 – 10 December 1041(aged approx. 31)',\n", " 'Died of epilepsy[219]\\n'),\n", " 'Michael V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_V_in_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpg',\n", " 'Μιχαὴλ',\n", " '13 December 1041 – 21 April 1042(4\\xa0months and 8\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Nephew and designated heir of Michael\\xa0IV, proclaimed emperor by Zoë three days after Michael IV's death\\n\",\n", " 'c. 1015 – unknownDeposed in a popular uprising after attempting to sideline Zoë, blinded and forced to become a monk[220]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Zoë': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Ζωή',\n", " '21 April – 12 June 1042(1\\xa0month and 22\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " \"Daughter of Constantine VIII and widow of Romanos III and Michael IV. Ruled in her own right from Michael V's deposition until her marriage to Constantine IX.\\n\",\n", " 'c. 978 – 1050(aged approx. 72)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[221]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine IX': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Constantine_IX_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος',\n", " '12 June 1042 – 11 January 1055(12\\xa0years, 6\\xa0months and 30\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Husband of Zoë, made emperor the day after their marriage\\n',\n", " 'c. 1006 – 11 January 1055(aged approx. 49)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[224]\\n'),\n", " 'Michael VI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetarteron_of_Michael_VI_(reverse).png',\n", " 'Μιχαήλ',\n", " '22 August 1056 – 30 August 1057(1\\xa0year and 8\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Proclaimed emperor by Theodora on her deathbed\\n',\n", " '980s/990s – c. 1057(in his sixties)',\n", " 'Deposed in a revolt, retired to a monastery and died soon afterwards[225]\\n'),\n", " 'Isaac I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-3060-r_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_I_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._1057%E2%80%941059_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png',\n", " 'Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός',\n", " '1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059(2\\xa0years, 2\\xa0months and 21\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General, revolted against Michael VI\\n',\n", " 'c. 1007 – 31 May/1 June 1060(aged approx. 53)',\n", " 'Abdicated to Constantine X due to illness and hostile courtiers, became a monk[226]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine X': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_X_portrait.jpg',\n", " 'Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας',\n", " '23 November 1059 – 23 May 1067(7\\xa0years and 6\\xa0months)\\n',\n", " 'Designated as emperor by Isaac I Komnenos during his abdication\\n',\n", " 'c. 1006 – 23 May 1067(aged approx. 61)',\n", " 'Lost nearly all Italian territories to the Normans. Died of natural causes[227]\\n'),\n", " 'Eudokia': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait.png',\n", " 'Εὐδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα',\n", " '23 May – 31 December 1067(7\\xa0months and 8\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Widow of Constantine X; ruler in her own right on behalf of their sons until her marriage to Romanos IV. Briefly resumed her regency in 1071\\n',\n", " 'c. 1030 – after 1078Became a nun in November 1071 and later died of natural causes[228]\\n',\n", " 'None found.'),\n", " 'Romanos IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romanus_IV_coin_crop.png',\n", " 'Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης',\n", " '1 January 1068 – 26 August 1071(3\\xa0years, 7\\xa0months and 25\\xa0days)with Leo (1069–1071) and Nikephoros Diogenes (1070–1071)[r][x]\\n',\n", " \"Husband of Eudokia. Regent and senior co-emperor together with Constantine X's and Eudokia's children\\n\",\n", " 'c. 1032 – 4 August 1072(aged approx. 40)',\n", " 'Imprisoned by the Seljuk Turks following the disastrous Battle of Manzikert. After his release, he was captured and forced to become a monk. But was then blinded on 29 June 1072, later dying of his wounds[230]\\n'),\n", " 'Michael VII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_VII_Doukas_on_the_Holy_Crown_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Μιχαὴλ Δούκας',\n", " '1 October 1071 – 24/31 March 1078(6 years, 5 months and 23/30 days)with Konstantios (1060–1078), Andronikos (1068–1070s) and Constantine Doukas (1074–1078; 1st time)[r]\\n',\n", " \"Son of Constantine X; co-emperor with Eudokia and Romanos IV. Proclaimed sole emperor after Romanos' defeat at the Battle of Manzikert\\n\",\n", " 'c. 1050 – c. 1090(aged approx. 40)',\n", " 'Lost nearly all of Anatolia to the Turks. Forced to become a monk after a popular uprising. Died of natural causes several years later[231]\\n'),\n", " 'Nikephoros III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikephoros_III_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης',\n", " '3 April 1078 – 1 April 1081(2\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 29\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'General; revolted against Michael VII on 2 July or 2 October 1077 and entered Constantinople on 27 March or 3 April. Married Maria of Alania, the former wife of Michael VII\\n',\n", " '1001/1002 – c. 1081(aged approx. 80)',\n", " 'Abdicated after Alexios I captured Constantinople, became a monk and died of natural causes, probably later in the same year[232]\\n'),\n", " 'Alexios I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexios_I_Komnenos_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός',\n", " '1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118(37\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 14\\xa0days)with Constantine Doukas(1081–1087; 2nd time)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Nephew of Isaac I, also husband of Irene Doukaina, a grand-niece of Constantine\\xa0X. General; revolted against Nikephoros\\xa0III on 14 February 1081. Seized Constantinople on 1 April; crowned on 4 April\\n',\n", " 'c. 1057 – 15 August 1118(aged approx. 61)',\n", " 'Started the Crusades & the reconquest of Anatolia. Died of natural causes[233]\\n'),\n", " 'John II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_II_head.png',\n", " 'Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός',\n", " '15 August 1118 – 8 April 1143(24\\xa0years, 7\\xa0months and 24\\xa0days)with Alexios Komnenos, son of John II(1119–1142)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Son of Alexios I, co-emperor since about September 1092\\n',\n", " '13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143(aged 55)',\n", " 'Reconquered most of Anatolia by the time of his death. Died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident, possibly assassinated (perhaps involving Raymond of Poitiers or supporters of Manuel\\xa0I)'),\n", " 'Manuel I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_I_Comnenus_(cropped).jpg',\n", " 'Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός',\n", " '8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180(37\\xa0years, 5\\xa0months and 16\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Youngest son and allegedly designated heir of John II on his deathbed, crowned in November 1143 after a few months of having to establish his rights\\n',\n", " '28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180(aged 61)',\n", " 'Last emperor to attempt reconquests in the west. Died of natural causes[235]\\n'),\n", " 'Alexios II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:142_-_Alexios_II_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός',\n", " '24 September 1180 – c. September 1183(3 years)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Manuel I; co-emperor since 1171\\n',\n", " '14 September 1169 – c. September 1183(aged 14)',\n", " 'Strangled on the orders of Andronikos I, body thrown in the sea[236]\\n'),\n", " 'Andronikos I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:143_-_Andronikos_I_Komnenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός',\n", " 'c. September 1183 – 12 September 1185(2 years)with John Komnenos, son of Andronikos I(1183–1185)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Son of Isaac Komnenos, a son of Alexios\\xa0I. Overthrew the regency of Alexios II in April 1182, crowned co-emperor in 1183 and shortly thereafter had Alexios II murdered\\n',\n", " 'c. 1118/1120 – 12 September 1185(aged 64–67)',\n", " 'Overthrown by Isaac II, tortured and mutilated in the imperial palace, then slowly dismembered alive by a mob in the Hippodrome[237]\\n'),\n", " 'Isaac II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:144_-_Isaac_II_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός Ἄγγελος(second reign)',\n", " '19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204(6\\xa0months and 8\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Freed from imprisonment during the Fourth Crusade by courtiers and reinstated as ruler after Alexios III abandoned the defense of Constantinople\\n',\n", " 'c. 1156 – 28/29 January 1204(aged 47)',\n", " 'Became senile or demented and died of natural causes[238]\\n'),\n", " 'Alexios III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:145_-_Alexios_III_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός',\n", " '8 April 1195 – 17/18 July 1203(8\\xa0years, 3\\xa0months and 10\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Elder brother of Isaac II, overthrew and blinded his brother\\n',\n", " 'c. 1156 – 1211/1212(aged approx. 58)',\n", " 'Fled after brief resistance against the Fourth Crusade. Died a natural death after being captured and forced to become a monk by Theodore I[240]\\n'),\n", " 'Alexios IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:146_-_Alexios_IV_Angelos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος',\n", " '19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204(6\\xa0months and 8\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Isaac II, made co-emperor after the populace of Constantinople were convinced by the crusaders to accept him alongside his father\\n',\n", " 'c. 1182/1183 – c. 8 February 1204(aged approx. 21)',\n", " 'Deposed and imprisoned by Alexios V, then strangled in prison[241]\\n'),\n", " 'Alexios V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:147_-_Alexios_V_Doukas_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἀλέξιος Δούκας',\n", " '27/28 January – 12 April 1204(2\\xa0months and 16\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Seized power through a palace coup\\n',\n", " 'c. 1139 – c. late November 1204(aged approx. 65)',\n", " 'Blinded by Alexios III, later captured by crusader Thierry de Loos, tried by the Latin Empire and thrown from the Column of Theodosius[242]\\n'),\n", " 'Theodore I': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:148_-_Theodore_I_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Θεόδωρος Κομνηνὸς Λάσκαρις',\n", " 'c. August 1205 – November 1221(16 years and 3 months)with Nicholas Laskaris (1208–1210)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Husband of Anna Komnene Angelina, a daughter of Alexios III. Organized resistance against the Latin Empire in Nicaea and proclaimed emperor in 1205 after the Battle of Adrianople; crowned by Patriarch Michael IV on 6 April 1208.\\n',\n", " 'c. 1174 – November 1221(aged approx. 47)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[243]\\n'),\n", " 'John III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:149_-_John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἰωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης',\n", " 'c. December 1221 – 3 November 1254(32 years and 11 months)\\n',\n", " 'Husband of Irene Laskarina, a daughter of Theodore I\\n',\n", " 'c. 1192 – 3 November 1254(aged approx. 62)',\n", " 'Started Nicaean expansionism. Died of natural causes[244]\\n'),\n", " 'Theodore II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:150_-_Theodore_II_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Θεόδωρος Δούκας Λάσκαρις',\n", " '3 November 1254 – 16 August 1258(3\\xa0years, 9\\xa0months and 13\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of John III and grandson of Theodore\\xa0I\\n',\n", " 'November 1221 – 16 August 1258(aged 36)',\n", " 'Died of epilepsy[245]\\n'),\n", " 'John IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:151_-_John_IV_Laskaris_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἰωάννης Δούκας Λάσκαρις',\n", " '16 August 1258 – 25 December 1261(3\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 9\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Theodore II\\n',\n", " '25 December 1250 – c. 1305(aged approx. 55)',\n", " 'Blinded, deposed and imprisoned by Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261, died in captivity several decades later[246]\\n'),\n", " 'Michael VIII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:152_-_Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282(23\\xa0years, 11\\xa0months and 10\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Great-grandson of Alexios III; became regent for John IV in 1258 and crowned co-emperor in 1259. Regained Constantinople on 25 July 1261, entered the city on 15 August. Became sole ruler after deposing John IV on 25 December\\n',\n", " '1224/1225 – 11 December 1282(aged 57/58)',\n", " 'Died of dysentery[247]\\n'),\n", " 'Andronikos II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:153_-_Andronikos_II_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328(45\\xa0years, 5\\xa0months and 13\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Michael VIII; co-emperor since 8 November 1272\\n',\n", " '25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332(aged 72)',\n", " 'Deposed by his grandson Andronikos\\xa0III in 1328 and became a monk, dying of natural causes four years later[248]\\n'),\n", " 'Michael IX': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:154_-_Michael_IX_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320(26\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 21\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294\\n',\n", " '17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320(aged 42/43)',\n", " 'Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son[249]\\n'),\n", " 'Andronikos III': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:155_-_Andronikos_III_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341(13\\xa0years and 22\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 1308 and 1313. Fought with his grandfather Andronikos\\xa0II for power from April 1321 onwards. Crowned emperor on 2 February 1325, became sole emperor after deposing Andronikos II\\n',\n", " '25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341(aged 44)',\n", " 'Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Died of sudden illness, possibly malaria[250]\\n'),\n", " 'John V': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:157_-_John_V_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391(49\\xa0years, 8\\xa0months and 1\\xa0day)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned until 19 November 1341. Dominated by regents until 1354, faced numerous usurpations and civil wars throughout his long reign\\n',\n", " '18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391(aged 58)',\n", " 'Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effective power for 17. Lost almost all territories outside Constantinople. Died of natural causes[251]\\n'),\n", " 'John VI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:156_-_John_VI_Kantakouzenos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζηνός',\n", " '8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354(7\\xa0years, 10\\xa0months and 2\\xa0days)with Matthew Kantakouzenos (1353–1357)[r]\\n',\n", " \"Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. Proclaimed by the army on 26 October 1341, became regent and senior co-emperor after a lengthy civil war with John\\xa0V's mother, Anna of Savoy. Entered Constantinople on 8 February, crowned on 21 May 1347\\n\",\n", " 'c. 1295 – 15 June 1383(aged approx. 88)',\n", " 'Deposed by John\\xa0V in another civil war and retired, becoming a monk. Died of natural causes several decades later[252]\\n'),\n", " 'Andronikos IV': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379(2\\xa0years, 10\\xa0months and 19\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of John V and grandson of John\\xa0VI; co-emperor since 1352. Rebelled and deposed his father in 1376, not formally crowned until 18 October 1377\\n',\n", " '11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385(aged 37)',\n", " 'Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata in exile but restored as co-emperor and heir in 1381. Rebelled again in 1385 but died shortly thereafter[253]\\n'),\n", " 'John VII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '14 April – 17 September 1390(5\\xa0months and 3\\xa0days, in Constantinople)1403 – 22 September 1408(5 years, in Thessalonica)with Andronikos V Palaiologos (1403–1407)[r]\\n',\n", " 'Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from John\\xa0V in 1390. Deposed shortly thereafter but granted Thessalonica by Manuel II in 1403, from where he once more ruled as emperor until his death\\n',\n", " '1370 – 22 September 1408(aged 38)',\n", " 'Died of natural causes[254]\\n'),\n", " 'Manuel II': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:160_-_Manuel_II_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425(34\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 5\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-emperor since 25 September 1373\\n',\n", " '27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425(aged 74)',\n", " 'Suffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the government was run by his son, John\\xa0VIII. Died of natural causes[255]\\n'),\n", " 'John VIII': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161_-_John_VIII_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448(23\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 10\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408 and full emperor since 19 January 1421\\n',\n", " '18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448(aged 55)',\n", " 'First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II. Died of natural causes[256]\\n'),\n", " 'Constantine XI': ('en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:162_-_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_(Mutinensis_-_color).png',\n", " 'Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος',\n", " '6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453(4\\xa0years, 4\\xa0months and 23\\xa0days)\\n',\n", " 'Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his brother John\\xa0VIII. Crowned emperor in Mystras on 6 January 1449, entered Constantinople on 12 March.\\n',\n", " '8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453(aged 48)',\n", " 'The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the fall of Constantinople.[257]\\n')}" ] }, "metadata": {}, "execution_count": 12 } ], "source": [ "emp_dict" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "id": "x3YESKpQylxQ" }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import pickle\n", "\n", "with open('emp_dict.pickle', 'wb') as handle:\n", " pickle.dump(emp_dict, handle, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "dMo79Oq8ylxQ" }, "source": [ "*Using `pandas`*\n", "
\n", "A dictionary is useful, but with more and more data, you'll find that a dictionary is to simple of a data structure for most webscraped data. A `pandas` dataframe is much more scalable and makes tabular data much easier to work with. That being said, one is NEVER supposed to fill a dataframe with a loop, as we filled the dictionary above. Instead, we can use the dictionary we created above and turn it into a dataframe. This way we can keep both forms of the data in case we need dictionary representation later." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/", "height": 487 }, "id": "tEkKqM41ylxR", "outputId": "00463b8c-53bb-4f5d-d5b4-a18bb557b945" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ " Augustus \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Be... \n", "1 Caesar Augustus \n", "2 16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14  (40 years,... \n", "3 Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. ... \n", "4 23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14(aged 75) \n", "5 Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman co... \n", "\n", " Tiberius \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Tib%C3%A... \n", "1 Tiberius Caesar Augustus \n", "2 17 September 14 – 16 March 37(22 years, 5 mont... \n", "3 Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of ... \n", "4 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37(aged 77) \n", "5 Died probably of natural causes, allegedly mur... \n", "\n", " Caligula \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caligula_-_MET_-_14... \n", "1 Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus \n", "2 18 March 37 – 24 January 41(3 years, 10 months... \n", "3 Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, grea... \n", "4 31 August 12 – 24 January 41(aged 28) \n", "5 Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetor... \n", "\n", " Claudius \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(crop... \n", "1 Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus \n", "2 24 January 41 – 13 October 54(13 years, 8 mont... \n", "3 Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, pr... \n", "4 1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54(aged 63) \n", "5 Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably ... \n", "\n", " Nero \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Mun... \n", "1 Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus \n", "2 13 October 54 – 9 June 68(13 years, 7 months a... \n", "3 Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted s... \n", "4 15 December 37 – 9 June 68(aged 30) \n", "5 Committed suicide after being deserted by the ... \n", "\n", " Galba \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_emperor_Galba... \n", "1 Servius Galba Caesar Augustus \n", "2 8 June 68 – 15 January 69(7 months and 7 days)\\n \n", "3 Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted a... \n", "4 24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69(aged 70) \n", "5 Murdered by soldiers of the Praetorian Guard i... \n", "\n", " Otho \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Mus%C3%A9e_... \n", "1 Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus \n", "2 15 January – 16 April 69(3 months and 1 day)\\n \n", "3 Seized power through a coup against Galba\\n \n", "4 28 April 32 – 16 April 69(aged 36) \n", "5 Committed suicide after losing the Battle of B... \n", "\n", " Vitellius \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunis_Bardo_Buste_8... \n", "1 Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus \n", "2 19 April – 20 December 69(8 months and 1 day)\\n \n", "3 Governor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed empe... \n", "4 24 September 15 – 20/22 December 69(aged 54) \n", "5 Murdered by Vespasian's troops[60]\\n \n", "\n", " Vespasian \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naples_Archaeology_... \n", "1 Caesar Vespasianus Augustus \n", "2 1 July 69 – 23 June 79(9 years, 11 months and ... \n", "3 Seized power with support of the eastern legio... \n", "4 17 November 9 – 23/24 June 79(aged 69) \n", "5 Died of natural causes[61]\\n \n", "\n", " Titus ... \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titus_Ny_Carlsberg_... ... \n", "1 Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus ... \n", "2 24 June 79 – 13 September 81(2 years, 2 months... ... \n", "3 Son of Vespasian\\n ... \n", "4 30 December 39 – 13 September 81(aged 41) ... \n", "5 Died of natural causes[62]\\n ... \n", "\n", " Andronikos II \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:153_-_Andronikos_II... \n", "1 Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος \n", "2 11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328(45 years, 5 mon... \n", "3 Son of Michael VIII; co-emperor since 8 Novemb... \n", "4 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332(aged 72) \n", "5 Deposed by his grandson Andronikos III in 1328... \n", "\n", " Michael IX \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:154_-_Michael_IX_Pa... \n", "1 Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος \n", "2 21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320(26 years, 4 mont... \n", "3 Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-em... \n", "4 17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320(aged 42/43) \n", "5 Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental ... \n", "\n", " Andronikos III \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:155_-_Andronikos_II... \n", "1 Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος \n", "2 24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341(13 years and 22 day... \n", "3 Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 13... \n", "4 25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341(aged 44) \n", "5 Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Di... \n", "\n", " John V \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:157_-_John_V_Palaio... \n", "1 Ίωάννης Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος \n", "2 15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391(49 years, 8 mo... \n", "3 Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned un... \n", "4 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391(aged 58) \n", "5 Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effecti... \n", "\n", " John VI \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:156_-_John_VI_Kanta... \n", "1 Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζ... \n", "2 8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354(7 years, 10... \n", "3 Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother.... \n", "4 c. 1295 – 15 June 1383(aged approx. 88) \n", "5 Deposed by John V in another civil war and ret... \n", "\n", " Andronikos IV \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV... \n", "1 Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος \n", "2 12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379(2 years, 10 month... \n", "3 Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe... \n", "4 11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385(aged 37) \n", "5 Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata i... \n", "\n", " John VII \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Pala... \n", "1 Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος \n", "2 14 April – 17 September 1390(5 months and 3 da... \n", "3 Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from ... \n", "4 1370 – 22 September 1408(aged 38) \n", "5 Died of natural causes[254]\\n \n", "\n", " Manuel II \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:160_-_Manuel_II_Pal... \n", "1 Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος \n", "2 16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425(34 years, 4 mo... \n", "3 Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe... \n", "4 27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425(aged 74) \n", "5 Suffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the gove... \n", "\n", " John VIII \\\n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161_-_John_VIII_Pal... \n", "1 Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος \n", "2 21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448(23 years, 4 mon... \n", "3 Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408... \n", "4 18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448(aged 55) \n", "5 First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II.... \n", "\n", " Constantine XI \n", "0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:162_-_Constantine_X... \n", "1 Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος \n", "2 6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453(4 years, 4 months... \n", "3 Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his ... \n", "4 8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453(aged 48) \n", "5 The last Roman emperor. 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AugustusTiberiusCaligulaClaudiusNeroGalbaOthoVitelliusVespasianTitus...Andronikos IIMichael IXAndronikos IIIJohn VJohn VIAndronikos IVJohn VIIManuel IIJohn VIIIConstantine XI
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1Caesar AugustusTiberius Caesar AugustusGaius Caesar Augustus GermanicusTiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus GermanicusNero Claudius Caesar Augustus GermanicusServius Galba Caesar AugustusMarcus Otho Caesar AugustusAulus Vitellius Germanicus AugustusCaesar Vespasianus AugustusTitus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus...Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς ΠαλαιολόγοςΜιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς ΠαλαιολόγοςἈνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός ΠαλαιολόγοςΊωάννης Κομνηνός ΠαλαιολόγοςἸωάννης Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος Καντακουζ...Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός ΠαλαιολόγοςΊωάννης ΠαλαιολόγοςΜανουὴλ ΠαλαιολόγοςΊωάννης ΠαλαιολόγοςΚωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος
216 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14  (40 years,...17 September 14 – 16 March 37(22 years, 5 mont...18 March 37 – 24 January 41(3 years, 10 months...24 January 41 – 13 October 54(13 years, 8 mont...13 October 54 – 9 June 68(13 years, 7 months a...8 June 68 – 15 January 69(7 months and 7 days)\\n15 January – 16 April 69(3 months and 1 day)\\n19 April – 20 December 69(8 months and 1 day)\\n1 July 69 – 23 June 79(9 years, 11 months and ...24 June 79 – 13 September 81(2 years, 2 months......11 December 1282 – 24 May 1328(45 years, 5 mon...21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320(26 years, 4 mont...24 May 1328 – 15 June 1341(13 years and 22 day...15 June 1341 – 16 February 1391(49 years, 8 mo...8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354(7 years, 10...12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379(2 years, 10 month...14 April – 17 September 1390(5 months and 3 da...16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425(34 years, 4 mo...21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448(23 years, 4 mon...6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453(4 years, 4 months...
3Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. ...Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of ...Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, grea...Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, pr...Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted s...Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted a...Seized power through a coup against Galba\\nGovernor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed empe...Seized power with support of the eastern legio...Son of Vespasian\\n...Son of Michael VIII; co-emperor since 8 Novemb...Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-em...Son of Michael IX, named co-emperor between 13...Son of Andronikos III, not formally crowned un...Related to the Palaiologoi through his mother....Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe...Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from ...Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe...Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408...Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his ...
423 September 63 BC – 19 August 14(aged 75)16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37(aged 77)31 August 12 – 24 January 41(aged 28)1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54(aged 63)15 December 37 – 9 June 68(aged 30)24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69(aged 70)28 April 32 – 16 April 69(aged 36)24 September 15 – 20/22 December 69(aged 54)17 November 9 – 23/24 June 79(aged 69)30 December 39 – 13 September 81(aged 41)...25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332(aged 72)17 April 1277/1278 – 12 October 1320(aged 42/43)25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341(aged 44)18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391(aged 58)c. 1295 – 15 June 1383(aged approx. 88)11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385(aged 37)1370 – 22 September 1408(aged 38)27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425(aged 74)18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448(aged 55)8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453(aged 48)
5Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman co...Died probably of natural causes, allegedly mur...Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetor...Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably ...Committed suicide after being deserted by the ...Murdered by soldiers of the Praetorian Guard i...Committed suicide after losing the Battle of B...Murdered by Vespasian's troops[60]\\nDied of natural causes[61]\\nDied of natural causes[62]\\n...Deposed by his grandson Andronikos III in 1328...Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental ...Last Emperor to effectively control Greece. Di...Reigned almost 50 years, but only held effecti...Deposed by John V in another civil war and ret...Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata i...Died of natural causes[254]\\nSuffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the gove...First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II....The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the ...
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\n", " " ] }, "metadata": {}, "execution_count": 14 } ], "source": [ "import pandas as pd ## you will almost always see pandas imported like this, the 'pd' alias is a very useful shorthand\n", "## Let's see what happens when we input the dictionary directly\n", "pd.DataFrame(emp_dict)\n", "## it's close but not quite what we wanted" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/", "height": 641 }, "id": "vBKkrwcBylxR", "outputId": "94a350e6-ff60-4620-edd5-c6e6db99850b" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ " name img \\\n", "0 Augustus en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Be... \n", "1 Tiberius en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Tib%C3%A... \n", "2 Caligula en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caligula_-_MET_-_14... \n", "3 Claudius en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(crop... \n", "4 Nero en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Mun... \n", ".. ... ... \n", "175 Andronikos IV en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV... \n", "176 John VII en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Pala... \n", "177 Manuel II en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:160_-_Manuel_II_Pal... \n", "178 John VIII en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161_-_John_VIII_Pal... \n", "179 Constantine XI en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:162_-_Constantine_X... \n", "\n", " full_name \\\n", "0 Caesar Augustus \n", "1 Tiberius Caesar Augustus \n", "2 Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus \n", "3 Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus \n", "4 Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus \n", ".. ... \n", "175 Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος \n", "176 Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος \n", "177 Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος \n", "178 Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος \n", "179 Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος \n", "\n", " reign \\\n", "0 16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14  (40 years,... \n", "1 17 September 14 – 16 March 37(22 years, 5 mont... \n", "2 18 March 37 – 24 January 41(3 years, 10 months... \n", "3 24 January 41 – 13 October 54(13 years, 8 mont... \n", "4 13 October 54 – 9 June 68(13 years, 7 months a... \n", ".. ... \n", "175 12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379(2 years, 10 month... \n", "176 14 April – 17 September 1390(5 months and 3 da... \n", "177 16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425(34 years, 4 mo... \n", "178 21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448(23 years, 4 mon... \n", "179 6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453(4 years, 4 months... \n", "\n", " succession \\\n", "0 Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. ... \n", "1 Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of ... \n", "2 Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, grea... \n", "3 Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, pr... \n", "4 Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted s... \n", ".. ... \n", "175 Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe... \n", "176 Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from ... \n", "177 Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe... \n", "178 Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408... \n", "179 Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his ... \n", "\n", " life_dates \\\n", "0 23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14(aged 75) \n", "1 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37(aged 77) \n", "2 31 August 12 – 24 January 41(aged 28) \n", "3 1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54(aged 63) \n", "4 15 December 37 – 9 June 68(aged 30) \n", ".. ... \n", "175 11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385(aged 37) \n", "176 1370 – 22 September 1408(aged 38) \n", "177 27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425(aged 74) \n", "178 18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448(aged 55) \n", "179 8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453(aged 48) \n", "\n", " cause_of_death \n", "0 Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman co... \n", "1 Died probably of natural causes, allegedly mur... \n", "2 Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetor... \n", "3 Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably ... \n", "4 Committed suicide after being deserted by the ... \n", ".. ... \n", "175 Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata i... \n", "176 Died of natural causes[254]\\n \n", "177 Suffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the gove... \n", "178 First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II.... \n", "179 The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the ... \n", "\n", "[180 rows x 7 columns]" ], "text/html": [ "\n", "
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nameimgfull_namereignsuccessionlife_datescause_of_death
0Augustusen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04.2022_Augustus_Be...Caesar Augustus16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14  (40 years,...Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. ...23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14(aged 75)Born as Gaius Octavius; first elected Roman co...
1Tiberiusen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Tib%C3%A...Tiberius Caesar Augustus17 September 14 – 16 March 37(22 years, 5 mont...Stepson, former son-in-law and adopted son of ...16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37(aged 77)Died probably of natural causes, allegedly mur...
2Caligulaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caligula_-_MET_-_14...Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus18 March 37 – 24 January 41(3 years, 10 months...Grandnephew and adopted heir of Tiberius, grea...31 August 12 – 24 January 41(aged 28)Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Praetor...
3Claudiusen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_crop_(crop...Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus24 January 41 – 13 October 54(13 years, 8 mont...Uncle of Caligula, grandnephew of Augustus, pr...1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54(aged 63)Began the Roman conquest of Britain. Probably ...
4Neroen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Mun...Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus13 October 54 – 9 June 68(13 years, 7 months a...Grandnephew, stepson, son-in-law and adopted s...15 December 37 – 9 June 68(aged 30)Committed suicide after being deserted by the ...
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175Andronikos IVen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:158_-_Andronikos_IV...Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379(2 years, 10 month...Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe...11 April 1348 – 25/28 June 1385(aged 37)Deposed by John V in 1379 and fled to Galata i...
176John VIIen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:159_-_John_VII_Pala...Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος14 April – 17 September 1390(5 months and 3 da...Son of Andronikos IV, usurped the throne from ...1370 – 22 September 1408(aged 38)Died of natural causes[254]\\n
177Manuel IIen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:160_-_Manuel_II_Pal...Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425(34 years, 4 mo...Son of John V and grandson of John VI; co-empe...27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425(aged 74)Suffered a stroke in 1422, whereafter the gove...
178John VIIIen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161_-_John_VIII_Pal...Ίωάννης Παλαιολόγος21 July 1425 – 31 October 1448(23 years, 4 mon...Son of Manuel II; co-emperor since before 1408...18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448(aged 55)First emperor to visit Rome since Constans II....
179Constantine XIen.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:162_-_Constantine_X...Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453(4 years, 4 months...Son of Manuel II and favored successor of his ...8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453(aged 48)The last Roman emperor. Died in battle at the ...
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180 rows × 7 columns

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\n", " \n", " \n", " \n", "\n", " \n", "
\n", "
\n", " " ] }, "metadata": {}, "execution_count": 15 } ], "source": [ "## pandas is programmed to look for numerical indices, which dictionaries (because they're an unordered data type) do not have\n", "## we can coerse it though to accept string values as the index with the 'from_dict' method and the 'orient' keyword argument\n", "## the 'reset_index' method will then turn our index into a column and give us an index for the rows\n", "emp_df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(emp_dict, orient='index').reset_index()\n", "emp_df = emp_df.rename(columns={'index':'name',0:'img',1:'full_name',2:'reign',3:'succession',4:'life_dates',5:'cause_of_death'}) ## last, this is one way to rename columns\n", "emp_df" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "G8G3aQ4yylxR" }, "source": [ "Yay! 🎉 🥳 Our data has been scraped! 🥳 🎉\n", "... but what can we do with it 🤔\n", "
\n", "\n", "Let's try to plot all of the ages of the emperors, as we have that data in the life_dates column" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "Xj2JKbVoylxR", "outputId": "f1799e3c-c827-4586-db84-294cfe9420c9" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "name": "stdout", "text": [ "18 September 53 – 7/11 August 117(aged 63)\n", "b'18 September 53 \\xe2\\x80\\x93 7/11 August 117(aged\\xc2\\xa063)'\n" ] } ], "source": [ "## we have a slight problem though...\n", "## Take Trajan's row for instance\n", "string = emp_df.loc[emp_df['name'] == 'Trajan'].life_dates.iloc[0] ## gets a contents of the life_dates cell in the Trajan row\n", "print(string)\n", "print(str.encode(string))\n", "## what is \\xc2\\xa0??" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "pzKAmNleylxR" }, "source": [ "It might not seem like it, but the difference between the two lines above will be very significant in cleaning our data to be used in visualizations.\n", "\n", "These collections of letters and numbers preceeded by a backslash are byte representations of characters at the index position of the characters themselves. In fact these representations are slightly different characters than they might seem and we will have to normalize them in order to interact with them. To put a long story short, these characters come from a different text encoding (ISO-8895-1) than what Python expects (utf-8), so we must convert these non-standard characters into their standard output. We can use a package called unidecode, which also comes with most distributions of Python." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "4jhimwtYylxR", "outputId": "16a02998-3710-416e-e9b2-9c47f00574fb" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "name": "stdout", "text": [ "18 September 53 – 7/11 August 117(aged 63)\n", "18 September 53 - 7/11 August 117(aged 63)\n", "b'18 September 53 - 7/11 August 117(aged 63)'\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#!pip install unidecode\n", "import unidecode\n", "print(string)\n", "print(unidecode.unidecode(string))\n", "print(str.encode(unidecode.unidecode(string)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "id": "E5UazRxCylxR" }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def getAges(life_dates):\n", " ld = unidecode.unidecode(life_dates)\n", " age = re.search('(?<=aged )([0-9]+)|(?<=aged approx. )([0-9]+)', ld) ## more regex to extract the age\n", " if age:\n", " return int(age.group(0))\n", " else:\n", " return None ## there are some emperors for whom we have no dates for" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "2VbOAOocylxR", "outputId": "a8d3a5e3-b4a9-484e-a077-839e03adad99" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ "63" ] }, "metadata": {}, "execution_count": 21 } ], "source": [ "getAges(string)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/" }, "id": "m4ng--VyylxS", "outputId": "91f084b2-179b-4260-af0e-8c1f1bb97a7f" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "execute_result", "data": { "text/plain": [ "0 75.0\n", "1 77.0\n", "2 28.0\n", "3 63.0\n", "4 30.0\n", " ... \n", "175 37.0\n", "176 38.0\n", "177 74.0\n", "178 55.0\n", "179 48.0\n", "Name: age, Length: 180, dtype: float64" ] }, "metadata": {}, "execution_count": 22 } ], "source": [ "## apply takes in a function and applies it to all of the members of a column\n", "emp_df['age'] = emp_df['life_dates'].apply(getAges)\n", "emp_df['age']" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "colab": { "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/", "height": 542 }, "id": "4Qqu_5dLylxS", "outputId": "c5a1ab14-6655-437a-fa9e-51112abc8290" }, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "display_data", "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "
\n", "
\n", "\n", "" ] }, "metadata": {} } ], "source": [ "import plotly.express as px\n", "fig = px.scatter(x=emp_df['name'], y=emp_df['age'])\n", "fig.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "WkRTa0cDylxS" }, "source": [ "## Reviewing what we learned\n", "* The basics of the `requests` library\n", "* Navigating HTML using BeautifulSoup\n", "* How to construct a dictionary for our data\n", "* Turning that dictionary into a `pandas` dataframe\n", "* Cleaning our data for a specific purpose with `.apply`" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "M8Os9ypzylxS" }, "source": [ "As a challenge, try to do what I did for the ages of the emperors, but with the length that they reigned for. This is a much more difficult question and can be done in a couple different ways. You will likely have to use the `datetime` package in Python. If you have trouble or just want to show off how you did it, feel free to reach out and let me know at peter.nadel@tufts.edu" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "id": "ZX96igEOylxS" }, "source": [ "# Thanks for reading" ] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.9.12" }, "vscode": { "interpreter": { "hash": "93687b5df5ceb999eb7461347bbd13994c20900ea84c03a9391096e02392089d" } }, "colab": { "provenance": [] } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 0 }